CHAPTER 4

Power Train
• Chapter outline/ Objective
v At the end of this chapter the stundets are able to
Ø Know what it mean by Power train

ØComponents/construction of cluth
ØTypes of clutch
ØGrear box/transmission
ØTypes of transmission
ØPlanetary gearbox
ØPropeller shaft (Drive shaft)
ØDifferential gearbox
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ØAxle
 Introduction

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 Introduction

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 Introduction
• Power transmission has to take place between engine and driven wheels.
• As its observed the figure torque (power) developed by engine is transmitted
through the

ØClutch,
ØTransmission (gearbox)
ØDrive shaft
ØDifferential
ØAxle and then finally to the wheels
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Arrangement of Power Train
• Different engine has different drive line arrangements

Front engine with Front engine Rear engine with

with Rear wheel drive front wheel drive rear wheel drive

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 Clutch and its Components
q Clutch is a mechanical device used for connecting or
disconnecting an engine and transmission system in a vehicle
two collinear working parts of any machine.

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 Function of clutch

Ø Used only with manual transmission systems.

Ø Provide link between engine and transmission system.

Ø Used to connect and disconnect the engine and manual transmission or transaxle.

Ø Allows the driver to control power flow between the engine and transmission or
transaxle. Allow smooth take up of drive.

Ø Provides temporary disconnection when vehicle stopped in gear.

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 Øpilot bearing
Øflywheel
Øclutch disc
Øpressure plate
Ørelease bearing
Øclutch housing (bell housing)
Øclutch fork
Øclutch release mechanisms
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 Pilot Bearing
üPressed into the end of the crankshaft

üSupports the end of the transmission input shaft

üUsually a solid bronze bushing, roller bearing, or ball bearing

üPrevents the transmission shaft and clutch disc from wobbling

when the clutch is released

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 Flywheel
•A mounting place for the clutch
•The pressure plate bolts to the flywheel face
•Flywheel face is precision machined to a smooth surface,
where it contacts the clutch disc
•Normally made of iron for good wear and heat dissipation

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 Parts of Clutch System
Clutch plate

• Clutch system consists of: Release

(Clutch disc)

• Flywheel. bearing

• Clutch Plate (Clutch disc). Clutch

housing
• Pressure Plate Assembly.
• Release Bearing. Flywheel

• Clutch Fork.
• Clutch housing protects Pressure plate
assembly

clutch components from outside Clutch

fork

elements
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 Assembly of clutch

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 Clutch Plate (Clutch disc)

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 Clutch Plate (Clutch disc)
üLocated between flywheel and pressure plate.

üConsists of a splined metal hub and a round metal plate

covered with friction material (lining)

üSplined to the transmission input shaft.

üDisc is free to slide back and forth on the shaft

üFrictional material riveted to cushion

üsprings on either side of Pre.

1/18/2022 friction ring.
By Nure J.(Msc)
 …Clutch disc
• Cushioning springs
ü Flat, metal springs located under the disc’s friction material
ü cushion force as pressure plate pushes clutch plate onto flywheel.
ü Springs have a slight wave (curve)
ü allow the friction material to flex inward slightly during clutch engagement
ü flexing smooths engagement

• Torsional springs
ü absorb some of the vibration and
shock produced by clutch engagemen
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 …Pressure plate

• Used to push clutch plate onto flywheel

• Two types of pressure plate: Coil Spring and Diaphragm

Spring.
• Assembly comprises:
ØDiaphragm/coil spring.

ØPressure plate.

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 Diaphragm Spring Pressure Plate
• Diaphragm spring pressure plate assembly uses dish-shaped spring

• As spring is pushed toward engine,

clutch plate released

• As spring is released,

pressure returned to clutch plate.

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 Coil Spring Pressure Plate
• Coil spring type uses a number of coil springs to push
pressure plate against clutch plate.

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 Advantage of diaphragm spring over the coil springs

ü Compact, less parts, less weight, less moment of inertia.

ü Suitable for high engine speeds.

ü Clamping force on friction facings does not decrease as facing wear.

ü Better normal force distribution.

ü Need no adjustment, less maintenance, and less assembly effort.

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 Clutch Action (Disengaged)

• When the driver presses the clutch pedal, the clutch release
mechanism pulls or pushes on the clutch fork.

• The fork moves the release bearing into the center of the
pressure plate.

• The pressure plate face pulls away from the clutch disc.

• The clutch disc and transmission input do not turn.

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 Clutch Action (Engaged)

• When the driver releases the clutch pedal, the spring pressure
inside the pressure plate pushes forward on the clutch disc.

• This locks the flywheel, disc, pressure plate, and transmission

input together

• The engine rotates the transmission input

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 Engaged and disengaged
Release bearing
• Release bearing and clutch fork move
pressure plate.

• As clutch fork moves, it pushes release

bearing and disengages pressure plate
Clutch fork
from clutch plate.

• As clutch fork moves in the other

direction, release bearing engages
clutch plate.

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 Basic Clutch Operation - 1

• A foot pedal operates clutch

fork via a link.

• Releasing foot pedal

engages clutch.

• Pedal action should be

smooth to prevent judder.
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 Basic Clutch Operation - 2
• Clutch pedal must be easy to operate, so Force at cable: 100N x 3 = 300N

levers (or hydraulics) are used to increase

effort. 1

• A force of 100N applied to foot pedal. 4

3
• Multiplied by the pivot ratio of (3:1) on 1

the pedal to a force of 300 N on the cable.

• Multiplied by the pivot ratio on the 100N at pedal

clutch fork of (4:1) to a force of 1200N Force at release bearing: 300N x 4 =

1200N
at the release bearing

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 …Clutch Operating Mechanisms - Mechanical
Outer sheath
• Multi-stranded steel wire cable
connected between clutch fork and
foot pedal.

• Wire protected by flexible outer

sheath.

• As pedal depressed, it pivots

operating clutch fork. Return spring
Wire Cable
•1/18/2022
Return spring helps [Link]
By Nure J.(Msc)
 Clutch Operating Mechanisms - Hydraulic
Master
• Pipe connected between foot pedal cylinder

and clutch fork.

• Two cylinders: master cylinder and
r
slave cylinder.
Pipe
• As foot pedal depressed, master
cylinder builds pressure in system,
slave cylinder activated.
• As foot pedal raeleased, springs
return system to rest position.
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 Torque and force calculations of automotive clutch
• With reference to the fig, let
• W= total spring force (N)
• r1 = external radius of friction (m)
• r2 = internal radius of friction (m)
• n = number of pairs of friction
surfaces
in contact
• μ = coefficient of friction between
disc
and driving surfaces.
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 Torque and Power Transmitted by a clutch
• Mean or effective radius, R = ½ (r1 + r2) = ½ (ro + ri)
• Tangential force acting at distance R from Centre of rotation,
F=μW
• Friction torque transmitted,
TF = F* R
= ½ μ W (r1 + r2)
• Since there are n pars of friction surfaces in contact (for a single-
plate clutch, n = 2), then the torque transmitted by a clutch is
given by:
1/18/2022 TF = ½ μ W n (rPre.
1+ r2) J.(Msc)(N m)
By Nure
 Example
• An Automobile is fitted with a single plate clutch to transmit 22.4 kw
@ 2100 rpm. The total axial load on the clutch plate is 1450N. The
outside diameter of the friction face is 250 mm. Both sides of the
plates are effective and μ=0.35. Assuming uniform wear, calculate the
inner diameter of friction face.
• Given Required
– P=22.4 kW do=250 mm di=?
– N=2100 rpm μ=0.35
– W=1450 N Uniform wear
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 Solution
• The torque transmission on both sides of the plate
T=2μWReff
• To determine the torque transmission
P
2NT 60
p , 0002 T 2 60 , 000  22 . 4
P T   (r2  r1 )  101 .86 Nm
60 ,000 2N P 2  2100
T  r   r
2
2
 r1
2

  (r2  r1 ) 
2 2

 r2  r1 
• For uniform wear T  P r  
the effective
avg  Pradius
 
 2 
1000T 1000  101.86 r  r  d d
R   T 100.35effmm
 PR , Reff   2 1  R  2 1
2W 2  0.35  1450
eff
 2  eff
4

d1  4 Reff  d 2   4  100.35  250  151.42 mm

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 Transmission/ Gear Box
Definition

• Transmission or Gearbox is an assembly of gears and shafts to transmit the rotation and
torque of the engine to the driveline or final drive. The gearbox is a mechanical device used to
increase the output torque or to change the speed (RPM) of a motor.

• Functions and features of Transmission

Ø supply different torque ratio between the engine and the road

Ø wheels as required (provide gear ratios to match load conditions)

Ø provide a neutral position even with the clutch in engaged position

Ø provide a means of reversing the direction of the drive.

Ø provide an easy means of shifting gears

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Ø operate quietly with minimal power loss
 Introduction

•Next week

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 Basic Terminology

• Gear ratios

• The term gear ratio refers to the relative size of two gears (a
gear set).

• The ratio can be determined using either the diameter or the

number of teeth on the two gears.

• The gear ratio is determined by dividing the number of teeth

on the driven (output) Pre.
1/18/2022 gear by
By Nure the number of teeth on the
J.(Msc)
 Types of Transmission
• Types based on construction

1. Manual Transmission
Ø Sliding Mesh Gearbox

Ø Constant Mesh Gearbox

ü With Dog Clutc

ü With Synchromesh

2. Automatic Transmission (AT)

• Types based on speed range

Ø three-speed

Ø four-speed

Ø five-speed
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 Major components of a Manual Transmission

ØTransmission shafts ( ØGear shift lever

ØTransmission case

ØGears ØTransmission oil

ØSynchronizers ØTransmission Bearings

ØShift forks
ØShift linkage
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 Cont...

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 Transmission Bearings
• Bearings reduce the friction
between the surfaces of
rotating parts. example
between shafts and housing, or
between gears and shafts
•Three basic types are used: ball-,
roller-, and needle bearings

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 Transmission Shafts
Transmission shaft
•At least four shafts are
commonly used:
Øinput shaft (clutch shaft),

Øcountershaft (cluster gear

shaft)

Øreverse idler shaft

Øoutput shaft (main shaft)

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 h

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 Input Shaft
• Transfers rotation from the clutch disc to the

countershaft gears

•Anytime the clutch disc turns, the input shaft

gear turns

Countershaft

Ø Holds the countershaft gears into mesh with

the input gear and other gears

Ø Located slightly below and to one side of the

input shaft

Ø Normally, it is locked in the case and does

not turn

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 Reverse Idler Shaft
•Supports the reverse idler gear

•Allows the reverse idler gear to mesh with

gears on both the countershaft and output
shaft

• Output Shaft

• Holds the output gears and synchronizers

Connects to the drive shaft to turn the
wheels

• Gears are free to revolve on the shaft, but

the synchronizers are locked on the Pre.
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By Nure J.(Msc)
 Transmission Case

• Supports t he beari ngs and

shafts

• Provides an enclosure for gear

oil

• Made of cast iron or aluminum.

The casing must be strong to
withstand
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 Types of Transmission

[Link] based on construction [Link] based on speed range

a. Manual Transmission Ø three-speed
Ø Sliding Mesh Gearbox
Øfour-speed
Ø Constant Mesh Gearbox
Øfive-speed
ü With Dog Clutc

üWith Synchromesh

b. Automatic Transmission (AT)

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 Sliding Mesh Gearbox
v The simplest type of Gearbox

v Has two or more shafts mounted in parallel or in line, with sliding spur gears arranged
to mesh with each other and provide a change in speed or direction

The limitations
Ø Low mechanical efficiency

Ø The noise level is high

Ø The driver required considerable skill in changing the gear

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 Constant Mesh gear box

Dog Clutch

Ø also known as the collar shift

transmission

Ø In this types, all the gears are

in constant mesh with the
corresponding gears on the lay
shaft
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 Cont...
Advantages
Ø The length of the Gearbox reduced
hence less deflection of sliding fork
Ø It permit the use of helical gear, hence
smooth & silent operation
Ø No clashing of gear tooth hence no
chance of teeth failure
Ø Load per tooth is less (the load shared
by all the teeth)
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 Synchromesh Gearbox
• Manual transmissions in modern passenger cars use synchronizers to eliminate the
need for double-clutching

• A synchro's purpose is

Ø to allow the collar and the gear to make frictional contact before the dog teeth
make contact.

Ø lets the collar and the gear synchronize their speeds before the teeth need to
engage

Ø Lock the main shaft gear to the main shaft

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 Synchronizers
• Principle of operation
• Synchronizers have two
• When the synchronizer is away
functions:
from an output gear, the gear
Ø prevent the gears from freewheels (spins freely) on the
clashing (grinding) during output shaft
engagement • When the synchronizer slides
Ø lock the output gear to the against the output gear, it locks the

output shaft. output gear to the output shaft

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• Power flows through the output
 Cont...
• Fully Synchronized • Advantages of synchronized

Transmission Transmission

ü Allows the forward output gears use a Ø Simplifies the operation of changing
synchronizer gears without the occurrence of clashes
ü Allows the driver to downshift into any b/n the gear tooth & consequent damages
lower gear (except reverse) while the Ø Avoid double clutching
vehicle is moving

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 Gear ranges and Power flow
• Gear Reduction • Overdrive Ratio
Ø Results when a larger gear drives a
Ø Occurs when a small gear drives a larger
smaller gear
gear
Ø Output gear speed increases
Ø Increases turning force (torque)
Ø Output torque is reduced
Ø Used in lower transmission gears

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 Transmission Gear Ratios
• First gear approximately 3:1

• Second gear approximately 2:1

• Third (high) gear approximately 1:1

• Reverse gear approximately 3:1

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 First Gear
• First Gear

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 Second Gear

• The first gear synchronizer is slid

away from the first gear

• The second-third synchronizer is then

engaged

• Power flow is through the second

gear on the output shaft

• The gear ratio is about 2:1

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 Third Gear
Ø •The synchronizer is slid over the
small teeth on the input shaft gear
and locks the input shaft directly to
the output shaft

Ø •All the output shaft gears freewheel

on the shaft

Ø •Power flow is straight through the

transmission

•The gear ratio is 1:1

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 Reverse

• •The synchronizer is moved

into the reverse gear on the
output shaft, locking the gear
to the output shaft

• •Power flows through the

countershaft, reverse idler gear,
reverse gear, and to the output
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 Neutral

• •All the synchronizer

sleeves are located in the
center of their hubs

• •All the output shaft gears

freewheel on the output
shaft

• •No power is [Link] Nure J.(Msc)

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 Automatic Transmission

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 :-
• Automatic transmission system is the most advanced system in which
drives mechanical efforts are reduced very much and different speeds
are obtained automatically. This system is generally also called
hydramatic transmission. It contain epicyclic gear arrangement, fluid
coupling and torque converter. In thisplanetary gears sets are placed in
series to provide transmission.

• This type of transmission are used by Skoda ,Toyota , Lexus , etc

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• Epicyclic gearing (planetry gearing) :- it is a gear system
consisting of one or more outer gears, or planet gears, revolving
about a central gear .By using epicyclic gear , different torque
speed ratio can be obtained . It also compact the size of gear
box.

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 Automatic Transmission
• Gear shifting of Automatic transmission depending on
ü Throttle Position

üVehicle Speed

üPosition of the Shift Lever

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Stages of automatic transmission :-
Park(P) :- selecting the park mode will lock the transmission, thus restricting the vehicle from
moving.
Reverse( R) :- selecting the reverse mode puts the car into reverse gear, allowing the vehicle
to move backward.
Neutral (N) :- selecting neutral mode disconnects the transmission from the wheel.
Low (L) :- selecting the low mode will allow you to lower the speed to move on hilly and
middy areas.
Drive (D) :- selecting drive mode allows the vehicle to move and accelerate through a range of
gears.
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Automatic Transmission (AT)

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 Advantages of AT compared with Manual Transmission

ü free acceleration with out Interruption

ü Reduces driver fatigue by eliminating Clutch operation & Constant Shifting Gears

ü Automatically & Smoothly shift gears at speed s appropriate to the driving

conditions

ü Prevents the engine & drive line from becoming overloaded, because it connect
them Hydraulically via torque converter rather than mechanically

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 January 17 /2022

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 Propeller shaft (Drive shaft) or drive line
assembly

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 The main function
üTo Transfers power (and torque) from output of gear box to
(usually unsprung) rear drive axle
üPropeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the final
drive gears of the vehicle through universal joint .
üNormally the shaft has a tubular section and is made in one-
or two-piece construction. The two-piece arrangement is
supported at the mid point by a rubber mounted bearing.
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 Requirements of a drive shaft

• The drive shaft line assembly must perform the following:

üSend turning power from the transmission to the rear axle assembly.

üFlex and allow up-and-down movement of the rear axle assembly.

üProvide a sliding action to adjust for changes in drive line length.

üProvide a smooth power transfer.

üLight weight and strong enough.

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Components of Assembly Line
q SLIP YOKE: connects the transmission output shaft to the front universal joint

q FRONT UNIVERSAL JOINT: the swivel connection that fastens the slip yoke to
the drive shaft.

q DRIVE SHAFT: a hollow metal tube that transfers turning power from the front
universal joint to the rear universal joint.

q REAR UNIVERSAL JOINT: a flex joint that connects the drive shaft to the
differential yoke.

q REAR YOKE: holds the rear universal joint and transfers torque to the gears in
the rearaxle assembly
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 Components of drive line assembly

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 Slip yoke
• Connects the transmission output shaft to
the front universal joint

• Propeller shaft must be capable of

extension to account for suspension travel

• Change in propeller shaft length due to

– Bumps and re-bounds

– Acceleration-torque reaction

– Brake-torque reaction

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 U-joints
• The importance of using U-Joint
– To transmit torque between 2 shafts where they are
connected at an angle.
– U joints has three basic parts. two yolks and cross.
• Types of Drive shaft U-joint
– cross and roller,
– ball and trunnion, and

– double-cardan (constant velocity).

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 …U-JOINTS
Cross and Roller Universal Joint
o The cross and roller design is the most common type of drive shaft U-joint. It consists of
four bearing caps, four needle roller bearings
– Parts of U- Joint
• Cross Trunnion (spider)
• Needle bearings
• Driven and driving yokes
• Snap rings inside or outside
• Caps
• U-bolts or straps

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U-joints

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 Constant Velocity (CV) Joints
o All front-wheel drive cars have Constant Velocity joints or CV joints on both ends of the
drive shafts (half shafts). Inner CV joints connect the drive shafts to the transmission,
while the outer CV joints connect the drive shafts to the wheels.

o The CV joints are needed to transfer the torque from the transmission to the drive wheels
at a constant speed, while accommodating the up-and-down motion of the suspension.

o There are two most commonly used types of CV joints: a ball-type and a tripod-type. In
front-wheel drive cars, ball-type CV joints are used on the outer side of the drive shafts
(outer CV joints), while the tripod-type CV joints mostly used on the inner side (inner CV
joints)
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Constant Velocity (CV) Joints

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Ball type CV joint Tripod types

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 Final Drive (Differential)
The Function of Final Drive
ü Transmit torque from drive shaft to drive axles and rear wheels
ü Transmit torque at a 90 degree angle
ü Provides a gear reduction between the drive pinion and drive axles.
ü Split driving torque between the two wheels
ü Allows drive wheels to turn at different speeds when turning corners.
ü Supports the Chassis, drive axles, and differentials
ü Provides the means to attach the suspension system brake assemblies, and drive
wheels

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 Final Drive Components
o Differential drive pinion yoke (flange)
ü connects drive shaft to differential ring gear.
o Drive pinion:
ü transmits torque from drive shaft to differential ring gear
o Ring gear
ü transmit torque from drive pinion to differential case
o Differential case
ütransmits torque from ring gear to differential pinion shaft contains
differential pinion shaft; differential pinion gears, and axle side gears.

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Basic Construction Of The Differential Gear Unit

üdrive pinion

üring gear

üdifferential case

üdifferential pinion

üSide (Sun) gears

üaxle shaft

ü wheel
Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)
o Pinion Gear
• Turns the ring gear when the drive shaft is rotating
• The outer end is splined to the rear universal joint
companion flange or yoke
• The inner end meshes with the teeth on the ring gear
o Ring Gear
• Driven by the pinion gear
• Transfers rotating power through an angle of 90º
• Contains more teeth than the pinion gear, providing
gear reduction
• Bolts to the differential case
• Gears are lapped together and timing marks are
applied at the factory for quiet operation

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Working Principle of Differential
• Power from engine trasferred to ring gear through pinion gearand ring
gear is connected to spider gear which is part of differrential.

• spider (differential pinions) is free to perform two kind of rotation

üalong the ring gear

üalong its own axis

• spider gear is messhed with two side gear

• so power flow from engine to pinion gear, to ring gear, to spider gear,
side gear and then to axle.
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Working Principle of Differential
There is two case for spider gear (differential pinions)

1. when vehicle move straight line: in this case spider gear rotate along ring
gear, but not along its own axis. spider gear push two gear to rotate with z
same speed and two side gear move as the same unit.

2. when vehicle take a turn: now spider gear play a key role in this case. its
rotate along ring gear and along its own axis.

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Working Principle of Differential

• Animation

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 Basic Function Of The Differential Gear Unit
o Straight Ahead Travel

Ø The rolling resistances of the two drive wheels are almost identical when
the vehicle is traveling straight ahead on a level road

Ø Therefore, both side gears move equally with the revolution of the
differential pinions

Ø all components rotating as one unit

Ø differential pinions themselves do not rotate but turn as a unit with the
ring gear, differential case andPre.
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pinion shafts
By Nure J.(Msc)
 Basic Function Of The Differential Gear Unit

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 Basic Function Of The Differential Gear Unit
Turning
– The inside wheel travels less distance (i.e.,
in a shorter arc) than the outside wheel in
comparison with when the vehicle is
traveling in a straight line.

– Since a resistance is therefore applied to

the left-hand side gear, each differential
pinion rotates around its own shaft and also
revolves around the rear axle

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 Basic Principle of Differential Gear Units

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Axle shaft
• An axle shaft is a solid steel shaft that runs from the differential
and gear set of an axle housing to the wheel.

• Used in two distinct configurations,

I. the axle shaft can be a straight shaft with splines machined into each
end to engage both the differential on one end and a drive flange on
the other.

II. It also can be a straight shaft with splines machined into the
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differential end and a flange on the other to mount a wheel to the
Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)
 Axle shaft

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force acting on rear axle

üTorque reaction due to rotational movement between diffirential

and wheel

üweight of the body (suspension)

üdriving trust (due to road performance, up and down)

üside trust (eg. during rurning)

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

 Axle shaft
• The shaft is subjected to:

– Torsional stress due to driving and braking torque

– Shear stress due to the weight of the vehicle

– Bending stress due to the weight of the vehicle

– Tensile and compressive stress due to cornering forces.

• Types of Axle Shafs depend-ing on the stresses to which the shaft is subjected

– Semi-floating __ Fully floating

– three-quarter floating

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

 Semi floating
• A single bearing at the hub end is fitted between the shaft and the casing, so the shaft will have to

resist all the stresses previously mentioned.

• Axle of semifloating have to carries weight and transmits torque

• In short, The axleshaft in a semi-floating assembly serves two purposes.

• First, it attaches to the wheel and is used to support the weight of the vehicle and its cargo.

• Second, the axleshaft must transmit the rotational torque from the differential out to the wheel.

• hence complete weight of the body is transferred to axle and its used in cars and light trucks.

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

Semi floating

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

 Three-quarter-floating Axle-hub
• The wheel bearing is between axle housing and the wheel hub.
The wheel hubs are bolted to the end of the axle shaft and are
supported by the single bearing.
• In this arrangement, the axle shaft does not support the weight
of the vehicle.
• Only driving torque and end trust are taken by the axle shaft and
except during turning and

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Three-quarter-floating Axle-hub

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 Fully floating :
• A full-floating axle shaft does not carry the vehicle's weight; it serves only to transmit torque
from the differential to the wheels. It "floats" inside an assembly that carries the vehicle's
weight

• The rod is connected to wheel hub and wheel is mounted on axle housing and not directly
on the rod (axle). Here rod is subjected to only torque and not bending.

• all eight is transferred to wheel hub, but not to axle.

• For a full-floater system, the axleshaft only serves to transmit the rotational torque from the
differential out to the wheel. It does not carry the weight of the vehicle like a semi-floater
does.

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Fully floating :
• most of the time its used in heavy
trucks

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 cont...

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Rear Axle
• The vehicle with rigid rear suspension uses either a dead axle or
a live axle.
• The dead axle only supports the weight of the vehicle, but
• the live axle besides fulfilling this task, contains a gear and shaft
mechanism to drive the road wheels.

• The arrangements for supporting the road-wheels on live axles

and providing the driving traction use an axle-hub mounted on to
the axle-casing and supported by ball or roller-bearing.

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

 Rear Axle Ratio
• Ratio of ring gear teeth to pinion gear teeth

• To calculate the ratio: divide the number of ring gear teeth by the number of pinion
teeth

• Example: Ring gear has 30 teeth, Pinion gear has 10 teeth, What is the rear axle ratio?

Ø The average ratio is 3.50:1

• A high ratio, such as 4.11:1, provides better acceleration, but less fuel economy

• A lower ratio, such as 3:1, reduces acceleration, but increases fuel economy

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

Transaxles
• Combines the functionality of the transmission, the differential, and associated
components of the driven axle into one integrated assembly
• Transaxles are used in front-wheel (FF)or (RR) drive vehicles.
• A transaxle allows the wheels next to the engine to propel the vehicle.

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

 Transaxles
advantages over a vehicle with rear-wheel drive
– Improved efficiency and reduced drive train weight
– Improved traction on slippery surfaces because of increased weight on the drive
wheels
– Increased passenger compartment space (no hump in floorboard for rear drive shaft)
– Less un-sprung weight (weight that must move with suspension action), thereby
providing a smoother ride
– Quieter operation since engine and drive train noise is centrally located in the engine
compartment
– Improved safety because of the increased mass in front of the passengers

1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)

e d!
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 Any Question?

Th k you
1/18/2022 Pre. By Nure J.(Msc)