Introduction to Turbomachines

1. Define turbo machines. Briefly classify Turbomachines (1a, 06,Dec18/19, 1a,

08,Dec17/Jan18)
2. Define turbo machines. Briefly classify on the basis of work transfer (1a,
04,June/July14,)
3. Define turbomachine . Explain with neat sketch construction and working of
turbomachine (1a, 06, June/July 18,1a,06,Dec15/Jan16, 1a,4, Dec13/Jan14)
4. Enumerate the difference between a turbomachine and a positive displacement pump
(1b, 06, June/July 18,1a,08, Dec 18/jan19, 1a, 05, June/july 17,1a, 05,
Dec16/Jan17,1a,06, June/July16, 1a, 06, June/July13)
5. Define with appropriate expressions i) flow mcoefficient ii) head coefficient iii) power
coefficient iv) specific speed ( 1a, 08, June/July 18 15ME53,1b, 05,June/July 17)
6. Define specific speed of pumps . Derive an expression for specific speed of a pump
1b,08, Dec16/Jan17,1b, 06, Dec14/Jan15)
7. Define specific speed of a turbine. Obtain an expression for the same in terms of P
shaft power speed and head (1c,06, June/July13)
8. Define specific speed and specific power (1c, 04, June/July14)
9. Define specific speed of a pump and a turbine . Explain the significance of specific
speed (1b, 06, Dec13/Jan14)
10. Define specific speed of pump . Show that specific speed of pump is given by
𝑁√𝑄
𝑁𝑠 = 3 (1b,06, Dec18/19, 1b, 06, Dec17/Jan 18)
𝐻4
11. What are Unit quantities.? Derive the expressions to each of them (1b, 06,
June/July16)
12. With usual notations , derive expressions for unit Discharge coefficient, Head
coefficient, and Power coefficient using Dimensional analysis (1c, 06, Dec15/Jan16)
13. Deducing an expression , expalain the significance of second law of thermodynamics
applied to a turbo machine (1a,06, Dec12)
14. Explain the significance of first and second law of thermodynamics applied to a
turbomachine (1a, 06, Dec14/Jan15)

15. Define the following efficiencies of power obsorbine macines i) Total to total efficiency
ii) static to static efficiency (1b, 06, June/July14)

Turbo Machine: It is a device in which energy transfer takes place between a flowing fluid
and a rotating element due to dynamic action and results in change of pressure and
momentum of fluid

Example: Turbine, centrifugal compressors, centrifugal pumps:

Principle components of turbomachines:

1
 1. Rotor which carries a series of blades, rotating in the steams of fluid flow
2. A stationary element (fixed blade) which usually acts as a guide way for the proper
control of proper direction during energy conversion process
3. An input shaft

Classification of Turbo machine:

i) Classification Based on Direction of Energy Conversion.

The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by the fluid is
converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member is known as a turbine .

The machines, on the other hand, where the mechanical energy from moving parts is
transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its pressure or velocity
are known as pumps, compressors, fans or blowers .

ii) Classification based on basic working principle

Ie Impulse and Reaction turbine----------

The machine for which the change in static head in the rotor is zero is known impulse machine.
In these machines, the energy transfer in the rotor takes place only by the change in dynamic
head of the fluid

In reaction turbine energy transfer in the rotor takes place by change in static and dynamic
head of the fluid

iii) Classification based on the direction of fluid flow:

• Axial in which fluid enters and leaves parallel to the axis of rotor
• Radial in which fluid enters and leaves along the direction perpendicular to the
axis of shaft
• Tangential in which fluid flow is tangent to the shaft
• Mixed flow: in which fluid entry is axial , exit is radial or vice versa

Difference between positive displacement machine and turbo machine:

2
 Sl No Positive Displacement machine Turbomachine
1 Energy transfer takes place due to static Energy transfer takes place between
action and thermodynamic between rotor and fluid due to dynamic action
rotor and static fluid and thermodynamics between rotor
and flowing fluid
2 Reciprocating in nature Rotary in nature
3 Fluid flow is Unsteady Fluid flow is Steady
4 Fluid containment is positive Fluid containment is not positive
5 Low speed machine High speed machine
6 Complex in design Simple in design
7 Balancing of parts is difficult Balancing of parts is easy
8 There is no problem of surging and There is problem of surging and
cavitation cavitiaon
9 Conversion efficiency is high Conversion efficiency is low
10 Volumetric efficiency low Volumetric efficiency is high

Dimension Analysis

Force(N)/resistnace mass x acceleration kg m/sec2 MLT-2

work/Energy/Torque Force x displacement Nm MLT-2xL = ML2T-2
Pressure/Change in Force/Area N/m2 MLT-2/L2=ML-1T-2
Pressure
Power workdone /sec Nm/s ML2T-2xT=ML2T-3
Velocity distance/sec m/s LT-1
Density mass/Volume kg/m3 ML-3
Absolute viscosity Ns/m2 MLT-2xT/L2=ML-1T-1
Kinematic viscosity Absolute m2/s ML-1T-1/ ML-3=L2T-1
Viscosity/Density
Surface tension N/m MLT-2/L =MT-2
Discharge m3/s L3T-1
Energy per Unit mass gH m2/s ML2T-2/M=L2T-2
Surface roughness m L
Length/Diameter/Height m L
Angular speed, speed of rad/sec, rpm T-1
rotor
Efficiency/pressure ratio No dimension Dimensionless
number

Performance of a turbomachine depends upon the following

Discharge Q, speed or rpm N, size of the rotor D, energy per unit mass gH, Power P, density
ρ, dynamic viscosity μ, Using dimensional analysis find the 𝜋 terms

3
f(Q, N, D, gH, P, ρ, μ) =0

no of variables n =7

no of fundamental variables m = 3

no of π terms = n-m=7-3 =4

Let us select repeated variables , ρ (fluid property) N (dynamic property) D (Geometrical

Property)

Π1 = ρa1, Nb1, Dc1 , Q

Π2 = ρa2, Nb2, Dc2 , gH

Π3 = ρa3, Nb3, Dc3 , P

Π4 = ρa4, Nb4, Dc4 , μ

Q=L3T-1, N=T-1, D=L, ρ=ML-3, gH= L2T-2, μ=ML-1T-1, P=ML2T-3

Π1

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a1 (T-1) b1 Lc1 L3T-1

M ----- 0=a1

T------ 0= -b1 -1 ie b1 = -1

L------- 0= -3a1+ C1 + 3 ie 0= -3x(0) + c1+3 ie C1= -3

Π1= ρ0, N-1, D-3 , Q

𝑸
=𝑵𝑫𝟑 Flow coefficient

Π2

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a2 (T-1) b2 Lc2 L2T-2

M ----- 0=a2

T------ 0= -b2 -2 ie b2 = -2

L------- 0= -3a2+ C2 + 2 ie 0= -3x(0) + c2+2 ie C2= -2

𝒈𝑯
Π2= ρ0, N-2, D-2, gH; Π2= =𝑵𝟐𝑫𝟐 Head coefficient

4
Π3

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a3 (T-1) b3 Lc3 ML2T-3

M ----- 0=a3+1 ie a3=-1

T------ 0= -b3 -3 ie b3 = -3

L------- 0= -3a3+ C3 + 2 ie 0= -3x(-1) + c3+2 ie C3= -5

𝑷
Π3= ρ-1, N-3, D-5, P; Π3= =𝝆𝟏𝑵𝟑𝑫𝟓 Power coefficient

Π4

M0L0T0 = (ML-3)a4 (T-1) b4 Lc4 ML-1T-1

M ----- 0=a4+1 ie a4=-1

T------ 0= -b4 -1 ie b4 = -1

L------- 0= -3a4+ C4 - 1 ie 0= -3x(-1) + c4 -1 ie C4= -2

𝝁
Π4= ρ-1, N-1, D-2, μ; Π4= =𝝆𝟏𝑵𝟏𝑫𝟐

Significance of π terms
𝑄
Π1 =𝑁𝐷3 is called as flow coefficient / capacity coefficient

It is defined as the volume flow rate of the fluid through a turbomachine of unit diameter of
runner operating at unit speed ie flow coefficient = Q when N=1 and H=1

From above π1 term for a pump of certain diameter running at various speeds the discharge
is proportional to the speed of the pump. This is called as First fan Law
𝑔𝐻
Π2 = =𝑁2𝐷2 is called as Head coefficient

Since U is directly proportional to DN, N2D2 can be replaced in π term as U2

𝐻
Hence π2 = 𝑈2
𝑔

From the above expression, for a given impeller, head varies as the square of the tangential
speed of the rotor. This is called second fan law
𝑃
Π3=𝜌1𝑁3𝐷5 Power coefficient

5
From the above expression for the same runner of turbomachine and same fluid Power
developed by the turbomachine is directly proportional to the cube power of speed. This is
called 3rd fan law

Specific speed for a pump: It is defined as the speed of the geometrically similar
turbomachine (pump) which discharges 1m3/s under unit head

N=Ns when Q=1m3/s and H=1m

𝑔𝐻
Π2 = is called as Head coefficient
𝑁 2 𝐷2

From the above expression HαD2 N2

√𝐻
Dα 𝑁
-------------1

𝑄
From flow coefficient 𝑁𝐷3 ; Ie Qα ND3

Substituting 1 in above eqution

3
√𝐻 𝐻 3/2 𝑘𝐻 3/2
QαN( ) ; Qα ; Q=
𝑁 𝑁2 𝑁2

From the definition of specific speed N=Ns when Q=1 and H=1

𝑘 𝑁2 𝑁√𝑄
Hence 1= 𝑁2 ie k =Ns2; Hence Q = 𝑁𝑠2 𝐻3/2; Ns= 𝐻 3/4
𝑠

Specific speed for a Turbine: It is defined as the speed of the geometrically similar
turbomachine (turbine) which develops unit power under unit head

N=Ns when Q=1m3/s and H=1m

𝑔𝐻
Π2 = is called as Head coefficient
𝑁 2 𝐷2

From the above expression HαD2 N2

√𝐻
Dα -------------1
𝑁

𝑃
From Power coefficient 𝜌1𝑁3𝐷5

Ie Pα N3 D5 for same fluid

Substituting 1 in above equation

5
√𝐻 𝐻 5/2 𝑘𝐻 5/2
P α N3 ( 𝑁 ) ; Pα 𝑁2
; P= 𝑁2

From the definition of specific speed N=Ns when P=1 and H=1

6
 𝑘
Hence 1= 𝑁2 ie k =Ns2
𝑠

𝑁𝑠2 𝑁√𝑃
Hence P = 𝐻5/2; Ns= where P is in kW
𝑁2 𝐻 5/4

Unit quantities: (Applied to same machine)

Unit discharge Qu : is defined as the discharge of a pump under unit Head

Q =AV; Qα √𝐻 for a given pump as V=√2𝑔𝐻; Q=k √𝐻 −eqn 1

From definition of unit discharge Q= Qu when H=1

Qu = kx1; k= Qu
𝑄
Substituting k in eqn 1 ; Q=Qu √𝐻; Therefore Qu=
√𝐻

Unit Speed 𝑵𝑼

Unit Speed is defined as a speed of the turbomachine working under unit head

From flow coefficient gH𝛼 N2D2

For the given turbomachine HαN2; N α √𝐻 ; N =k√𝐻 – 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1

From definition of unit speed N=Nu when H=1

Nu=kx1; k= Nu
𝑁
Substituting k in eqn 1 ; N=Nu√𝐻; Nu =
√𝐻

Unit Power𝑷𝑼

Unit Power defined as the power of turbomachine working under unit head

P=ωQH

Pα √𝐻 H as Qα√𝐻 for a given pump

Pα H3/2; P=k H3/2− 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1

From the definition of unit power P=Pu when H=1m

Pu=kx1; k= Pu
𝑃
Substituting k in equation 1 ; P= PuH3/2; Pu= 𝐻 3/2

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Reynolds Number: is defined as a ratio of inertia force to viscous force
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐷
Reynold number= 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜇

In a pipe flow if Re<2000------Laminar flow

If 2000<Re<3000 -------Transition

If Re> 3000 ----------turbulent flow

In turbomachine Reynold mumber is not such an important parameter since machine losses
are not determined by viscous force alone because various other losses such as losses due
to shock at entry, turbulence, impact, friction , leakage and roughness

Most of the turbomachines use relatively low viscous fluid like air steam, water and lighoils.
Therefore, the flow in a turbomachine is turbulent in nature

According to Moodys friction factor depends only on relative roughness and not on Reynold
number which becomes constant for turbulent flow

For Hydraulic turbine, prototype will have low relative roughness due to its large size, even
though model has a smooth surface. Due to this dissimilarties of surface roughness the
model similarity loss must ve corrected for Reynolds number dependency. Moody has
suffested an equation to determine efficiencies from experiment on a geometrically similar
model
2
𝐷
The equation I s ηp= 1- (1-ηm)( 𝐷𝑚 )
𝑝

1. An output of 10kW was recorded on a turbine, 0.5m diameter, revolving at a speed of

800rpm, under a head of 20m. What is the diameter and output of another turbine
which works under a head of 180m at a speed of 200rpm when their efficiencies are
same. Find the specific speed and name the turbine can be used.(1c, 10, June/July 17)

Solution
𝑃1 = 10𝑘𝑊; D1=0.5m; N1=800rpm; H1=20m
D1=?; 𝑃2 =? N2=200rpm; H2=180m

𝜂1 = 𝜂2; Ns =?

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 𝐻 𝑁 2 180 800 2

= 𝑁2 𝐷22 ; 𝐷22 = 𝐻2 (𝑁1) 𝐷12 ; 𝐷22 = (200) 0.52; 𝐷22 = 36 ; 𝐷2 = 6𝑚
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 1 2 20

𝑃1 𝑃 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 200 3 6 5
= 𝜌 𝑁32𝐷5; 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 (𝑁2) (𝐷2) ; 𝑃2 = 10 ∗ (800) ∗ (0.5) ; 𝑃2 = 38880𝑘𝑊
𝜌 𝑁13 𝐷15 1 1 1 1

8
 𝑁1 √𝑃1 800√10
Ns = 5 ; Ns = 5 ; Ns =59.81
𝐻14 204

2. Tests on a turbine runner 1.25m in diameter at 30m head gave the following results,
power developed =736kW, speed is 180rpm and discharge 2.70𝑚3 /sec. Find the
diameter speed and discharge of a runner to operate at 45m head and give 1472kW at
the same efficiency . What is the specific speed of both the turbines? (1c, 08,
Dec18/19,1b,08, Dec18?jan19 15ME53,1c, 08 Dec16/17,1c, 10, Dec13/Jan14)

D1=1.25m; H1=30m; 𝑃1 = 736𝑘𝑊 N1=180rpm 𝑄1 = 2.70 m3/s

D2=? ; 𝑁2 =? 𝑄2 =? H2= 45m ; 𝑃2=1472kW;

Discharge:

𝜂1 = 𝜂2

𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝜔𝑄1 𝐻1 𝜔𝑄2 𝐻2
736 1472
=𝑄 ; 𝑄2 = 3.6𝑚3 /𝑠;
2.7∗30 2 ∗45

Speed

𝑁1 √𝑃1 𝑁2 √𝑃2 180√736 𝑁2 √1472

Ns = 5 = 5 ; 5 = 5 ; 𝑁2 = 211.28𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻14 𝐻24 304 454

Diameter
𝑄1 𝑄2 2.7 3.6
=𝑁 ; 180∗1.253 = 211.28∗𝐷3 ; 𝐷23 = 2.219 D2= 1.303𝑚
𝑁1 𝐷13 3
2 𝐷2 2

Specific Speed

𝑁1 √𝑃1 𝑁2 √𝑃2 180√736

Ns = 5 = 5 ; 𝑁𝑠 = 5 = 69.55
𝐻14 𝐻24 304

Type of turbine:

3. A model of turbine 1m in diameter acting under a head of 2m runs at 150rpm.

Estimate the scale ratio of the prototype develops 20MW under a head of 225m with
specific speed of 100 (1d, 06, June/July14)

9
 𝐷𝑚
Dm=1m; Hm=2m; Nm=150rpm;scale ratio = =?
𝐷𝑝

𝑃𝑝 =20MW=20000kW; HP= 225m; 𝑁𝑠 = 100

𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 150∗√𝑃𝑚
Ns = 5 ; 100 = 5 ; 𝑃𝑚 = 2.514𝑘𝑊
4
𝐻𝑚 24

𝑁𝑃√𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑃 √20000
Ns = 5 ; 100 = 5 ; 𝑁𝑃 = 616.188𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻𝑃4 2254

𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝐷 5 2,514 150 3 𝐷 5 𝐷𝑚 1
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5; ; ( 𝐷𝑚 ) = 20000 (616.188) ; ( 𝐷𝑚 ) = 1.813 ∗ 10−6; = 14.07
𝜌𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝐷𝑃

Scale ratio is 1: 14.07

4. A windmill model of 1:10 scale develops 2kW under a head of 6m at 500rpm. A

prototype work under a head of 40m. Assuming that the efficiencies of model and
prototype remains same Determine the power developed , speed of the prototype
and its specific speed (1c, 08, June/July18)
𝐷𝑚 1
= 10; 𝑃𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑊; Hm=6m; Nm=500rpm;
𝐷𝑃
𝐻𝑃 = 40𝑚; 𝜂𝑚 = 𝜂𝑃 ; 𝑃𝑃 =?; NP=?; Ns=?;
Speed of the prototype
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻𝑝 𝐻 𝐷 2 40 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁 2 𝐷2 ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 𝑁𝑚
2
∗ 𝐻 𝑃 ∗ ( 𝐷𝑚 ) ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 5002 ∗ *(10) 𝑁𝑃2 = 16666.66
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚 𝑃 6
NP=129.1rpm
Power developed by prototype
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 129.1 3
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5 ; 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 ∗ (𝑁 𝑃 ) ∗ (𝐷 𝑃 ) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 2 ∗ ( 500 ) ∗ 105;
𝜌𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑃 𝑚 𝑚

𝑃𝑃 = 3442.9𝑘𝑊
Specific speed
𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 500√2
Ns = 5 ; 𝑁𝑠 = 5 𝑁𝑠 = 75.30
4
𝐻𝑚 64

5. A turbine model of 1:10 develops 2.0kW under a head of 6m at 500rpm. Find the
power developed by the prototype under a head of 40m. Also find the speed of
prototype and its specific speed. Assume the turbine efficiencies to remain same (1c,
06, Dec17/Jan18)
Solution is same as above problem
6. A one fourth scale turbine model is tested under a head of 10meters. The prototype is
required to work under a head of 30meters and to run at 425rpm. Estimate the speed
of the model if it develops 125kW and uses 1.1m3/s of water at this speed . Also

10
 calculate the power output of the prototype and suggest the type of turbine (1c, 08,
Dec14/Jan15)

𝐷𝑚 1
= 4; 𝐻𝑚 = 10𝑚; 𝐻𝑃 = 30𝑚 NP=425rpm 𝑃𝑚 = 125𝑘𝑊; Qm=1.1m3/s; Nm=?;
𝐷𝑃
𝑃𝑃 =?;
Speed of the model
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻 𝐷 2 10
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; 2
𝑁𝑚 = 𝑁𝑃2 ∗ 𝐻𝑚 ∗ (𝐷 𝑃 ) ; 𝑁𝑚
2
= 4252 ∗ 30 *(4)2
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚

Nm=981.49rpm
Power developed by Prototype
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 425 3
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5 ; 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 ∗ (𝑁 𝑃 ) ∗ (𝐷 𝑃 ) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 125 ∗ (981.5) ∗ 45;
𝜌𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑃 𝑚 𝑚

𝑃𝑃 = 10392.16𝑘𝑊
Specific speed
𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 981.5√125
Ns = 5 ; 𝑁𝑠 = 5 𝑁𝑠 = 617.08
4
𝐻𝑚 104

Type of turbine suggested:

7. The quantity of water available for a hydroelectric power station is 260m3/sec. The head
developed is 1.73m. If the speed of the turbines is 50rpm and efficiency 82.5%, find the
number of turbines . Assume specific speed to be 760.( 1c, 06, Dec25/Jan16, ,)*

Q=260cumecs =260m3/s; H=1.73m; N=50rpm; ηo=82.5% number of turbine=?

𝑃 𝑇 𝑃
ηo=𝜔𝑄𝐻; 0.85=9810∗260∗173 ie 𝑃𝑇 = 3640343𝑊=3640.343𝑘𝑊

𝑁√𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 50√𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
Ns each= ; 760= √𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 30.15 ; 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 909.49𝑘𝑊
𝐻 5/4 1.735/4

𝑃𝑇 3640.343
No of turbine required = 𝑃 ; n = = 4
𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 909.49

8. A single stage centrifugal pump with impellor diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000rpm
and with 3m3 of water per second to a height of 30m with an efficiency of 75%. Find a)
the number of stages and b) diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to
lift 5m3 of water per sec to a height of 200m, when rotating at 1500rpm

A single stage centrifugal pump with impellor diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000rpm
and with 3m3 of water per second to a height of 30m with an efficiency of 75%.

D1=30cm; N1=2000rpm; Q1 =3m3/s ; H1 =30m;

In multistage: find the number of stage required if similar single stage pumps (as
above) are used to lift 5m3/s to a height o 200m when rotating at 1500rpm

11
 Q2=5m3/s; N2=2000rpm HT =200m

𝑁1 √𝑄1 𝑁 √𝑄 2000√3 1500√5

= 𝐻2 3/42; = ; H2=28.73m
𝐻1 3/4 2 303/4 𝐻2 3/4

No of stage required =

𝐻𝑇 = 𝑛𝐻2 ; 200 =n x 28.73; n=6.96 ie 7

i) Diameter of the impellor

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 30 28.73
= 𝑁2 𝐷22; = 15002𝑥𝐷2; 𝐷2 = 39𝑚
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 20002𝑥3002 2

9. A quantity of water available for hydel station is 310cumecs under a head of 1.8m.
Assuming speed of each turbine is 60rpm and efficiency of 85% find the no of turbines
required and power produced by each turbine. Each turbine has a specific speed of
800(metric)

• A quantity of water available for hydel station is 310cumecs under a head of 1.8m. ie
Q=310cumecs =310m3/s; H=1.8m
• Assuming speed of each turbine is 60rpm and efficiency of 85% N=60rpm; ηo=0.85
• find the no of turbines required and power produced by each turbine. Each turbine
has a specific speed of 800
ie no of turbines=? Peach=?; Nseach =800rpm (metric)
𝑃 𝑃𝑇
η o= ; 0.85= ie 𝑃𝑇 = 4652883 𝑊 =4652.9kW
𝜔𝑄𝐻 9810𝑥310𝑥1.8

𝑁 √𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 60√𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
Ns each= ;800= ie 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 772.8 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑃 since specific in turbine
𝐻 5/4 1.85/4
is metric power is in HP

Peach =772.5x 0.7355 kW; Peach = = 566.25kW

𝑃𝑇 4652.9
No of turbine required = 𝑃 No of turbine required = 566.25 = 8.2
𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ

Hence 9 turbine required

9. From the performance curves of the turbine it is seen that a turbine of 1m diameter
acting under a head of 1m develops a speed of 25 rpm. What diameter should be
prototyped if it is developed 1000kW working under a head of 200m with a specific
speed of 150 (SI units)
10. A model of a centrifugal pump absorbs 5kW at a speed of 1500rpm, pumping water
against a head of 6m. The large prototype pump is required to pump water to a head
of 30m. The scale ratio of diameter is 4. Assume same efficiency and similarities, find

12
 (a) the speed (b) power of prototype and (c) the ratio of discharge of prototype and
model (1b, 08, June/July 18, 15ME53)
A model of a centrifugal pump absorbs 5kW at a speed of 1500rpm, pumping water
against a head of 6m. ie Pm =5kW; Nm =1500rpm; Hm=6m
The large prototype pump is required to pump water to a head of 30m ie H P=30m
𝐷
The scale ratio of diameter is 4. Ie 𝐷 𝑃 = 4
𝑚

Speed of the model

2
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑃 𝐷 30 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; NP2 = 2
𝑥 ( 𝐷𝑚 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑚 ; NP2 = 𝑥 (4) 𝑥15002 ; NP=838.5 rpm
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑚 𝑝 6

Power of Prototype

𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑃 𝐷 5 𝑁 3
3 𝐷5 =𝜌 3 5 ; 𝜌𝑚 = 𝜌𝑃 (same fluid); 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 (𝐷 𝑝 ) (𝑁 𝑃 )
𝜌𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑃 𝑚 𝑚

838.5 3
𝑃𝑃 = 5(4)5 ( 1500 ) ; PP=894.34kW

Ratio of discharge of prototype and model

𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑃 𝑄𝑃 𝑁 𝐷 3 𝑄𝑃 838.5 𝑄𝑃
3 =𝑁 ; = 𝑁 𝑃 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑝 ) ; = 𝑥(4)3; = 35.76
𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝐷3
𝑃 𝑃 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑄𝑚 1500 𝑄𝑚

11. Two geometrically similar pumps are running at same speed of 1000rpm. One pump
has an impeller diameter of 0.3m and lifts water at the rate of 20litres /sec against a
head of 15m Determine the head and impeller diameter of other pump to deliver half
the discharge (1b, 08, June/July 13)
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐷1 = 0.3𝑚; 𝑄1 = 20𝑙𝑖𝑡/𝑠 = 20 ∗ 10−3𝑚3 /𝑠; 𝐻1 = 15𝑚; 𝐻2 =
𝑄1
? 𝐷2 =? 𝑄2 = 2

𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2
= ; = as 𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁1 𝐷13 𝑁2 𝐷23 𝐷13 𝐷23

𝑄1
𝑄1 1 1 1 1 0.33
= 2
; = 2𝐷3; = 2𝐷3; 𝐷23 = ; 𝐷2 = 0.238𝑚
𝐷13 𝐷23 𝐷13 2 0.33 2 2

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 𝐷 2 𝑁 2 0.3 2 1000 2

= 𝑁2 𝐷22; 𝐻2 = 𝐻1 (𝐷1) (𝑁2) ; 𝐻2 = 15 ∗ (0.238) *(1000) ; 𝐻2 = 9.48𝑚
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 2 1

12. A model of Francis turbine of 1:5 scale ratio is tested under a head of 1.5m. It develops
3kW at 360rpm. Determine the speed and power developed under a head of 6m. Find
its specific speed

13
 𝐷𝑚 1
• A model of Francis turbine of 1:5 scale ratio is tested under a head of 1.5m ie =5
𝐷𝑝
and Hm=1.5m
• It develops 3kW at 360rpm ie Pm1=3kW and Nm1=360rpm
• Determine the speed and power developed under a head of 6m. Find its specific speed
ie NP=? PP=? HP=6m

Solution

𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑝 𝐷 2 6 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; NP2 = 2
𝑥 ( 𝐷𝑚 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑃2 =1.5 𝑥 (5) 𝑥 3602 ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 20736
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑚 𝑃

NP=144rpm

𝑁𝑚√𝑃𝑚 360√3
Ns = 5/4 ; Ns = =375.62
𝐻𝑚 1.55/4

𝑁𝑃√𝑃𝑃 144√𝑃𝑃
Ns = 5/4 ; 375.62 = ; 𝑃𝑃 = 600𝑘𝑊
𝐻𝑃 65/4

13. A Pelton wheel produces 10000kW while working under a head of 400m and running
at a speed of 300rpm. Assuming an overall efficiency of 82% , find the unit quantities,
During the off season, the head over the turbine reduces to 350m. Find the
corresponding speed, discharge and power for the same efficiency

P=10000x103W; H=400m; N=300rpm; ηo=0.82

𝑃 10000𝑥103
ηo=𝜔𝑄𝐻; 0.82=9810𝑥𝑄𝑥400; Q=3.1078m3/s

Unit Discharge
𝑄 3.1078
Qu= ; Qu = ; Qu=0.1553m3/s
√𝐻 √400

Unit speed:
𝑁 300
Nu = ; Nu = ; Nu =15rpm
√𝐻 √400

Unit Power

𝑃 10000𝑥103
Pu= 𝐻 3/2; Pu= ; Pu=1250W
4003/2

If head reduces to 350m

𝑄1 𝑄2 3.1078 𝑄2
= ; = ; Q2=2.907m3/s
√𝐻1 √𝐻2 √400 √350

𝑁1 𝑁2 300 𝑁2
= ; = ; N2=280.624rpm
√𝐻1 √𝐻2 √400 √350

14
 𝑃1 𝑃2 10000𝑥103 𝑃
3/2 =𝐻 3/2 ; = 35023/2; P2=8184571.29W
𝐻1 2 4003/2

14. The following data were obtained from the main characteristics of a Kaplan turbine of
runner diameter 1m Pu=30.695, Qu =108.6, Nu =63.6. Estimate a) the runner diameter
b) the discharge c) the speed of a similar runner working under a head of 30m and
developing 2000kW. Also, d) determine the specific speed of the runner (1c,
June/July16)
𝐷1 = 1𝑚; 𝑃𝑢 = 30.695; 𝑄𝑢 = 108.6; 𝑁𝑢 = 63.6;
𝐷2 =? ; 𝑄2 =? ; 𝑁2 =? ; 𝐻2 = 30𝑚; 𝑃2 = 2000𝑘𝑊; 𝑁𝑠 =?
1
𝑁√𝑃 𝑁√𝑃 𝑁 𝑃 2
𝑁𝑠 = ; 𝑁𝑠 = ; 𝑁𝑠 = ∗ ( 3) ; 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁𝑢 √𝑃𝑢;
𝐻 5/4 √𝐻𝐻 3/4 √𝐻 𝐻2
𝑁𝑠 = 63.6√30.695; 𝑁𝑠 = 352.36
𝑁2 √𝑃2 𝑁2 √2000
𝑁𝑠 = 5/4 ; 352.36 = ; 𝑁2 = 553.18𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻2 305/4
2 2
𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 √𝐻 1 𝐻 1 1 𝐻
= 𝑁2 𝐷22 ; ( 𝑁 1) ∗ 𝐷2 = 𝑁2𝐷2 2; (𝑁 ) ∗ 𝐷2 = 𝑁2𝐷2 2;
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 1 1 2 2 𝑢1 1 2 2
1 1 30
∗ = 553.182∗𝐷2; 𝐷22 = 0.3965; 𝐷2 = 0.629𝑚
63.62 12 2
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑄2
= ; = ; = ; = ; =
𝑁1 𝐷13 𝑁2 𝐷23 𝑁1 𝐷1 𝐷12 𝑁2 𝐷2 𝐷22 𝑈1 𝐷12 𝑈2 𝐷22 𝑉1 𝐷12 𝑉2 𝐷22 √𝐻1 𝐷12 √𝐻2 𝐷22
𝑄𝑢1 𝑄2 108.6 𝑄2
= ; = ; 𝑄2 = 235.33𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐷12 √𝐻2 𝐷22 12 √30∗ 0.6292

15. A model of Kaplan turbine having scale ratio 1:12 tested under a head of 3m. The
prototype of Kaplan turbine is designed to produce a power of 8000kW under a head of
8m running at a speed of 150rpm with a overall efficiency of 85%. Find the speed, flow,
power and specific speed of the model

• A model of Kaplan turbine having scale ratio 1:12 tested under a head of 3m
𝐷𝑚 1
Ie =12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑚 = 3𝑚
𝐷𝑝

• The prototype of Kaplan turbine is designed to produce a power of 8000kW under a

head of 8m running at a speed of 150rpm with a overall efficiency of 85%.
Ie 𝑃𝑃 = 8000𝑘𝑊 , 𝐻𝑃 = 8𝑚 𝑁𝑃 = 150𝑟𝑝𝑚 ηo =85%
• Find the speed, flow, power and specific speed of the model
Ie 𝑁𝑚 =? 𝑄𝑚 =? 𝑄𝑃 =? 𝑁𝑠 =?

𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑚 𝐷 2 3
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; Nm2 = 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑃 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑃2 ; Nm2 = 𝑥(12)2𝑥1502 Nm2 =12144999.15 ie
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑃 𝑚 8
Nm=1102.27rpm

𝑃 8000𝑥103
𝜂 P =𝜔𝑄 𝑃𝐻 ; 0.85= 9810 𝑄 ; 𝑄𝑃 = 119.92 m3/s
𝑃 𝑝 𝑃8

15
 𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝐷 3 1102.27 1 3
= ; 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑥 ( 𝐷𝑚 ) x 𝑄𝑝 ; 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑥 (12) x119.92
𝑁𝑝 𝑃 𝐷3 𝑁 𝐷3
𝑚 𝑚 𝑁𝑃 𝑃 150

𝑄𝑚 = 0.509m3/s
𝑃𝑃 𝜂 𝜔𝑄 𝐻 8000 119.92𝑥8
= 𝜂 𝑃 𝜔𝑄 𝑃 𝐻𝑃 ; = 0.509𝑥3 ; 𝑃𝑚 = 12.73𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑃𝑚

16. A model of a turbine built to a scale of 1:4 is tested under a head of 10m. The prototype
has to work under a head of 50m at 450rpm (a) what speed should the model run be
if it develops 60kW using 0.9cumecs at this speed. (b) what power will be obtained
from the prototype assuming that its efficiency is 3% better than that of model

1 𝐷𝑚
• scale= =
4 𝐷𝑃
• Model: 𝐻𝑚 = 10𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑚 =? 𝑃𝑚 = 60𝑘𝑊; 𝑄𝑚 = 0.9𝑚3 /𝑠
• Prototype 𝐻𝑃 = 50𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑃 = 450 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃𝑃 =?
• what power will be obtained from the prototype assuming that its efficiency is 3%
better than that of model PP=? if ηP=1.03 ηM
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻𝑝
2 2
= 2 2
𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑁𝑃 𝐷𝑃

Speed of the model

𝐻𝑚 𝐷 2 10
Nm2 = 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑃 ) 𝑥𝑁𝑃2 ; Nm2 = 𝑥(4)2 𝑥4502 ; Nm=805 rpm
𝐻𝑃 𝑚 50

Power of Prototype
𝜔𝑄𝐻
η= ; P =ηωQH
𝑃

𝜂 𝑄 𝐻 𝑃𝑃
Hence 𝜂 𝑃 𝑄 𝑃 𝐻𝑃 =
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑃𝑚

𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑝 𝐷 3 𝑁
But = ; = (𝐷 𝑃 ) 𝑥 𝑁 𝑝
𝑁𝑝 𝑃𝐷3 𝑁 𝐷3
𝑚 𝑚 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

Hence,

𝜂𝑃 𝐷𝑃 3 𝑁𝑝 𝐻𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑥( ) 𝑥 𝑥 =
𝜂𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝐻𝑚 𝑃𝑚

450 50 𝑃𝑃
1.03 𝑥(4)3 𝑥 805 𝑥 10 = 60

PP =11055kW

16
17. A Francis turbine model of 1:5 scaleThe data for model is P=4kW, N=3500rpm, H=2m
and for prototype , H=6m Assume that the overall efficiency is 70%, Calculate i) speed
of the prototype ii) Power of prototype Use Moodys equation (1c, 10, Dec 12)

𝐷𝑚 1
= ; 𝑃𝑚 = 4𝑘𝑊; 𝑁𝑚 = 3500𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐻𝑚 = 2𝑚; 𝐻𝑃 = 6𝑚; 𝜂𝑚 = 0.7; 𝑁𝑃 =? 𝑃𝑃 =?
𝐷𝑃 5
𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻 𝐻𝑚 𝐷 2 2 1 2
2 𝐷2 = 𝑁2 𝐷𝑝2; 𝑁𝑃2 = 𝑁𝑚
2
∗ ∗ ( 𝐷𝑚 ) ; 𝑁𝑃2 = 35002 ∗ 6 ∗ (5) ; 𝑁𝑃2 =163170;
𝑁𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝐻𝑝 𝑃

𝑁𝑃 = 403.94𝑟𝑝𝑚

0.2
𝐷𝑚 1 0.2
ηp= 1- (1-ηm)( 𝐷 ) ; ηp= 1- (1-0.7) (5) = 0.782
𝑝

𝑃 𝑃
𝜂𝑚 = 𝜔𝑄 𝑚𝐻 − 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1; 𝜂𝑃 = 𝜔𝑄 𝑃𝐻 − 𝑒𝑞𝑛 2
𝑚 𝑚 𝑃 𝑃

𝜂𝑃 𝑃 𝑄 𝐻 𝜂𝑃 𝑃 2 𝐻
𝐷𝑚 √ 𝑚 𝐻 𝜂𝑃 𝑃 𝐷 2
𝑒𝑞𝑛 2/ 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1; 𝜂𝑚
= 𝑃 𝑃 ∗ 𝑄𝑚 ∗ 𝐻𝑚; 𝜂𝑚
= 𝑃𝑃 ∗ 2 𝐻
𝐷𝑃
∗ 𝐻𝑚; 𝜂𝑚
= 𝑃 𝑃 ∗ ( 𝐷𝑚 ) ∗
𝑚 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚 √ 𝑃 𝑃 𝑚 𝑃

𝐻 3/2
( 𝐻𝑚)
𝑃

0.782 𝑃𝑃 1 2 2 3/2 6 3/2 0.782

= ∗ ( 5) ∗ ( 6) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 4 ∗ (5)2 ∗ (2) ∗ ; 𝑃𝑃 =580.48kW
0.7 4 0.7

18. A small scale model of hydraulic turbine runs at a speed of 350rpm, under a head of
20m and produces 8kW as output Find : a) Unit Discharge b) Unit speed and c) Unit
Power assuming total to total efficiency of a turbine as 0.79 find the output power of
the actual turbine which is 12 times the model size, assuming the model and prototype
efficiencies are related by Moodys formula

𝐷𝑝
Model : Hm=20m; Nm=350rpm; Pm=8kW; ηtt=0.79; =12
𝐷𝑀

𝑃 8𝑥103
ηtt =𝜔𝑄 𝑚𝐻 ; 0.79=9810𝑥𝑄 ; Qm=0.0516m3/s
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑥20

Unit Discharge
𝑄 0.056
Qu= = ; Qu=0.0115m3/s
√𝐻 √20

Unit speed:
𝑁 350
Nu = ; Nu = =78.262rpm
√𝐻 √20

Unit Power

17
 𝑃 8𝑥103
Pu= 𝐻 3/2; Pu= 203/2 =89.442W

0.2 0.2
𝐷𝑚 1
ηp= 1- (1-ηm)( ) ; ηp= 1- (1-0.79) ( ) =0.8722
𝐷𝑝 12

𝑃
For model; 𝜂m =𝜔𝑄 𝑚𝐻
𝑚 𝑚

𝑃
For Prototype; 𝜂 P =𝜔𝑄 𝑃𝐻
𝑃 𝑝

𝜂𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝜔𝑄𝑚 𝐻𝑚
= − 𝑒𝑞𝑛1
𝜂𝑚 𝑃𝑚 𝜔𝑄𝑃 𝐻𝑃

Discharge Q=AV

QαD2√𝐻 as AαD2 and V α √𝐻

𝑄𝑚 𝐷2 √𝐻𝑚
Hence = 𝐷𝑚2
𝑄𝑃 𝑝 √𝐻𝑝

𝑄
Substituting 𝑄𝑚 in eqn 1
𝑃

2 𝐻 2 3/2
𝜂𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝑚 √ 𝑚 𝐻𝑚 𝜂𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝑚 𝐻
= ; = 𝑃 ∗ ( 𝐷 ) ∗ ( 𝐻𝑚 ) ;
𝜂𝑚 𝑃𝑚 𝐷𝑝2 √𝐻𝑝 𝐻𝑃 𝜂𝑚 𝑚 𝑝 𝑃

𝐷𝑚 𝐻𝑚 1 𝐻𝑚
Assuming 𝐷 ∝ 𝐻; = ; =
𝐷𝑝 𝐻𝑃 12 𝐻𝑃

0.8722 𝑃𝑃 1 2 1 3/2 0.8722

= ∗ (12) ∗ ( 12) ; 𝑃𝑃 = 8 * ∗ (12)2*(12)3/2; 𝑃𝑃 =52870.49kW
0.79 8 0.79

19. A centrifugal pump is required to handle water at a capacity 6.75m3/s, head of 125m
and a speed of 350rpm. In designing a model of this pump the laboratory conditions
impose a maximum capacity of 0.127m3/s and a power consumption of 220kW model
and prototype efficiencies are assumed same, find the speed of model and scale ratio

20. An axial flow pump with a rotor diameter 30cm handles water at the rate of
2.7m3/min, while operating at 1500rpm. The corresponding energy input is 125J/kg.
The total to total efficiency is 75%. If a second geometrically similar pump with a
diameter of 20cm operates at 3000rpm, what is its flow rate? What is the change in
total pressure

The total to total efficiency being 75%.

Ie D1=30cm; N1=1500rpm; Q1 =2.7m3/s ;

18
energy input is 125J/kg ie gH1 =125J/kg ; The total to total efficiency is 75%.

If a second geometrically similar pump with a diameter of 20cm operates at 3000rpm,

ie D2=20cm; N1=3000rpm

what are a) its flow rate b) power input c) change in total pressure

𝑄2 =? ; 𝑃2 =? change in total pressure =?

𝑄1 𝑄2 2.7 2 𝑄
=𝑁 ; =3000𝑥20 3; Q2=1.6m3/min
𝑁1 𝐷13 3
2 𝐷2 1500𝑥303

𝑔𝐻1 𝑔𝐻 125 𝑔𝐻 𝐸
= 𝑁2 𝐷22; 2
=30002𝑥0.20 2; 𝑔𝐻2 =222.22 J/kg = (𝑚) = ∆ℎ𝑜2
𝑁12 𝐷12 2 2 15002 𝑥0.302 2

𝐸
P=𝑚 ∗
𝑚

m2= ρQ2

Power input = ρQ2 𝑔𝐻2

=1000x 1.6 x222.22=58.32x103 W

Change in pressure
∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 ∆ℎ
𝑜𝑠
𝜂𝑡𝑡 = ; 0.75 = 222.22
∆ℎ𝑜

∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 = 0.75 ∗222.22; ∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 = 166.65𝐽/𝑘𝑔

∆𝑝𝑜 ∆𝑝
∆ℎ𝑜𝑠 = 𝑜
; 166.65 = 1000 ; ∆𝑝𝑜 = 166.65 ∗ 1000𝑁/𝑚2; ∆𝑝𝑜 = 1.66 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝜌

19
 Module 1 : Thermodynamics of fluid flow in Turbomachines
Important point:

Enthalpy where is the specific heat in kJ/kgK , T is in temperature in K

and h is in kJ/kg

If is in J/kgK then h is in J/kg

( ) if the process is isentropic

( ) if the process is Polytropic

( ) since static to stagnation is always isentropic

Efficiency of compressor or power absorbing machine

Efficiency of Turbine or power generating machine

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 1

Static and stagnation states:

Static state: various properties such as pressure, temperature and volume may be determined at
any given fluid particle

Static properties are those properties which are measured with instruments or devices which are at
rest relative to the fluid . For example static temperature of any fluid particle moving with a given
speed, the measuring thermometer or thermocouple should theoretically move with the same
speed as the fluid particle itself while the measurements is being made

Example : measurements made by instrument fitted at the wall of the conduit in which fluid is
flowing is static properties ( because fluid particles at the wall has zero velocity, measuring
instrument fitted has zero velocity hence relative velocity between the fluid and measuring
instrument is zero)

Stagnation state is defined as the terminal state of fictitious, isentropic and work free
thermodynamic process, during which the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the fluid
particle are reduced to zero in steady flow . Measurement made by the instrument in which sensing
element is fixed at the centre of conduit represents stagnation property of fluid ( because
Instrument has zero velocity and fluid at the centre of conduit is having stream velocity of the fluid)

Stagnation state , as defined above, does not represent the existing state of a fluid at any point;

From Ist law of thermodynamics applied to static to stagnation

̇ ̇ ( )= ̇ ̇ ( )

Note that are static enthalpy, velocity, elevation at given point and is the
stagnation enthalpy at same point, ̇ is the rate of heat transfer and ̇ is the rate of work
done

Also note that without suffix is the static properties at the given point and properties with
suffix 0 represents stagnation properties

As stagnation point is the terminal state of fictitious, isentropic and work free; ̇ ;
̇ ; Vo =0; Z0=0

̇ ( )= ̇ ( ); ;

If PE is neglected, ;

; Hence stagnation temperature, =

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 2

Stagnation pressure

Bernoulli’s equation between static and stagnation prperties

; since at stagnation point velocity and

potential energy become zero

If potential energy is neglected , ;

Note that

Static to stagnation property (relation between Temperature and pressure)

( ) since static to stagnation process is isentropic Hence is used

Efficiency of turbomachine:
In turbomachines , losses occur in turbomachine is due to a) bearing friction, windage etc
which is referred as Mechanical losses and b) Unsteady flow, friction between the blade and
fluid losses referred to hydraulic losses

In Power generating machine;

Referred to Mechanical losses

Referred to Hydraulic losses

Overall efficiency:

= =

In Power absorbing machine;

Referred to Mechanical losses

Referred to Hydraulic losses

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 3

 =

Overall efficiency :

= =

Various efficiencies based on static and stagnation properties

Power absorbing machine:
p02
02

02 ' P2
2

2''

P01
h
P1
01

i) Wt-t=h02s –h01 ;

ii) Wt-s=h2s –h01 ;

iii) Ws-t= h02s –h1;

iv) Ws-s= h2s –h1 ;

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 4

Power generating machine

P01
01 P1

p02

02
h
P2
02 '
2
2''

i) Wt-t= h01 −h02s ;

ii) Wt-s=h01 –h2s ;

iii) Ws-t= h1 h02s ;

iv) Ws-s= h2s –h1 ;

Application of First Law and Second Law of thermodynamics to Turbomachines

The fluid flow in any turbomachine is slightly varies with time (Steady flow) but unsteady
flow near blade tips at entry and exit of cascades. But overall fluid flow is steady

Hence applying First law of thermodynamics for steady flow

̇ ̇ ( )= ̇ ( )

But stagnation enthalpy: h0 =

Hence ̇ ̇ = ̇

̇ ̇( )
̇ ̇
̇ ̇
=

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 5

q =0 as turbomachine is ideally assumed as adiabatic

Hence,

Hence energy transfer as work per unit mass flow is therefore numerically equal to change
in stagnation enthalpy of the fluid between the turbomachine inlet and outlet

In power generating turbomachine, w is positive so that is negative

In power absorbing turbomachine, w is negative so that is positive

For incompressible fluid, internal energy changes are negligible, and density is constant

H= u+pv

( ) ( )

as For incompressible fluid, internal energy changes are negligible

; ;

Application of II law of thermodynamics to turbomachine

From 2 law of thermaodynamics

From Ist law of thermodynamics,

In ideal turbo machine , ;

Hence equation A becomes ;

Hence, substituting

Efficiencies of the compression process

i) Total to total efficiency

It is defined as the ratio of ideal work to the actual work between the stagnation states.

ηtt=

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 6

 ( )
( )
ηtt= = ( )
; ηtt= ; ηtt= -------------1

( )
But ( ) ; ( ) ; ηtt=

Actual Power required

Actual Power required, P =m ( ); ( ); ( )

( )

If Mechanical Efficiency is given, ( )

Efficiencies of the Expansion process

Turbine
i) Total to total efficiency

It is defined as the ratio of to the between the stagnation states.

( )
ηtt= ; ηtt= ; ηtt
( )

ηtt ; ηtt= ; ( )
( )

( )
But ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ;

( )
where is the total pressure ratio

ηtt= where is the total pressure ratio

( )
( +

Actual Power required

Actual Power required , ̇ ( )

( )

= ( )

( )
= ( )

If Mechanical Efficiency is given

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 7

 ( )
P= ( )

1. A stream of combustion gases at the point of entry to a turbine has a static temperature of
1050K , static pressure of 600kPa and a velocity of 150m/s. For the gases Cp =1.004kJ/kgK and
. Find total temperature and total pressure of the gases. Also find the difference
between their static and total enthalpies. (2b. 08, Dec/Jan 19, 15ME19)
Solution:
; ;
since elevation is not given

since elevation is not given

;
; ;

( ) ;
Static enthalpy ;
Stagnation enthalpy ;
Difference between static enthalpy and total enthalpy
Difference between static enthalpy and total enthalpy

2. Air enters a compressor at a static pressure of 15 bar, a static temperature of 15 oC and a

flow velocity of 50m/s, At the exit the static pressure is 30 bar , the static temperature is
100oC and the flow velocity is 100m/s . The outlet is 1m above the inlet Evaluate i) the
isentropic change in enthalpy ii) The actual change in enthalpy . Take Cp for air as
1005J/kgK. Also draw the relevant T-S diagram (2b. 10 June/July 13)

; ; ;
; ; ; m

Isentropic enthalpy drop

( * ; ( ) ;

( ); ( );

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 8

 ; ; ;

; ;

( );

Isentropic enthalpy drop

Actual enthalpy drop

; ;

; ; ( ) ( );

Change in total enthalpy =89.184kJ/kg

Efficiency of the compressor

; ;

3. Air enters a compressor at a static pressure of 1.5 bar, a static temperature of 15 oC and
a flow velocity of 50m/s, At the exit the static pressure is 3 bar , the static temperature is
100oC and the flow velocity is 100m/s . The outlet is 1m above the inlet Evaluate i) the
isentropic change in enthalpy ii) The actual change in enthalpy iii) Efficiency of the
compressor (2c. 10 June/July 17) (2b. O8 June/July 18, 15ME53)

o
C;
o
C;

; ;

Isentropic enthalpy drop

( * ; ( ) ;

( ); ( );

( )

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 9

 Actual enthalpy drop

( )

( ) ( )

( )

Effect of preheat in multistage compression or prove that preheat factor is always less
than 1

The overall isentropic efficiency is useful as it indicates the overall performance of a turbomachine.
But it is not always indicate the true efficiency from hydrodynamic point of view which is measure of
fluid losses within the machine.

A compressor stage with a finite pressure stage is called as finite stage

In a multistage compressor, in each stage efficiency depends on inlet temperature of fluid to the
stage and pressure ratio in each stage

Thus in multistage compressor for the same efficiency, each succeeding stage is suffered by the
inefficiency of preceding stage which is handling the fluid at higher temperature

4
TEMP
4'
p4 P3
Ws3
4'' p2 Wa
2' 3
p1
Ws Ws2
2
Ws 1
1

ENTROPY

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 10

Here , a three stage compressor is considered between the inlet pressure p1 and delivery pressure p4

Assume that stage pressure ratio for all stage is same

stage efficiency for all the stages are same =

Let 14’’ and 14 are the total isentropic and actual compression process respectively.

is the overall efficiency, Wa and Ws are the total actual and total isentropic work absorbed

; 1

For stage 1 , stage efficiency

Similarly for stage 2, ; For stage 3,

Total Work absorbed

∑
Hence, ;

∑
;
∑

As the constant pressure lines are diverging in nature towards the right hand side of temperature
entropy diagram, the isentropic work per stage increases as the temperature difference increases for
the same pressure ratio and stage efficiency, therefore ,

; x pre heat factor

∑

Effect of Reheat in multistage compression or prove that Rreheat factor is always greater
than 1

Thus in multistage turbine for the same efficiency, each succeeding stage is suffered by the
inefficiency of preceding stage which is handling the fluid at higher temperature

p1
TEMP 1
p2
Ws 1 2
P3
2'
Ws 3
Ws2 Wa
p4
Ws3
4
4'
4''

ENTROPY

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 11

Here a three stage Turbine is considered between the inlet pressure p1 and delivery pressure p4

Assume that stage pressure ratio for all stage is same

and stage efficiency for all the stages are same =

Let 14’’ and 14 are the total isentropic and actual compression process respectively.

is the overall efficiency

Wa and Ws are the total actual and total isentropic work absorbed

For stage 1 , stage efficiency; ;

Similarly for stage 2, ; For stage 3,

; ( ); ∑

∑
∑ ;

As the constant pressure lines are diverging in nature towards the right hand side of temperature
entropy diagram, the isentropic work per stage increases as the temperature difference increases for
the same pressure ratio and stage efficiency, therefore ,

∑
;

x Re heat factor=

Infinitesimal stage efficiency or Polytropic efficiency in compression Process(compressor)

A finite compressor stage can be viewed as it made up of infinitesimal number of small

stages. Each of these small stages has an efficiency, ηp, is called polytropic or infinitesimal
stage efficiency

Consider a single stage compressor having stage efficiency ηs operates between p1 and p2
divided into infinitesimal stages.

Considering one intermediate stage operating between pressures p and p+dp and temperatures T
and T+dT ( efficiency of such stage is called Polytropic efficiency)

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 12

 2
TEMP
p2 p+dp

p
2'

p1
dT ' dT

ENTROPY

( *
ηp= ; ; ;

(( ) + (( ) +
;

( )
Using series of expansion ( ) ; Neglecting higher order

( ( ) ); ( )( )

Integrating above equation pressure from p1 to p2 and temperature from T1 to T2

( )
( ) ;

( ) ( )
Also, ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) -----------------1

Assuming the irreversible adiabatic compression process 1-2 as equivalent process with an index of
compression n

( )
( ) -----------------2

Comparing 1 and 2

( ) ( ); ( )( )

Hence there are two formulae to find polytropic efficiency

( )
1. 2. ( )( )

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 13

Infinitesimal stage efficiency or Polytropic efficiency in expansion process (Turbine)

A finite turbine stage can be viewed as it made up of infinitesimal number of small stages.
Each of these small stages has an efficiency, ηp, is called polytropic or infinitesimal stage
efficiency

Consider a single stage turbine having stage efficiency ηs operates between p1 and p2 divided
into infinitesimal stages.

Considering one intermediate stage operating between pressures p and p+dp and temperatures T
and T+dp ( efficiency of such stage is called Polytropic efficiency)

p1
TEMP 1
p

p-dp
dT
dT'

p2
2
2'

ENTROPY

ηp= ; ; ( ); ( )

( ( ) ); ( ( ) );

( ) ( )( )
Using series of expansion ( )

Neglecting higher order ; ( ( ( ) )); ( )( )

Integrating above equation pressure from p1 to p2 and temperature from T1 to T2

( ) ; ;
( )

( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) -----------------1

Assuming the irreversible adiabatic compression process 1-2 as equivalent process with an index of
compression n

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 14

 ( )
( ) -----------------2

Comparing 1 and 2

( ) ( ); ( )( ) this is another formulae for polytropic efficiency

There are two formulae to determine polytropic efficiency for turbine

1.
( ) ( )

Multistage compressors (Equal Pressure ratio case)

pk+1 4
TEMP
4'
p4 P3
Ws3
4'' p2
2' 3
p1
Ws2
2
Ws 1

ENTROPY

Consider multistage compression of k stages between the pressures p1 and pk+1 with overall pressure
ratio and having equal stage efficiencies ηst or ηp then the pressure ratio in each stage is given
by

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 15

Stage Efficiency

Efficiency of stage in multi stage compressor is called stage efficiency

a. Compressor
( )
( ) ( )
; ;
( ) ( )
( )

( )
( )
But , ( ) ( ) ; Hence
( )
( )

( )

( )

Overall efficiency of multistage compressor

For multistage compressor the stage efficiency ηst is replaced by the overall efficiency ηo and the
stage pressure ratio pr by the overall pressure ratio pro then the above equation becomes

( ) ( )
; as
( ) ( )

Multi stage turbine (Equal Pressure ratio case)

For multistage turbine the stage efficiency ηst is replaced by the overall efficiency ηo and the stage
pressure ratio pr by the overall pressure ratio pro then the above equation becomes

( )
( )
Multistage turbine
( )
( )

Consider multistage expansion of k stages between the pressures p1 and pk+1 with overall pressure
ratio and having equal stage efficiencies ηst or ηp then the pressure ratio in each stage is given
by

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 16

Stage Efficiency (Expansion Process – Turbine)
Stage efficiency

( )
( ) ( )
; ; ;
( )
( ) ( )

But

( * ( *

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
; ; where =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Overall efficiency of multistage Turbine

For multistage expansion the stage efficiency ηst is replaced by the overall efficiency ηo and the
stage pressure ratio pr by the overall pressure ratio pro then the above equation becomes

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
;
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Overall efficiency for a finite number compressor stages in terms of stage

efficiency for a Compressor
Ti is the initial temperature at which the fluid enters the turbine, K is the number of stages having
equal pressure ratio, pr is the pressure ratio in each stage, then the actual temperature rise in each
stage can be calculated as follows

For First stage

(( * )
( )
; ; ;

(( * )

; (( ) ); (( ) *

where (( ) *

; ; ( )

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 17

 ;

Substituting in terms of , ( )

; ; ( ); ( )( ); ( )

Substituting in terms of ; ( )

For Kth stage

( )

∑ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;

∑ ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) );;

∑ [( ) ]

( )
[( ) ]

( ) *( ) +
; ; ;
( )
[( ) ]

*( ) + *( ) +
; as ( )
( ) ( )
[( ) ] [( ) ]

Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )

( )( ( ) )

( ) ( )( )

( )

( )

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 18

 ∑

[( ) ]

Overall efficiency for a finite number of turbine stages in terms of stage

efficiency for a Turbine
Ti is the initial temperature at which the fluid enters the compressor, K is the number of stages
having equal pressure ratio, pr is the pressure ratio in each stage, then the actual temperature rise in
each stage can be calculated as follows

For First stage

; ; ; ( ( ) )
( )
( ( * )

( ( ) ); ( ( ) ); ( ( ) )

( ( ) )

where ( ( ) *

; ; ( )

For Second stage,

Substituting in terms of , ( )

; ; ( ); ( ); ( )( )

( )

For third stage, ;

Substituting in terms of , ( )

Similarly for 4th stage, ( )

For Kth stage, ( )

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 19

∑

∑ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;

∑ ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) );

[ ( ) ]

[ ( ) ]

[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
; ; ; ;
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

[ ( ( ( ) )) ] [ ( ( ( ) )) ]

;
( ) ( )

Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )

( )( ( ) )

( ) ( )( )

( )

( )

Mutli Stage Compressor (Constant temperature rise for compressor)

For constant stage work in a multistage compressor, the temperature rise in each stage is
same, but the temperature at entry of each stage will be different. For given values of
overall pressure ratio and polytropic efficiency ηP, the total temperature rise per stage is given
by

( )
; ; ( ); (( ) )

( )
(( ) )
( )
(( ) *;

Knowing the temperature rise in each stage, the pressure ratio and hence the efficiency for each
stages can now be calculated.

For ith stage, it is given by

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 20

 = ( )

( )
(( ) )

( )
( )

( )
( )

Hence the pressure rise in each stage is

( )
( *

From the above equation it can be seen that the pressure ratio in each stage decreases as
increases (as is constant for all stages

Hence stage efficiency is not constant and it varies for each stage, Hence

It can be calculated for each stage as

( )

( )

Constant temperature rise for Expansion stages (Turbine stage)

For constant stage work in a multistage turbine, the temperature rise in each stage is same,
but the temperature at entry of each stage will be different. For given values of overall
pressure ratio and polytropic efficiency ηP, the total temperature rise per stage is given by

( )
; ( ); ( ( ) )

( ) ( )
( ( ) ); ( ( ) *

( )
( ( ) )

Knowing the temperature rise in each stage, the pressure ratio and hence the efficiency for each
stages can now be calculated.

For ith stage, it is given by

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 21

 ; ( ); ( ( ) ); ( ( ) )

( ) ( )
( ( ) ); ( )

( )
( )

Hence the pressure rise in each stage is

( )
( *

From the above equation it can be seen that the pressure ratio in each stage decreases as
increases (as is constant for all stages

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 22

Various formulae

Efficiency Compressor Turbine

( )
Infinitesimal
( )
or Polytropic
( *( ) ( *( *
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Stage
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Overall
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Efficiency Compressor Turbine

Overall
*( ) +
efficiency in * ( ( ( ) *+ +
terms of
( )
stage [( ) ]
efficiency ( )

[( ) ]
* ( ( ( ) *+ +

( )
( ,
( )
[ ]
( )
( )

Numericals
4. A 16 stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3 and tests have shown
that a stage efficiency of 89.5% can be obtained. The intake conditions are 288K and 1
bar pressure Find i) Overall efficiency ii) Polytropic efficiency iii) Preheat factor (2c. 08
Dec/Jan 17)

K=16; ; ;

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 23

 ; ; PHF=?

( ) ; 6.3 =( ) ;

*( ) +
= as ( )
( )
[( ) ]

[( ) ]
=
( )
*( * +

Also, Overall efficiency

( )
; ;
( )

; 0.8674=0.895xPHF ie PHF= 0.9691

5. In a three stage turbine the pressure ratio of each stage is 2 and the stage efficiency is75%.
Calculate the overall efficiency and reheat factor (2c. 08, June/July 14)

[ ( ( ( ) )) ]
[ ( ( ( ) )) ]
; ( )
;
( )

; ;
6. An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1:3.5. The flow rate through
the compressor and its overall efficiency are 50kg/s and 82% respectively. If the
conditions of air at the entry are 1 bar and 300K determine
i) The state of air at compressor exit
ii) Polytropic efficiency
iii) Stage efficiency

; ̇ ; ; ;

i) The state of air at compressor exit

( )
; ;
( )
( + ( )
( )
; ; 6363.02K

ii) Polytropic efficiency

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 24

 ( ) ( ) ( *
; ; ;
( ) ( *

iii) Stage efficiency

( + ( +
; ;
( ) ( )

( )
; ;
( )

7. Air flows through an air turbine where its stagnation pressure is reduced in the ratio 5:1, the
total to total efficiency is 80% . The air flow rate is 5kg/s If the total power output is 500kW, find
i) inlet total temperature ii) actual exit temperature iii) actual exit static temperature if the flow
velocity is 100m/s iv) total to static efficiency (2b. 10 June/July 16) (2c. 10 Dec17/Jan 18)

; ; m=5kg/s; P=500kW ; ; ;

i) inlet total temperature

( ̇ ); ( ̇ ); ( ̇ )

( ) ; 1.005( ) ; ( )

ηtt= ; 0.8= ;
( ( ) *
( ( ) +

ii) Actual exit temperature

( ) ( ) ; K

iii) Actual exit static temperature

v) Total to static efficiency

( * ; ( ) ;

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 25

 ; ;

8. A gas turbine has 2 stages and develops 20MW power. The inlet temperature is 1450K. The
overall pressure ratio is 7.5. Assume that pressure ratio of each stage is same and the expansion
isentropic efficiency is 0.88. Claculate i) Pressure ratio at each stage i) Pressure ratio at each
stage ii) Polytropic Efficiency iii) Mass flow rate iv) Stage efficnecy and power of each stage (2b.
10 Dec/Jan 12)
9. The output of three stage gas turbine is 30MW at the shaft coupling at an entry temperature of
1500K. The overall pressure ratio across the turbine is 11.0 and efficiency is 88%. If the pressure
ratio of each stage is the same. Determine i) Pressure ratio of each stage ii) Polytropic effiency
iii) The mass flow rate iv) The efficiency and power of each stage . Assume
Cp=1.005kJ/kgK, (2b. 10 Dec/Jan 19)

P=30MW =30000kW; ; ; ; ̇
i)
( ) ; 11 =( ) ;
ii) Polytropic effieciency
( )
( )
;
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ; ( ) ;( )
( )
( ) ; ;
48%
iii) Total mass flow rate
; ; kW

; ; ; ;
( )
( ( ) +

; ( ( ) )
; K
( )
( ( ) )

̇ ( ); ̇ ; ̇
iv) The efficiency and power of each stage
( )
( )
where =
( )
( )

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 26

 ( )

(
;
)
;
( ) ( )
( +

(
;
)

̇ ; ;

10. A multi stage axial flow compressor, the air is taken at 1 bar and 15 oC and compressed
to a pressure of 6.4bar. The final true temperature is 300 oC due to the compression
process. Determine the overall compression efficiency and also the polytropic efficiency.
Determine the number of stages required if the true temperature rise is limited to 13oK
for each stage. Assume polytropic efficiency is equal to stage efficiency. (2c. 10 Dec/Jan
15)

( * ; ( ) ;

; ;

( )
; ; ;
( )

11. Air enters a compressor at a static pressure of 1.5 bar, a static temperature of 15oC and
a flow velocity of 50m/s, At the exit the static pressure is 3 bar , the static temperature is
100oC and the flow velocity is 100m/s . The outlet is 1m above the inlet Evaluate i) the
isentropic change in enthalpy ii) The actual change in enthalpy iii) Efficiency of the
compressor (2c. 10 June/July 17) (2b. O8 June/July 18, 15ME53)
12. A 16 stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3 with a stage efficiency
of 89.5% can be obtained. The intake conditions are 15oC and 1 bar pressure Determine
i) Expected Overall efficiency ii) Polytropic efficiency Take =1.4 (2c. 08 June/July
18)

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 27

13. A 9 stage centrifugal compressor has overall stage pressure ratio 2.82. Air enters the
compressor at 1 bar and 15oC. The efficiency of the compressor is 88%. Determine the
following : i) Pressure ratio of each stage ii) Polytropic efficiency iii) Preheat factor (2b.
10 Dec/Jan 16

Dr Abdul Sharief , PACE Page 2- 28

 ENERGY TRANSFER IN TURBOMACHINES
1. With neat sketch derive an expression for Eulers turbine equation (3a. 10 June/July 17)
2. Derive an alternate form of Euler’s turbine equation and explain the significance of each energy
equations (3a. 10, June/July14)( 3a,10, Dec17/Jan18) ( 3a,10, Dec18/Jan19,08scheme)
3. Show that the alternate form of Eulers Turbine equation can be expressed as

(𝑉12 −𝑉22 )+(𝑈12 −𝑈22 )−(𝑉𝑟1

2 −𝑉 2 )
𝑟2
𝑊 = (3a. 10 June/July 13)
2

Draw the velocity triangles

4. Define degree of reaction (R) . Derive an expression relating utilization factor with degree of
reaction (2b. 10, Dec16/Jan 17)
5. Define utilization factor for a turbine. Derive an expression relating utilization factor with
degree of reaction for an axial flow turbine (3a. 10, Dec14/Jan 15) (3a. 10,
June/July18) (3a. 08, June/July18, 15 scheme)
6. Why the discharge blade angles has considerable effect in the analysis of turbomachine. Give
reasons (3a,04, Dec18/Jan 19,10scheme)
7. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of an axial flow turbine when i) R is – 𝑣𝑒 ,ii) R=0,
iii) R=0.5 iv) R=1 v) 𝑅 > 1. Discuss the energy in each case (3b,10, Dec18/Jan 19,10scheme)
8. Explain why turbine with reaction 𝑅 > 1 and 𝑅 < 0 are not in practical use (4a, 4, June/July18)

Energy Transfer in Turbo machines

𝜋𝐷𝑁
Rotor Speed- tangential speed –peripheral speed of the shaft -𝑈 = 60

In velocity triangle is always horizontal

Velocity of fluid (steam, water, air,jet)----- Absolute velocity of fluid----- 𝑉

Fluid Angle at inlet , nozzle exit angle (Impulse turbine), exit angle of guide (fixed) blade α1
with the direction of 𝑈

V1

α1

Absolute Velocity at is to be resolved into two components ---

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 1

1) along tangential direction and is called as tangential component velocity of fluid Vu1
(whirl velocity Vw1) ---- along horizontal direction (along U) ie the image of V1 along the
direction of U
𝑽𝒖 or 𝑽𝒘

2) Along axial direction in axial turbomachine Vax1 (called as axial component), along radial
direction in radial flow turbomachine Vrd1 (called as radial component). Axial and radial
direction represented in velocity triangle in Y direction

Vax1 or Vrd1 or Vm1 or Vf1

Axial component in axial flow turbomachine and radial component in radial flow turbine is
called as velocity of flow

Symbol used in y direction is Vax1 or Vrd1 or Vm1 or Vf1

In drawing velocity triangle U1 and V1 should lead from common point

V1
α
1

U1

Vector difference between absolute velocity of the fluid and tangential speed of rotor is
called as relative velocity and in velocity diagram this is the line connecting tip of U and V as
given below and arrow opposes V and Vr follows U

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 2

 line from top of V

V1
V or V ax1 or Vrd1 or Vf1
m1
Vr 1
a1 b1
From Bottom of V
U
1
Vu1
line from right end of V

line from left end of V

Above triangle is the general velocity triangle at inlet of the turbine

Direction of Vr is the moving vane angle ( vane (blade)angle, runner vane (blade) angle,
moving vane (blade) angle) and it is denoted by β

Hence α is always associated with V and β is always associated

with Vr
𝑉𝑚1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1; 𝑉𝑚1 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽1 = ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑚1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1
𝑉𝑢1 −𝑈1

General outlet triangle as given below

V
2

U
2

𝑈2 and 𝑉2 are emerging from single point and line joining tip of 𝑉2 and 𝑈2 is relative velocity
at outlet

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 3

 Vr2

Vm2 V
2

a1 b2

U
2

Vu2

⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 – 𝑈2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 or 𝑉𝑓2 =𝑉𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2

Note down the difference between inlet velocity triangle for turbine (general) :

1) Direction of 𝑉1 is towards right in the inlet velocity triangle where as Direction of 𝑉2

in the outlet velocity triangle is towards right

2) Direction of 𝑉1 is towards right in the inlet velocity triangle where as Direction of 𝑉2in
the outlet velocity triangle is towards right

Inlet triangle for given condition:

If the vane angle at inlet is Axial/radial ie 𝛽1 =90o

V1
V r 1= V
m1

a1
b =90
1
U
1

𝑉𝑚1
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑢1

If U1 is greater than Vu1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 4

 V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

Outlet velocity triangle for turbine

If fluid exit is Axial/Radial or utilization factor is maximum α2=90 (whirl velocity at outlet or
tangential component at outlet =0)

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

𝑉𝑚2
𝑉𝑢2 =0 ; 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑚2; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑈2

If blade angle at outlet =900 ie β2=900+

V2

Vr2 =Vm2
a2
b2=90

U = Vu2
2

If 𝑈2 is greater than 𝑉𝑢2 or tangential component of absolute velocity (Whirl velocity) at

outlet is in the opposite direction of tangential component at inlet

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 5

 V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

General velocity triangle for power absorbing turbomachine:

Direction of 𝑉𝑢1 and 𝑉𝑢2 are in the same direction

𝑈1 is greater than 𝑉𝑢1

𝑈2 is greater than 𝑉𝑢2

Outlet velocity triangle:

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

Here 𝑉𝑢2 is greater than 𝑉𝑢1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 6

 Eulers turbine equation:
Force= Rate change of momentum =mass (kg/s) x change in velocity

Force along tangential direction= mass (kg/s) x change in velocity along tangential direction
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑢 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) (tangential thrust (force)
𝑐

Force along a axial/radial direction= mass (kg/s) x change in velocity along axial/radial
direction (Axial/radial thrust)
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑚1 – 𝑉𝑚2 )
𝑐

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∗ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑚̇
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2)
𝑔𝑐

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐸 = 𝑇∗ 𝜔
𝑚̇ ̇ 𝑚̇ ̇ 𝑚̇ ̇ 2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋𝑁
𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2 )𝜔; 𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 𝜔 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2 𝜔) ; 𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑟1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑟2 )
𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 60 60

𝑚̇ ̇ 𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝑚̇ ̇
𝐸= (𝑉𝑢1 – 𝑉𝑢2 ); 𝐸 = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑔𝑐 60 60 𝑔𝑐

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2
= − − − called as Eulers turbine equation
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

𝐸
is also equal to change in stagnation enthalpy (∆ho ) =Cp (To1 –T02) = Cp ∆To
𝑚̇

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2
=
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

If 𝑉𝑢1 and 𝑉𝑢2 are in the opposite direction ie

𝐸 1
Hence 𝑚̇ = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑐

Inlet Velocity triangle

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 7

 V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

Outlet velocity triangle:

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
=
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

Inlet and outlet velocity triangle if Vu1 and Vu2 are in the opposite direction

Inlet Velocity triangle

line from top of V

V1
V or V ax1 or Vrd1 or Vf1
m1
Vr 1
a1 b1
From Bottom of V
U
1
Vu1
line from right end of V

line from left end of V

Vu1 is +ve

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 8

Outlet velocity triangle

Vr2

Vm2 V
2

a1 b2

U
2

Vu2

𝐸 ⃖ 𝑢2 𝑈2 )
(𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 +𝑉
=
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

In axial flow turbo machines𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 since 𝐷1= 𝐷2

And generally (unless stated ) 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 (ie flow velocity is constant)

In radial flow turbomachine 𝑈1 ≠(not equal) 𝑈2 since 𝐷1≠ 𝐷 2 ( centrifugal compressor,

Francis turbine)

All impulse turbine are axial flow machines ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

In an Impulse turbine generally (unless stated ) 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2 ;

If blade friction coefficient K is given in the problem 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝐾𝑉𝑟1

In reaction turbine 𝑉𝑟2 > 𝑉𝑟1 and generally 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 (ie flow velocity is constant)

If blades are equiangular means 𝛽1 = 𝛽2

If outlet velocity triangle is 3o is less than inlet blade angle then 𝛽2 = 𝛽1 − 3

Other Important point is

𝐸
• For the power developing turbomachine ie turbine 𝑚̇ is +ve (ie 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 > 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2)
• For the power absorbing turbomachine ie pump or compressor
𝐸
is − ve (ie 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 > 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 )
𝑚̇

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 9

Alternative form of Eulers turbine equation:

Inlet Velocity triangle

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

Outlet Velocity triangle

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
= --------------------- A
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

From Inlet Velocity triangle

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 2
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑢1
2
------------------------------------------ 1

2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = (𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢1 )2 +𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑟1 − (𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢1 )2; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑟1 – (𝑈12 +𝑉𝑢1
2
− 2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 )
eqn-2

Eqn 1 =Eqn2; 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑢1

2 2
= 𝑉𝑟1 – (𝑈12 +𝑉𝑢1
2
− 2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 ) ; 𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑟1
2
– (𝑈12 − 2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1)

𝑉12 +𝑈12 −𝑉𝑟1

2
2𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉12 + 𝑈12 − 2
𝑉𝑟1 ; 𝑈1 𝑉𝑢1 = -----------------3
2

Similarly from outlet velcocity triangle

𝑉22 +𝑈22 −𝑉𝑟2

2
𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2 = ----------------4
2

Substituting 3 and 4 in equation A

𝐸 𝑉12 +𝑈12 −𝑉𝑟1

2 𝑉22 +𝑈22 −𝑉𝑟2
2

𝑚̇
= 2𝑔𝑐
− 2𝑔𝑐

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 10

𝐸 𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1
= + − 𝑟2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

Ist term is the change in KE of the fluid due to change in absolute velocity of the fluid

2nd term is the change in KE of the fluid due to change in tangential speed of the rotor

3nd term is the change in KE of the fluid due to change in relative velocity of the rotor

Hence

𝑬 𝒎̇ ̇ 𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑼𝟐𝟏 −𝑼𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐

= 𝒈 (𝑽𝒖𝟏 𝑼𝟏 – 𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝑼𝟐 ) = + − = Cp ∆To
𝒎̇ 𝒄 𝟐 𝒈𝒄 𝟐 𝒈𝒄 𝟐 𝒈𝒄

𝒎̇ ̇
• Tangential force = Fu = (𝑽𝒖𝟏 – 𝑽𝒖𝟐 ) Newton
𝒈𝒄
𝒎̇ ̇
• Torque = T = (𝑽 r1 – 𝑽𝒖𝟐 r2) Newton meter
𝒈𝒄 𝒖𝟏
𝒎̇ ̇
• Power 𝑬 = 𝒈 (𝑽𝒖𝟏 U1 −𝑽𝒖𝟐 U2 ) Watts
𝒄
𝒎̇ ̇ ⃖ 𝒖𝟐 𝑼𝟐 )watts
Power 𝑬 = ( 𝑽𝒖𝟏 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑽
𝒈𝒄
• Force along a axial/radial direction= mass (kg/s) x change in velocity along
axial/radial direction (Axial/radial thrust)

𝑚̇ ̇
Fa = (𝑉𝑚1 − 𝑉𝑚2 ) Newton
𝑔𝑐

Degree of Reaction: It is defined as the ratio of static enthalpy drop of the fluid to
stagnation enthalpy drop of fluid when it passes through the rotor of the turbomachine

static enthalpy drop of the fluid

Degree of Reaction=
stagnation enthalpy drop of fluid
ℎ1 −ℎ2
𝑅= ------A
ℎ01 −ℎ02

𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2

𝑉𝑟1
ℎ01 − ℎ02 = + − 𝑟2
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1
(ℎ01 − 2𝑔1 ) −(ℎ02 − 2𝑔2 ) = 2𝑔𝑐
− 2𝑔𝑐
𝑟2
𝑐 𝑐

𝑉2 𝑉2
But ℎ1 = (ℎ01 − 21 ) ; ℎ2 = (ℎ02 − 2𝑔2 )
𝑐

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 11

 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1 𝑟2
Hence, ℎ1 −ℎ2 = −
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

Substituting, ℎ1 −ℎ2 and ℎ01 − ℎ02

𝑈12 − 𝑈22 2
𝑉𝑟1 2
− 𝑉𝑟2
−
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑅= 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑈1 − 𝑈2 𝑉𝑟1 − 𝑉𝑟2
+ −
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

(𝑼𝟐𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐 )

𝑅=
(𝑽𝟐𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝑼𝟐𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐 )

Another form of Degree of Reaction

𝑉12 − 𝑉22 𝑈12 − 𝑈22 2

𝑉𝑟1 2
− 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉12 − 𝑉22
+ − −
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
𝑅= 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑈 −𝑈 𝑉 −𝑉
+ 12𝑔 2 − 𝑟12𝑔 𝑟2
2𝑔𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

2
𝑉 −𝑉 2
𝐸
− 1 2 𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐
𝑅= 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝑬
𝟐𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚̇ 𝒎

Hence Degree of Reaction can be written in two forms

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
1. 𝑅 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )

𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐
2. 𝑅 = 1 − 𝑬
𝟐𝑔𝑐 𝒎̇

Utilization factor: is defined as the ratio of ideal work done by the turbomachine to the
energy supplied at the inlet of turbine

Turbo machine

Input

𝑉22
--- exit energy
2

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 12

 𝐸 𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑈12 −𝑈22 2 −𝑉 2
𝑉𝑟1
Output = = + − 𝑟2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

Input = Output + exit fluid KE

𝐸 𝑉22
Input = +
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐

𝐸
𝑚̇
Hence utilization factor, ϵ= 𝐸 𝑉2
+ 2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐

𝑉2 2 2 2 2
1 −𝑉2 + 𝑈1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
2
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
ϵ= 2
𝑉1 −𝑉22 2
𝑈1 −𝑈22 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉2
2 2
+ − 𝑟2 + 𝑉2
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

𝑉2 2 2 2 2
1 −𝑉2 + 𝑈1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
2
2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐
Hence, ϵ = 2 2 2
𝑉1 𝑈1 −𝑈2 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉2
2
𝑟2
2𝑔𝑐
+ 2𝑔𝑐
− 2𝑔𝑐

After simplifying ,

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
ϵ= 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 +(𝑼𝟏−𝑼𝟐)+(𝑽𝒓𝟏−𝑽𝒓𝟐 )

___________________________________________________________________________

Establish the relation between utilization factor and degree of reaction (or prove that
𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐
ϵ=
𝑽𝟐𝟏 − 𝑹𝑽𝟐𝟐

2 2 2 2
(𝑈1 −𝑈2 )+(𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2 )
R= 2 2 2 2 2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )+(𝑈1 −𝑈2 )+(𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2 )

R [(𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) + (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1

2 2 )]
− 𝑉𝑟2 = (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1
2 2)
− 𝑉𝑟2

R (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) + R [(𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1

2 2 )] (𝑈 2
− 𝑉𝑟2 = 1 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1
2 2)
− 𝑉𝑟2

R (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) =[ (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1

2 2 )] (1
− 𝑉𝑟2 − 𝑅)

𝑅
(𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟1
2 2)
− 𝑉𝑟2 = (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) ----------------- 1
1−𝑅

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 13

 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+(𝑼𝟏 −𝑼𝟐 )+(𝑽𝒓𝟏 −𝑽𝒓𝟐 )
ϵ=
𝑽𝟐𝟏+(𝑼𝟐𝟏−𝑼𝟐𝟐)+(𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟏−𝑽𝟐𝒓𝟐)

substituting 1 in above equation

2 2 𝑅 2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 ) + (𝑉1 −𝑉2 )
1−𝑅
ϵ=
𝑉21 + 1−𝑅
𝑅 2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )

(1−𝑅)(𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )+𝑹 (𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )
(1−𝑅)
ϵ= (1−𝑅)(𝑽𝟏 )+ 𝑹 (𝑽𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝑽𝟐 )
(1−𝑅)

after simplification
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 −𝑽𝟐
ϵ= 𝟐 𝟐 Hence proved
𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹𝑽𝟐

For Maximum utilization,

𝑽𝟐𝟏−𝑽𝟐𝟐
From the expression ϵ= it can be understand V2 is to be minimum
𝑽𝟐𝟏− 𝑹𝑽𝟐𝟐
For V2 to be minimum, V2 to be in the axial / radial direction ie α2=90o and Vu2 =0

Numericals

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 14

1. Air enters in an axial flow turbine with a tangential component of the absolute velocity
600m/s in the direction of rotation. At the rotor exit, the tangential component of the
absolute velocity is 100m/s in a direction opposite to that of rotational speed. The
tangential blade speed is 250m/s. Evaluate (i) The change in total enthalpy of air between
the inlet and outlet of the rotor (ii) The power in kW if the mass flow rate is 10kg/s (iii)
The change in total temperature across the rotor.(4c, 8, June/July18)

• Axial flow turbine ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

• Air enters in an axial flow turbine tangential component of the absolute velocity 600m/s
in the direction of rotation

𝑉𝑢1 = 600m/s in the direction to that of rotational speed

At the rotor exit, the tangential component of the absolute velocity is 100m/s in a direction
opposite to that of rotational speed.

⃖𝑉𝑢2=100m/s opposite to the direction to that of rotational speed ie. Direction of u

and Vu2 are opposite to each other ie Vu2 direction is negative Vu2

• Tangential blade speed 𝑈 = 250m/s

To determine

i)∆ho=? ii)P=? if m=10kg/s iii) ∆To=?

𝐸 1 𝐸 1
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ; = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 as 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑐

𝐸
= (600 + 100)250 = 175000J/kg (175kJ/kg)
𝑚̇

𝐸
i) ∆ℎ0 = 𝑚̇ = 175𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐸 𝐸
ii) 𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇ = 10 𝑥 175 = 1750𝑘𝑊 ( kW since 𝑚̇ is in kJ/kg)
iii) ∆ℎ0 = 𝐶𝑝 (∆𝑇0 )
175 = 1.005 ∆𝑇0 as 𝐶𝑝 for air is 1.005𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆𝑇0 = 174.13oC

2. Air enters in an axial flow turbine with a tangential component of the absolute
velocity 600m/s in the direction of rotation. At the rotor exit, the tangential
component of the absolute velocity is 100m/s in a direction same to that of
rotational speed. The tangential blade speed is 250m/s. Evaluate (i) The change in
total enthalpy of air between the inlet and outlet of the rotor (ii) The power in kW if
the mass flow rate is 10kg/s (iii) The change in total temperature across the rotor

3. In a certain turbo machine the fluid enters the rotor with the absolute velocity
having an axial component of 10m/s and a tangential component, in the direction of

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 15

 the rotors motion is 16m/s. The tangential speed of the rotor at inlet is 33m/s. At the
outlet of the rotor, the tangential speed of the rotor is 8m/s and absolute velocity of
the fluid is 16m/s in axial direction. Evaluate the energy transfer between the fluid
and rotor. Is this turbo machine power absorbing and power generating? What is the
change in total pressure if the process is loss free and fluid is water Also calculate the
blade angles

Given Data
Axial component of absolute of velocity at inlet 𝑉𝑚1 =10m/s,
Tangential component at inlet, 𝑉𝑢1 = 16𝑚/𝑠,
Tangential speed of the rotor at inlet,𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠
Tangential speed of the rotor at outlet=𝑈1 = 8𝑚/𝑠,
Absolute velocity of the fluid is 16m/s in axial direction ie 𝑉2 = 16𝑚/𝑠 and 𝛼2 = 900
To determine
𝐸
=?, Is the turbomachine is power absorbing or power generating? ∆p=? if fluid is
𝑚̇
water
Solution:
Note that 𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠 > 𝑉𝑢1 = 16𝑚/𝑠
Hence

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

α2=90o

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

𝑉𝑢2 = 0

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 16

 𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ; = (16 ∗ 33 − 0); = 528 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

𝐸
Since 𝑚̇ = is + ve This machine is power developing machine

∆𝑃0
ii) For compressible fluid , ∆ℎ0 =
𝜌

0 ∆𝑃
528 = 1000 ; ∆𝑃0 = 528000 N/m2 (∆𝑃0 𝑖𝑠 N/m2 since ∆ℎ0 is in J/kg);

∆𝑃0 = 528 𝑘𝑃𝑎

iii) Blade angles

Inlet blade angle

𝑉 10
From Inlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈 −𝑚1𝑉 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 33−16 ; 𝛽1 = 30.465o
1 𝑢1

Outlet blade angle

𝑉 16
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑈𝑚2; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 8 ; 𝛽2 = 63.43o
2

Inlet velocity of the fluid

2 2
𝑉1 = √𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉1 = √162 + 102 ; 𝑉1 = 18.867𝑚/𝑠

Outlet guide blade angle α1

𝑉𝑚1 10
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉𝑢1
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 16
; 𝛼1 =320

Axial thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑚1 -𝑉𝑚2 ) Newton; 𝐹𝑎 = 1 (10 – 16) ; 𝐹𝑎 = −6 𝑁
𝑐

Tangential Thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢1 – 𝑉𝑢2 ) Newton ; 𝐹𝑢 = 1 (16 – 0) 𝑁 ; 𝐹𝑢 = 16 𝑁
𝑔𝑐

4. The following data refers to a turbo-machine. Inlet velocity of whirl =16m/s, velocity
of flow =10m/s, blade speed =33m/s, outlet blade speed =8m/sDischarge is radial
with an absolute velocity of 16m/s. If water is the working fluid flowing at the rate of
1 m3/s. Calculate the following i) Power in kW ii) Change in total pressure in kN/m 2
iii) Degree of reaction iv) Utilization factor (3b, 08, June/July18 15 scheme)

Inlet velocity of whirl =16m/s, ie 𝑉𝑢1 = 16𝑚/𝑠,

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 17

 velocity of flow =10m/s, 𝑉𝑚1 = 10𝑚/𝑠,
blade speed =33m/s at inlet, 𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠
outlet blade speed =8m/s =𝑈2 = 8𝑚/𝑠,
16𝑚
Discharge is radial with an absolute velocity of 16m/s ie 𝑉2 = and 𝛼2 = 900
𝑠
If water is the working fluid flowing at the rate of 1 m3/s. 𝑄 = 1𝑚3 /𝑠
To determine

i)Power in kW ie E=? Ii)Change in total pressure in kN/m2 ∆𝑃0 =? iii) R=? Iv) 𝜀 =?

Solution:
Note that 𝑈1 = 33𝑚/𝑠 > 𝑉𝑢1=16m/s
Hence

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

α2=90o

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

Vu2 =0

i) Power in kW
𝐸 1
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ;
𝑚̇ 𝑐
𝐸 𝐸
= (16 ∗ 33 − 0); = 528 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

𝐸
Since 𝑚̇ = is + ve This machine is power developing machine

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑄 ; 𝑚̇ = 1000 ∗ 1; 𝑚̇ = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 18

 𝐸 528000𝐽
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇; 𝐸 = 1000 ∗ 528 𝐽/𝑠; 𝐸 = = 528𝑘𝑊
𝑠

ii) Change in total pressure in kN/m2

∆𝑃0 ∆𝑃0
For compressible fluid , ∆ℎ0 = ; 528 = ; ∆𝑃0 =528000N/m2 ;
𝜌 1000

(∆𝑃0 𝑖𝑠 N/m2 since ∆ℎ0 is in J/kg); ∆𝑃0 =528 kPa

iii) Degree of reaction

𝐸 𝑉2−𝑉2
−( 1 2 )
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 (𝑉12 −𝑉22 )
𝑅= 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ;
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚̇ 𝑚

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 162 + 102 ; 𝑉12 = 356; 𝑉22 = 162 ; 𝑉22 = 256
(356−256)
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.91
2∗528

iV) Utilization factor

𝐸
𝑚̇ 528
𝜀= 𝐸 𝑉
2 ; 𝜀= 256 ; 𝜀 =0.804
+( 2 ) 528+( )
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2

Determine blade angles, Axial and tangential thrust in the above

problem
v) Blade angles

Inlet blade angle

𝑉 10
From Inlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈 −𝑚1𝑉 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 33−16 ; 𝛽1 = 30.465o
1 𝑢1

Outlet blade angle

𝑉 16
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑈𝑚2; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 8 ; 𝛽2 = 63.43o
2

Outlet guide blade angle α1

𝑉𝑚1 10
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉𝑢1
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 16
; 𝛼1 = 320

vi)Axial thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑚1 −𝑉𝑚2 ) Newton
𝑐

𝐹𝑎 = 1 (10 – 16) ; 𝐹𝑎 = −6 𝑁

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 19

 Tangential Thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑈 = (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) Newton ; 𝐹𝑈 = 1 (16 – 0) N ; 𝐹𝑈 =16 N
𝑔𝑐

5. Water approaches the impeller of a mixed flow pump with an absolute velocity
having tangential and axial components each of 17m/s. At the rotor exit the radial
and tangential components of the absolute velocity are 13m/s and 25m/s
respectively. The tangential blade speed at inlet and exit are 12m/s and 47m/s Find
i) Change in enthalpy across the rotor
ii) Total change in pressure across the rotor
iii) Change in static pressure
iv) Degree of reaction (2b. 10 Dec/Jan 17)*
Water approaches the impeller of a mixed flow pump absolute velocity having

tangential and axial components each of 17m/s. ie 𝑉𝑢1 = 17𝑚/𝑠; 𝑉𝑚1 = 17𝑚/𝑠;
At the rotor exit the radial and tangential components of the absolute velocity are

13m/s and 25m/s𝑉𝑢2 = 25𝑚/𝑠; 𝑉𝑚2 = 13𝑚/𝑠

The tangential blade speed at inlet and exit are 12m/s and 47m/s
𝑈1 = 12𝑚/𝑠; 𝑈2 = 47𝑚/𝑠
i) Change in enthalpy across the rotor
𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸
= (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 – 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) ; 𝑚̇ = (17 ∗ 12) − (25 ∗ 47); 𝑚̇ = −971𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

ii) Total change in pressure across the rotor

∆𝑃0 ∆𝑃
, ∆ℎ0 = ; 971 = 10000 ; ∆𝑃0 = 971000𝑁/𝑚2
𝜌

iii) Change in static enthalpy

𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉22 −𝑉12
∆ℎ0 = ℎ02 − ℎ01 ; ∆ℎ0 = (ℎ2 + 2𝑔2 ) − (ℎ1 + 2𝑔1 ); ∆ℎ0 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + ( )
𝑐 𝑐 2𝑔𝑐

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 172 + 172 ; 𝑉12 = 578; 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚2 ;

𝑉22 = 252 + 132 ; 𝑉22 = 794

794−578
971 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + ( ); (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 863𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2

iv) Change in static pressure

𝜌𝑉 2 𝜌𝑉 2 𝜌𝑉 2
𝑝𝑜 = 𝑝 + 2𝑔 ; ∆𝑝𝑜 = 𝑝𝑜2 − 𝑝𝑜1; ∆𝑝𝑜 = (𝑝2 + 2𝑔2 ) − (𝑝1 + 2𝑔1 )
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 20

 𝜌(𝑉22 −𝑉12 ) 1000(794−578)
∆𝑝𝑜 = (𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) + ; 971000 = (𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) + ;
2𝑔𝑐 2

Change in static pressure (𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) = 863000𝑁/𝑚2

Degree of reaction

𝐸 𝑉2−𝑉2
−( 1 2 )
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 (𝑉12 −𝑉22 ) (578−794)
𝑅= 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 = 1− ; 𝑅 = 0.796
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2∗(−971)
𝑚̇ 𝑚

6. In an inward flow radial hydraulic turbine for maximum utilisation factor show that ,
1−𝑅
α1=𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √ 1−𝜀 𝜀 where α1= nozzle angle, R=Degree of reaction, 𝜀 is the utilization
factor Assuming the radial velocity component is constant through out and there is
no tangential component absolute velocity component at outlet (3a,10 , Dec12) (4b,
8, June/July18)

Given Data :

• Radial turbine ie 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈1
• Assuming the radial velocity component is constant through out

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚

there is no tangential component absolute velocity component at outlet

𝑉𝑢2 = 0
outlet velocity triangle

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

Inlet velocity triangle

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 21

 V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1

Vu1

2 2 2 2
𝑉1 −𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉𝑚
𝜖= ; 𝜖=
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉22 𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉2𝑚

𝑉𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉1
; 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼1

2 2
𝑉𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 −𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 −1
𝜖= ; 𝜖=
𝑉2𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 − 𝑅𝑉2𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝛼1 − 𝑅

cosec 2 α1 = 1 + cot 2 α1

1+cot2 α1 −𝟏 cot2 α1
𝜖= ; 𝜖=
1+cot2 α1 − 𝑹 1− 𝑹+cot2 α1

ϵ(1 − 𝑅) + ϵcot 2 α1 = cot 2 α1 ; ϵ(1 − 𝑅) = cot 2 α1 (1 − ϵ)

ϵ(1− 𝑅) (1− 𝑅)ϵ

= cot 2 α1 ; α1 =𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √
(1−ϵ) (1−ϵ)

7. In an slow speed inward flow radial hydraulic turbine, degree of reaction is R and
utlilization factor is ε. Assuming the radial velocity component is constant through
out and there is no tangential component absolute velocity component at outlet,

(1− 𝑅)ϵ
show that the inlet nozzle angle is given by α1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √
(1−ϵ)

8. Show that for an axial flow turbine under maximum utilization factor condition , the
𝑈 2
speed ratio is ∅ is given by 𝑉 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 where U is the tangential speed of the rotor
1
and V1 is the tangential jet velocity of the fluid . Assume flow velocity is to remain
constant and α1is the Take degree of reaction =1/4, (3b. 10 Dec/Jan 2016)*

Axial flow turbine ---- 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 22

 Utillization factor is maximum ie α2=90o
Outlet velocity triangle

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U 2

Degree of reaction =1/4

Assume flow velocity is constant from inlet to outlet ie 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2

U 2
Prove = cos a 1
V1 3

Inlet Velocity triangle

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U

Vu1

𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 − − −1
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚
𝐸 1 𝐸 1
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 ; = 𝑔 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈 ---------2 as 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑐

𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑚2 (From outlet velocity triangle as 𝛼2 = 90o)

𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑚1 − − −𝑒𝑞𝑛 3 (as 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 )

Substituting 2 and 3 in 1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 23

 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑚1
2
𝑅 =1−
𝑉 𝑈
2𝑔𝑐 𝑢1𝑔𝑐
2
From inlet velocity triangle 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑚1
2

2
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉𝑢1 V1 cosα1
Hence, 𝑅 = 1 − ; 𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 1− as 𝑉𝑢1 = V1 cosα1
2𝑉𝑢1 𝑈 2𝑈 2𝑈

1 V1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α1 3 V1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α1 U 2
=1− ; = ; = cos a1
4 2𝑈 4 2𝑈 V1 3

9. A radial outward flow turbomachine has no inlet whirl. The blade speed at the exit is
twice at inlet. Radial velocity is constant throughout. Taking the inlet blade angle as
45o, show that the degree of reaction,
2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅= Where 𝛽2 is the blade speed at exit wrt tangential direction
4
(3a,10June/July 16, ) (4b,10June/July 17 ) (4b,10June/July 13 ) (4a. 10, Dec12)
Given Data:

A radial outward flow turbomachine has no inlet whirl ie 𝑉𝑢1 = 0

Hence Inlet velocity triangle

V1

Vm1
V b1
1 a1 =90

U1

The blade speed at the exit is twice at inlet.

𝑈2 = 2𝑈1 ;

the inlet blade angle as 45o, ie 𝛽1 = 45o

The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant throughout ie 𝑉𝑚1 =

𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚

𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1−
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝐸 ---------A
𝑚

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚 ----------1 f

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 24

 rom Inlet velocity triangle asType equation here. 𝛼1 =900)

𝑉21 −𝑉22 𝑉2𝑚−𝑉22

Substituting 1,in A 𝑅 = 1 − ; 𝑅 =1−
2𝑔𝑐 𝐸
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 𝐸
𝑚̇

Outlet velocity triangle

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

From outlet velocity triangle 𝑉22 =𝑉𝑢2

2
+𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 − 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2

𝐸 1 𝐸 1
And = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈; = − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 as as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

2
−𝑉𝑢2 −𝑉𝑢2
Hence, 𝑅 =1−
2(−𝑈2 𝑉𝑢2 )
; 𝑅 = 1+ 2(𝑢2 )
-----------------------2

From Inlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚1 𝑉 𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈1
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 = 𝑈𝑚1 ; 1= 𝑈1
; 𝑈1 = 𝑉𝑚
1

𝑈2 = 2𝑈1 ; 𝑈2 = 2𝑉𝑚 -----------3

From outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑈 ; 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2;
2 −𝑉𝑢2

𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2; 𝑉𝑢2 = 2𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2--------------------4

Substituting 3 and 4 in 2
−(2𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 ) −(2 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 )
𝑅 =1+ 2(2𝑉𝑚 )
; 𝑅 =1+ 2(2)

−2+𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 4−2+𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2

𝑅 =1+ 4
; 𝑅= 4
𝑅= 4

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 25

 10. An Inward radial flow reaction turbine has radial discharge at outlet The outer blade
angle is 45o. The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant. Assuming
the the tangential speed of the rotor at inlet to be twice the tangential speed of
rotor at exit., determine the energy transfer per unit flow depending on mass and
degree of reaction . Assume 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝑐 If the values of degree of reaction
respectively are 0 and 1 , what are the corresponding values of energy transfer per
unit mass of the fluid (4b,10 Dec15/Jan16)

Data Given
Radial flow turbine 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈2 , radial discharge at outlet ie 𝛼2 = 90o
Outlet velocity Triangle

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2
outlet blade angle of 45o.ie β2=45o
The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant throughout
𝑖𝑒 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝑐 ;

The blade speed at inlet is twice that at outlet U1=2U2

𝐸
To Express 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝛼1) R= 𝑓(𝛼1)

𝐸
α1=? When R=0, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 α1
𝑚

𝐸
α1=? When R=1, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 α1
𝑚

Inlet Velocity Triangle

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 26

 V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1

Vu1

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1
= as 𝑉𝑢2 =0 ------------------------------A
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

Note that here gc is included in above equation since 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝑐

From Outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛 β2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 = ; 1= ; 𝑈2 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑈2 𝑈2 𝑈2

𝑈1 = 2𝑈2 ; 𝑈1 =2𝑉𝑚 − − − − 𝑒𝑞𝑛1

𝑉
𝑡𝑎𝑛α1 = 𝑉𝑚 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉𝑚 cotα1 – ======= 𝑒𝑞𝑛 2
𝑢1

Substituting 1 and 2 in A

𝐸 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 (2𝑉𝑚 ) 𝐸 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼

2𝑉𝑚 𝐸 2∗ 2gc 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
1
= ; = ; = ;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

𝑬
= 4 cotα1
𝒎̇

𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ----------------B
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚

From outlet velocity triangle, V2=Vm2 =Vm1

𝑉12 −𝑉𝑚1
2 2
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑢1
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 = 1 − 2𝑈 𝑢1𝑉 ; 𝑅 =1− ;
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 1 𝑢1 2 𝑈1
𝑚 𝑚

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
𝑅 = 1−
𝑉𝑚 cotα1
2 𝑉𝑚
; 𝑅 = 1− 4
; 𝑅 = 𝟒−𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜶
𝟒
𝟏

At what value of α1, will the degree of reaction be zero

4−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
0= ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 =4; 𝛼1 =
4

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 27

 the corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass
𝑬 𝐸 𝐸
= 4 cotα1 ; =4∗4; = 16𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝒎̇ 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

At what value of α1, will the degree of reaction be 1

4−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
1= 4
; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 = 0;

1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ∞ ; 𝛼1 = 90𝑜

the corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass

𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
= 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 4∗0; = 0 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

11. An Inward radial flow reaction turbine has radial discharge at outlet with outlet
blade angle of 45o. The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant
throughout and equal to 2 gH where g is the acceleration due to gravity and H is
the constant head. The blade speed at inlet is twice that at outlet. Express the
energy transfer per unit mass and the degree of reaction in terms of α1, where α1 is
the direction of the absolute velocity at inlet with respect to the blade velocity at
inlet. At what value α1 will be the degree of reaction zero and unity? What are the
corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass

Radial flow turbine 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈2 , radial discharge at outlet ie α2=90o

Outlet velocityy triangle

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

outlet blade angle of 45o.ie 𝛽2 = 45o

The radial component of absolute velocity remains constant throughout and equal to
2 gH 𝑖𝑒 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑔𝐻

The blade speed at inlet is twice that at outlet U1=2U2

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 28

 𝐸
To Express 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝛼1 ) R= 𝑓(𝛼1)

𝐸
𝛼1 =? When 𝑅 = 0, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛼1
𝑚

𝐸
𝛼1 =? When 𝑅 = 1, =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛼1
𝑚

Inlet Velocity Triangle

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1

Vu1

𝐸 1
= 𝑔 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 as as 𝑉𝑢2 =0
𝑚̇ 𝑐

From Outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛45 = ; 1= ; 𝑈2 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑈2 𝑈2 𝑈2

𝑈1 = 2𝑈2 ; 𝑈1 = 2𝑉𝑚 --------------1

𝑉𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ie 𝑉𝑢1 =𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 -----------------2
𝑉𝑢1

Substituting 1 and 2 in A
𝐸 1 𝐸 1 𝐸 1
= 𝑔 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 ; = 𝑉 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 𝑔 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ;
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔 𝑚𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑐

𝐸 1
= 𝑔 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
𝑚̇ 𝑐

𝑉12 −𝑉22
R =1− 𝐸 ----------------B
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚

From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑉2=𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉2=𝑉𝑚1 as 𝑉𝑚2 =𝑉𝑚1

𝑉12 −𝑉𝑚1
2 2
𝑉𝑢1 2
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉𝑢1
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− 1 ; 𝑅 = 1−
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2𝑔𝑐 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 2 𝑈1
𝑚 𝑚 𝑔𝑐

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 29

 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 𝟒−𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜶𝟏
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 1− ; 𝑹=
2 𝑉𝑚 4 𝟒

𝐸
𝜶𝟏 =? When 𝑅 = 0; =? 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 α1
𝑚

4−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
0= ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 = 4; 𝛼1 =
4

the corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass

𝐸 1 𝐸 1 𝐸
= 𝑔 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 1 2𝑔𝐻 ∗ 4 ; = 8𝑔𝐻
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

At what value of α1, will the degree of reaction be 1

4−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1
1= 4
; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 = 0;

1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ∞ ; 𝛼1 = 90𝑜

the corresponding values of energy transfer per unit mass

𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸
= 2𝑔𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼1 ; = 4𝑔𝐻 ∗ 0 ; = 0 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

12. An inward flow radial turbine has nozzle angle α and rotor blades are radial entry. The radial
velocity is constant and there is no whirl velocity at discharge. Show that the utilization
2 cos 2 a1
factor is equal to  =
1 + cos 2 a1
13. An inward flow radial turbine has nozzle angle α and rotor blades are radial entry. The radial
velocity is constant and there is no whirl velocity at discharge. Show that the utilization
2 cos 2 a1
factor is equal to  =
1 + cos 2 a1
14. In an axial flow turbine, for maximum utilization factor, prove that speed ratio is
cos 𝛼1
given by ∅ =
2(1−𝑅)

15. The velocity of steam in a Delaval turbine is 1200m/s. The nozzle angle being 22 o.
and rotor blades are equiangular. Assuming the relative velocity of fluid at inlet and
exit to be equal and the tangential speed is 400m/s. Determine (i) the blade angles
at inlet and exit (ii) the tangential force on the blade ring and (iii) power developed
in kW , if mass flow rate is 1kg/s ,iv) . the utilization factor (3a. 10 Dec/Jan 2016)*
Assume 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2(3b. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)
Delaval turbine is Impulse turbine
Ie 𝑅 = 0 and 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
• Velocity of steam from nozzle= 𝑉1 = 1200𝑚/𝑠, nozzle angle , 𝛼1 = 22o
• the rotor blades are equiangular ie 𝛽1 = 𝛽2

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 30

 • Tangential speed 𝑈 = 400𝑚/𝑠,
• 𝑉𝑟1 equals to 𝑉𝑟2 ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2
To determine
i)𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛽1 =?, 𝛽2 =?., ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑢 =? iii) 𝑃 =?
iv) 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜀 =?

Inlet Velocity Triangle

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U

Vu1

V
r2
V V
m2 2

a2 b2

V
u2

Outlet velocity triangle

From inlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 cos 𝛼1 1; 𝑉𝑢1 =1200𝐶𝑜𝑠22 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 1112.62𝑚/𝑠 ;

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 1200𝑠𝑖𝑛22; 𝑉𝑚1 =449.527m/s

𝑉𝑚1 449.527
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑉 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽1 = 111.2.62−400 ; 𝛽1 =32.24o
𝑢1 −𝑈1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 31

 𝑉 449.527
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛32.24 = ; 𝑉𝑟1 =842.65m/s
𝑟1 𝑉𝑟1

𝛽1 = 𝛽2 (blades are equiangular); 𝛽1 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟒o; 𝑉𝑟1 equals to 𝑉𝑟2 ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2

Hence 𝑉𝑟2 = 842.65𝑚/s

From outlet velocity triangle

⃖𝑉𝑢2= 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 − 𝑈; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 842.65 𝑐𝑜𝑠 32.24 − 400; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 312.732𝑚/𝑠

ii) Tangential force

𝑚̇
Tangential force = 𝐹𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2)
𝑔𝑐

Note that + sign since direction of Vu2 is opposite to the direction of Vu1

1̇
𝐹𝑢 = 1 (1112.62 + 312.732) assuming 𝑚 =1kg/s

𝐹𝑢 = 1425.35 𝑁/𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Power:

𝐸 1̇ 𝐸 1̇ 𝐸
= 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 ; = 1 (1112.62 + 312.732)400 ; = 570140.8 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇ ; 𝐸 = 1 𝑥 570140.8; 𝐸 = 570140.8 𝑊

Utilization factor

𝑽𝟐𝟏−𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏 −𝑽𝟐𝟐

ϵ= ; ϵ= 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 = 0
𝑽𝟐𝟏− 𝑹𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏

𝑉𝑚2 𝑉𝑚2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛32.24 = ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 449.526𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 842.65

2 2
𝑉2 = √𝑉𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉2 = √312.7322 + 449.5262 ; 𝑉2 = 369.06𝑚/𝑠
12002 −369.062
𝜖= ; 𝜖 = 0.905
12002

16. At a nozzle exit of a steam turbine, the absolute steam velocity is 300m/s.The rotor
speed is 150m/s at a point where the nozzle angle is 18 o. If the outlet rotor blade
angle is 3.5o less than the inlet blade angle, find the power output from the stage, for
a steam flow rate of 8.5kg/s. Assuming Vr1= Vr2 find utilization factor. Specify how
you would alter the blade design so that utilization may become maximum under the
given circumstances

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 32

 17. In a delaval steam turbine nozzle angle at inlet is 18o. The relative velocity is reduced
to the exit at 6% when steam flows over the moving blades. The output of the
turbine is 120kJ/kg of steam. If the blades are equiangular, find i) speed ratio ii)
velocity of steam from nozzle iii) blade speed for maximum utlization
18. At a stage of an impulse turbine the mean blade dia is 0.75m, is rotational speed being
3500rpm. The absolute velocity of fluid discharging form a nozzle inclined at 20 o to the plane
of the wheel is 275m/s. If the utilization factor is 0.9 and the relative velocity at rotor exit is
0.9 times that at the inlet, find the inlet and exit rotor angle.Also find the power output from
stage for mass flow rate of 2 kg/s and axial thrust on the shaft
19. At a stage of an impulse turbine, the mean blade dia is 80cm, its rpm 3000rpm. The absolute
velocity of fluid discharging form a nozzle inclined at 20o to the plane of the wheel is 300m/s.
If the utilization factor is 0.85 and the relative velocity at rotor exit is equals at inlet, find the
inlet and exit rotor angle. Also find the power output from stage for mass flow rate of 1 kg/s
(4b,10, Dec 18/Jan19)
20. An impulse turbine the mean blade dia is 0.75m, with a speed of 2800rpm. The absolute
velocity of jet leaving a nozzle inclined at 18o to the plane of the wheel is 280m/s. If the
utilization factor is 0.88 and the relative velocity at rotor exit at inlet remains same,
Determine i) the inlet and outlet blade angles ii) work done iii) power output for a mass
flow rate of 10kg/s (3b. 10, June/July18)
21. The following data refer to an axial flow impulse steam turbine: Steam flow rate =20kg/s,
blade speed ratio=0.5, blade velocity coefficient Vr1/Vr2=0.9, the nozzle angle at the rotor
inlet = 30o such as to make the whirl velocity at inlet is positive, rotor speed =4000rpm,
mean diameter of the rotor = 60cm. Find the rotor blade angles if the rotor blades are
equiangular. Find also the power output, axial thrust and the utilization factor. Sketch the
velocity triangles
22. In an axial flow turbine , the discharge blade angle are 20oeach, for both the stator
and the rotor. The steam speed at the exit of the fixed blade is 140m/s. The ratio of
𝑉𝑎
= 0.7 at the entry and 0.76 at the exit of the rotor blade. Find i) the inlet rotor
𝑢
blade angle, ii) the power developed by the blade ring for mass flow rate of 2.6kg/s
iii) Degree of reaction (3b. 10 June/July 16) (3b. 10 June/July 13)

axial flow turbine 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

the discharge blade angle are 20oeach, for both the stator and the rotor.
ie ∝1 = 20𝑜 ; 𝛽2 = 200 ;
The steam speed at the exit of the fixed blade is 140m/s ie 𝑉1 = 140m/s
𝑉𝑎
The ratio of = 0.7 at the entry and 0.76 at the exit of the rotor blade.
𝑢
𝑉𝑎1 𝑉𝑎2
Ie = 0.7 and = 0.76
𝑈 𝑈

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1; 𝑉𝑢1 = 140𝑐𝑜𝑠20 ; 𝑉𝑢1=131.56m/s ;

𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑎1 = 140𝑠𝑖𝑛20; 𝑉𝑎1 = 47.88m/s

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 33

 𝑉𝑎1 47.88
= 0.7; = 0.7; 𝑈 = 68.40𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑈
𝑉𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2
= 0.76 ; = 0.76; 𝑉𝑎2 = 51.98𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 68.40

𝑉𝑢1 > 𝑈, Hence Inlet velocity triangle is as follows

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1

Vu1

𝑉 47.88
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑉 𝑎1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 131.56−68.40 ; 𝛽1 = 37.16o
𝑢1 − U

𝑉𝑎2 51.98
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2; = 𝑡𝑎𝑛20; 𝑋 = 142.81; 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 = 142.81
𝑋 𝑋

𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 > 𝑈

V
r2
V V
m2 2

a2 b2

V
u2

⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 − 𝑈; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 74.40𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2 )𝑈 𝐸 (131.56 + 74.40)68.40 𝐸

= ; = ; = 14.08 ∗ 103 J/kg;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇; 𝐸 = 2.6 ∗ 14.08 ∗ 103 𝐸 = 36.62 ∗ 103 W
𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑉12 = 1402 ;
2𝑔𝑐 ̇
𝑚

𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑎2 ; 𝑉22 = 74.402 + 51.982 ; 𝑉22 = 8237.28

1402 −8237.28
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.5964
2∗14.08∗103

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 34

 23. Air flows axially through a axial flow turbine at a mean radius of 0.2m. If the
tangential component of absolute velocity reduced by 20m/s during passage through
the rotor, find the power developed by the turbine for a flow rate 100m 3/s at a
point, where the pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 27 oC. The rotational speed
of the rotor is 3000rpm
24. Liquid water lows at a rate of 31.5kg/s through a rotor of an axial flow turbine, where inlet
and outlet mean diameters are 18.5cm and 20cm respectively. The other data are: speed
=6000rpm, V1=35m/s and is directed axially. V2=160m/s such that 𝛼2 = 30𝑜 . Using mean
inlet and outlet diameter find i) Torque exerted ii) 𝑉𝑟1 and 𝑉𝑟2 (3c, 06,
Dec18/Jan19,10scheme)
31.5𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = ; axial 𝐷1 = 18.5𝑐𝑚 = 0.185𝑚; 𝐷2 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚; 𝑁 = 6000𝑟𝑝𝑚;
𝑠

V1=35m/s and is directed axially V1=35m/s; 𝛼1 = 90𝑜 ; V2=160m/s; 𝛼2 = 30𝑜

V1

Vm1
V b1
1 a1 =90

U1

𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.185𝑥6000
𝑈1 = 60
; 𝑈1 = 60
; 𝑈1 = 58.12m/s
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.2𝑥6000
𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 62.83m/s

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 35 cos 90 𝑉𝑢1 = 0

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 35 sin 90 𝑉𝑚1 = 35𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 160 cos 30 𝑉𝑢2 = 138.56𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 = 160 sin 30 = 80𝑚/𝑠
𝑈2 < 𝑉𝑢2, Hence outlet velocity triangle as given below

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 35

 V
r2
V V
m2 2

a2 b2

V
u2

𝑚̇
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑅1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑅2 );
𝑐

31.5 0.2
𝑇= 1
(0 − 138.56 ∗ 2
); 𝑇 = −13.856𝑁𝑚

From Inlet velocity triangle ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑈1 ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 62.83𝑚/𝑠;

𝑉𝑚2
From outlet velocity triangle : 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 =
𝑉𝑢2 −𝑈2

Assuming flow velocity is constant 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 35𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑚2 35
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 138.56−62.83; 𝛽2 = 24.80
𝑉𝑢2 −𝑈2

𝑉𝑚2 35
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑉𝑟2
; 𝑠𝑖𝑛24.8 = 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 83.42𝑚/𝑠
𝑟2

25. An inward radial flow hydraulic turbine water enters with an absolute velocity of 15m/s with
a nozzle angle of 15o. The speed of the rotor is 400rpm. Diameter of the rotor at inlet and
outlet are 75cm and 50cm respectively. The fluid leaves the rotor radially with an absolute
velocity of 5m/s. Determine i) The blade angles ii) workdone iii) utilization factor ( 3b,08,
Dec18/Jan19,15 scheme)
𝑉1 = 15𝑚/𝑠; 𝛼1 = 150 ; 𝑁 = 400𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐷1 = 0.75𝑚; 𝐷2 = 0.5𝑚
The fluid leaves the rotor radially with an absolute velocity of 5m/s. 𝛼2 = 900 ; 𝑉2 = 5𝑚/
𝑠;
𝐸
𝛽1 =? ; 𝛽2 =? =?; 𝜖 =?
𝑚̇
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋∗0.75∗400
𝑈1 = ; 𝑈1 = ; 𝑈1 = 15.70𝑚/𝑠 ;
60 60
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋∗0.5∗400
𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 60
; 𝑈2 = 10.47𝑚/𝑠;

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 15𝑐𝑜𝑠15; 𝑉𝑢1 = 14.49𝑚/𝑠;

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 15𝑠𝑖𝑛15; 𝑉𝑚1 = 3.88𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢1 < 𝑈1 ;

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 36

 V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

𝑉 3.88
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑈 −𝑚1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 15.70−14.49 ; 𝛽1 =72.67o
1 𝑉𝑢1

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉2
𝑉𝑚2 3.88
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝛽2 = 37.81𝑜
𝑈2 5

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 14.49𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐
𝐸 (14.49∗ 15.70 + 0) 𝐸
= ; = 227.49𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇

𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸
𝑚̇ 227.49
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; ∈= 52
; ∈= 0.9479
+ 227.49+
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1

26. An inward flow reaction turbine has outer and inner diameter of the wheel as 1m
and 0.5m respectively.. The vanes are radial at inlet , and discharge is radial at outlet
and water enters the blade at an angle of 10o. Assume the velocity of flow is
constant and equal to 3m/s. Find i) Speed of the wheel ii) outlet blade angle iii)
Degree of reaction (2c. 10 June/July 17) )(4b,10,June/July14)*

Inward flow turbine; Inner Diameter= 1m ie 𝐷1 = 1𝑚; 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷2 =

0.5𝑚 𝛼1 = 100 . Assume the velocity of flow is constant and equal to 3m/s. 𝑉𝑓1 =
𝑉𝑓2 = 3𝑚/𝑠; 𝑁 =?; 𝑅 =?

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 37

 V1
V r 1= V
m1

a1
b =90
1
U
1

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2

𝑉𝑚1 3
From inlet velocity triangle 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 = ; 𝑈1 = 17.01𝑚/𝑠;
𝑈1 𝑈1
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋∗1∗𝑁
𝑈1 = ; 17.01 = ; 𝑁 = 324.94𝑟𝑝𝑚 ;
60 60
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋∗0.5∗324.94
𝑈2 = ; 𝑈2 = ; 𝑈2 = 8.5𝑚/𝑠;
60 60
𝑉𝑚2 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 8.5 ; 𝛽2 = 19.424
𝑈2

𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ;
2𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
= ;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

From Inlet and outlet triangles

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝐸 (𝑈1 𝑈1 + 0) 𝐸 17.01∗17.01+0 𝐸
= ; = ; = 289.34𝐽/𝑘𝑔;
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 17.012 + 32 ; 𝑉12 = 298.34; 𝑉22 = 32

298.34−9
𝑅 = 1 − 2∗289.34 ; 𝑅 = 0.5

27. The mean diameter of axial flow steam turbine is 50cm. The maximum utilisation
factor is 0.9 and degree of reaction is 0.5. The mass flow rate of steam is 10kg/s. The

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 38

 speed of the blade is 2000rpm . Calculate i) Inlet and exit absolute velocities ii)
Power developed (3c. 08, Dec12)
Axial : 𝐷 = 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 50𝑐𝑚 = 0.5𝑚; ∈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9; 𝑅 = 0.5 ; 𝑚̇ = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠 ; 𝑁 =
2000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.5𝑥2000
𝑈= ; 𝑈= 𝑈 = 52.36𝑚/𝑠
60 60

2 2 2 2
𝑉1 −𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
𝜖= ; 0.9 =
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉22 𝑉21 − 0.5𝑉22

0.9𝑉12 –(0.9 ∗ 0.5𝑉22 ) = 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ; 𝑉12 = 5.5𝑉22 --------------1

𝑅 = 50%, ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉2 , 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉1 , 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 , 𝛼2 = 𝛽1

𝛼2 =90o since turbine is for maximum utilization

𝛼2 = 𝛽1 for 50% R Hence 𝛽1 =90o

V1
Vr2

V2 = Vm2 Vr1 =Vm1

b1
a2
a1 b2

Power Developed
𝑚̇
⃖ 𝑢2)𝑈
𝐸 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉
𝑐

From inlet velocity triangle𝑉𝑢1 = U = 52.36 ; From outlet velocity triangle 𝑉𝑢2=0

2̇
Hence 𝐸 = 1 (52.36 + 0) 52.36; 𝐸 = 5.483 ∗ 103 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Exit absolute velocity

𝐸 5.483∗103 𝐸
𝑚̇
= 2
; 𝑚̇
= 2741.5𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 39

 𝐸
𝑚̇ 2741.5 𝑉22
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; 0.9 = 𝑉2
; 27415 + 2∗1 = 3046.11;
+ 2741.5+ 2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1

𝑉22 = 609.22; 𝑉2 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝒎/𝒔

Inlet absolute velocity

From outlet velocity triangle

2
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉22 + 𝑈 2; 2
𝑉𝑟2 2
= 609.22 + 52.362 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 3350.67 𝑉𝑟2 = 57.88𝑚/𝑠

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 since 50%R 𝑉1 = 57.88𝑚/𝑠

28. At a 50% reaction stage axial flow turbine, the mean blasé diameter is 0.6mtr. The maximum
utilization factor is 0.85 and steam flow rate is 12kg/s. Calculate the inlet and outlet absolute
velocities and power developed if the speed is 2500rpm (3b. 10, June/July14)

Axial : 𝐷 = 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 60𝑐𝑚 = 0.6𝑚; ∈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85; 𝑅 = 0.5 ; 𝑚̇ = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠 ; 𝑁 =

2000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.6𝑥2000
𝑈= ;𝑈= = 62.83m/s
60 60

𝑉21 −𝑉22 𝑉21 −𝑉22

ϵ= ; 0.9=
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉22 𝑉21 − 0.5𝑉22

0.9𝑉12 – 0.9x0.5𝑉22 = 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ; 𝑉12 = 5.5𝑉22 --------------1

𝑅 = 50%, ie 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉2 , 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉1 , 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 , 𝛼2 = 𝛽1

𝛼2 =90o since turbine is for maximum utilization

𝛼2 = 𝛽1 for 50% R Hence 𝛽1 =90o

V1
Vr2

V2 = Vm2 Vr1 =Vm1

b1
a2
a1 b2

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 40

 Power Developed
𝑚̇
𝐸 = 𝑔 (𝑉𝑢1 + ⃖𝑉𝑢2)𝑈
𝑐

From inlet velocity triangle 𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈 = 62.83 ; From outlet velocity triangle Vu1=0
2
Hence 𝐸 = 1 (62.83 + 0)62.83; 𝐸 = 7.895 ∗ 103 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Exit absolute velocity

𝐸 7.895∗103 𝐸
𝑚̇
= 2
; 𝑚̇
= 3947.5𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝐸
𝑚̇ 3947.5 𝑉22
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; 0.9 = 𝑉2
; 3947.5 + 2∗1 = 4386.11;
+ 3947.5+ 2
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1

𝑉22 = 877.22; 𝑉2 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝒎/𝒔

Inlet absolute velocity

From outlet velocity triangle

2
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉22 + 𝑈 2; 2
𝑉𝑟2 2
= 877.22 + 62.832 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 4824.83 𝑉𝑟2 = 69.46𝑚/𝑠

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 since 50%R 𝑉1 = 69.46𝑚/𝑠

29. At a 50% reaction stage axial flow turbine, the mean blade diameter is 60cm. The maximum
utilization factor is 0.9. Steam flow rate is 10kg/s. Calculate the inlet and outlet absolute
velocities and power developed if the speed is 2000rpm
30. The mean rotor blade speed of an axial speed of an axial flow turbine stage with a
degree of reaction of 50% is 210m/s. The steam emerges from nozzle inclined at 28 o
to the wheel plane with an axial velocity component which is equal to blade speed .
Assuming symmetric inlet and outlet velocity triangles. Find the rotor blade angles
and utilization factor. Find also the degree of reaction to make the utilization
maximum, if the axial velocity and the blade speed as well as the nozzle remain the
same above(3b. 10, Dec14/Jan 15)*

The mean rotor blade speed of axial flow turbine stage with 50% reaction is 210m/s ie
U=210m/s, R=0.5 ie 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 , 𝛼2 = 𝛽1

Steam emerges from the nozzle inclined at 28o to the plane of the wheel with axial
component equal to the blade speed ie 𝛼1 =28o, Vm1=U=210

To determine

𝜀 =?; 𝛽1 =? 𝛽2 =?

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 41

 R=? for maximum utilization if the axial velocity, blade speed and nozzle angle remain the
same.

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1 X

Vu1

V
r2
V V
m2 2

a2 b2

V
u2 Y

Rotor Blade angles

𝑉𝑚1 210
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼1 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛28 = 𝑉𝑢1 = 395𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢1 𝑉𝑢1

𝑋 = 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑈 𝑋 = 395 − 210 ; 𝑋 =185m/s

𝑉𝑚1 210
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 195
; 𝛽1 = 48.62o
𝑋

𝛼2 = 𝛽1 ; α1=48.62o

𝛽2 = 𝛼1 ; 𝛽2 =28o

𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝑟

𝑉 210
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛 48.62 = 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 279.87m/s
𝑟1 𝑟1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 42

 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 (50% R) ie 𝑉2 =279.87m/s
𝑉 210
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼1 = 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛 28 = 𝑉 𝑉1 = 447.9𝑚/𝑠
1 1

𝑉21 −𝑉22 447.92 −279.872

𝜖 = 2; 𝜖= ; 𝜖 =0.757
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉2 447.92 − 0.5𝑥279.872

Find also the degree of reaction to make the utilization ma maximum, if the axial velocity
and the blade speed as well as the nozzle remain the same above

For maximum utilization outlet velocity triangle

V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑈 = 210𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑉𝑚2 =210m/s

Vm2 =V2 as α2=90o

𝑉12 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ;
2 ̇
𝑚

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈
= as 𝑉𝑢2 = 0
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

𝐸 395∗210 𝐸
= ; = 82950 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇

447.92 −2102
𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.0565
2𝑥82950

𝑉21 −𝑉22 447.92 −2102

ϵ= 2; 𝜖= 𝜖 =0.79
𝑉21 − 𝑅𝑉2 447.92 − 0.0565𝑥2102

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 43

 31. The following data refer to a 50% degree of reaction axial flow turbomachine. Inlet fluid
velocity =230m/s, inlet rotor angle =60o, Inlet guide angle =30o, outlet rotor angle 25o, Find
utilization factor , axial thrust and power output per unit mass flow. (3b,10,Dec13/Jan14)
𝑅 = 0.5; axial flow turbomachine 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈
Inlet fluid velocity =230m/s, 𝑉1 = 230𝑚/𝑠;
inlet rotor angle =60o , 𝛽1 = 600 ;
Inlet guide angle =30o please note that this is exit guide blade angle Hence this is not 𝛼1
outlet rotor angle 25o ie 𝛽2 = 250
𝜖 =?; 𝐹𝑎 =? ; 𝐸 =? if 𝑚̇ = 1𝑘𝑔/𝑠

V1
V
V m1
r1
a1
b1
U1 X

Vu1

V
r2
V V
m2 2

a2 b2

V
u2 Y

utilization factor
Since 50%R 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 ; 𝛼1 = 250 ; 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 ; 𝛼2 = 600

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 cos𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 230cos25 𝑉𝑢1 = 208.45m/s

𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 Sin𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 230sin25 𝑉𝑚1 = 97.2m/s

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 44

 𝑉𝑚1 97.2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽1 = ; 𝑆𝑖𝑛60 = ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 112.24𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑟1

𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 ; 𝑉2 = 112.24𝑚/𝑠; 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 ; 𝛼2 = 600 for 50%R

⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉2 cos𝛼2 ; ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 112.24cos60 ⃖𝑉𝑢2 = 56.11m/s

𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉2 Sin𝛼2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 112.24sin60 𝑉𝑚2 = 97.2m/s

𝑈 = 𝑉𝑢1 − X; 𝑈 = 𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 ; 𝑈 = 208.45 − 112.24cos60; 𝑈 = 152.33𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 1 𝐸 1 𝐸
= ⃖ 𝑢2)𝑈;
(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉 = 1(208.45 + 56.11)152.33; = 40300.42𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔 𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

𝐸
𝑚̇ 40300.42
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; ∈= 112.242
; ∈= 0.865
+ 40300.42+
𝑚̇ 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1

axial thrust
𝑚̇
𝐹𝑎 =
𝑔𝑐
( 𝑉𝑚1 − 𝑉𝑚2 ); 𝐹𝑎 = 0 since 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2

Power:
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇; 𝐸 = 1 ∗ 40300.42 𝐸 = 40300.42𝑊

32. A mixed flow turbine handling water operates under a static head of 65m. In steady flow the
static pressure at the rotor inlet is is 3.5atm (guage). The absolute at the rotor inlet is
directed at an angle of 25o to the tangent so that whirl velocity is positive. The absolute
velocity at the exit is purely axial. If the degree of reaction for the machine is 0.47 and the
utilisation factor is 0.896. Compute the tangential blade speed as well as the inlet blade
angle. Find the work output per unit mass flow of water. (4b. 10, Dec12)
𝑝𝑜 = 0; 𝑉𝑜 = 0; 𝑍𝑜 = 65𝑚; 𝑝𝑜 = 3.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 3.5 ∗ 1.03𝑏𝑎𝑟; 𝑍1 = 0

𝛼1 = 250 ; The absolute velocity at the exit is purely axial ie 𝛼1 = 900 ; 𝑅 = 0.47;

𝜀 = 0.896
𝐸
𝑈1 =? ; 𝛽1 =? ; =?
𝑚̇
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓

Applying burnollis equation

𝑝𝑜 𝑜 𝑉2 𝑝1 𝑉2
1 3.5∗1.03∗105 𝑉2
1
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑍𝑜 = + 2𝑔 + 𝑍1 ; 0 + 0 + 65 = + 2∗9.81 + 0;
𝜔 𝜔 9810
𝑉12 = 575.52;

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 45

 𝑉12 −𝑉22 575.52−𝑉 2
𝜀= ; 2
0.896 = 575.52−0.47∗𝑉 2; 𝑉22 = 102.01
𝑉12 − 𝑅𝑉22 2

𝑉12 −𝑉22 575.52−102.01

𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 0.47 = 1 − ; 𝑈1 = 20.30𝑚/𝑠
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2∗21.74∗𝑈1
𝑚

𝑰𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1

= ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0 as 𝛼2 = 0 hence 𝑚̇ =
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 23.99𝑐𝑜𝑠25; 𝑉𝑢1 = 21.74𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 𝐸 21.74∗20.30 𝐸
= ; = ; = 437.62𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇

𝑉𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 23.99𝑠𝑖𝑛25; 𝑉𝑚1 = 10.14𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑢1 − U
10.14
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = 21.74−20.30 ; 𝛽1 = 82.900

33. A hydraulic reaction turbine of the radial inward flow type works under a head of 160m of
water. At the point of fluid entry, the rotor blade angle is 119o and diameter of the runner is
3.65m. At the exit , the runner diameter is 2.45m . If the absolute velocity of the wheel
outlet is radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5m/s and the radial component of velocity
at the inlet is 10.3m/s. Find the power developed by the machine , assuming that the 88% of
the available head of the machine is converted into work and the flow rate is 110m3/s. Find
also the degree of reaction and utilization factor (4b,08, June/July 18 , 15 scheme)

𝐻 = 160𝑚; 𝛽1 = 119𝑜 ; 𝐷1 = 3.65𝑚 𝐷2 = 2.45𝑚;

the absolute velocity of the wheel outlet is radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5m/s
∝2 = 90𝑜 ; 𝑉2 = 15.5𝑚/𝑠;
The radial component of velocity at the inlet is 10.3m/s. 𝑉𝑚2 = 10.3𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 =? ; the 88% of the available head of the machine is converted into work 𝜂ℎ = 88%
flow rate is 110m3/s 𝑄 = 110𝑚3 /𝑠; 𝑅 =? ∈=?

V r1
V1
Vm1
b1
a1

U1

V
u1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 46

 V r2

Vm2
V b2
2 a2 =90

U2
𝐸
𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1
𝜂ℎ = 𝑚̇
; = ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 0 as 𝛼2 = 900 ; =
𝑔𝐻 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

𝑉𝑚1 10.3
𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 − 𝑋; = tan β1 ; = tan(180 − 119) ; 𝑋 = 5.709𝑚/𝑠
𝑋 𝑋

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 − 5.709

𝐸 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 𝐸 (𝑈1 − 5.709)𝑈1

= ; =
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1
𝐸
(𝑈1 −5.709)𝑈1
𝜂ℎ = 𝑚̇
; 0.88 = ; 1381.248 = 𝑈12 − 5.709𝑈1 ;
𝑔𝐻 9.81∗160

𝑈12 − 5.709𝑈1 − 1381.248 = 0 ; 𝑈1 = 40.13𝑚/𝑠;

𝑉𝑢1 = 𝑈1 − 5.709; 𝑉𝑢1 = 40.13 − 5.709; 𝑉𝑢1 = 34.4𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 34.4∗40.13 𝐸
= ; = 1380.47 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑢1
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚1 ; 𝑉12 = 34.42 + 10.32; 𝑉12 = ; 𝑉22 = 15.52

𝑉12 −𝑉22 34.42 +10.32 −15.52

𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 =1− ; 𝑅 = 0.62
2𝑔𝑐 ̇ 2∗1380.47
𝑚

𝐸
𝑚̇ 1380.47
∈= 𝐸 𝑉2
2 ; ∈= 15.52
; ∈= 0.92
+ 1380.47+
̇
𝑚 2𝑔𝑐 2∗1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 47

 Power Absorbing machine
According to the direction fluid flow power absorbing turbo machine can be classified into
axial and radial flow power absorbing turbo machine

All are centrifugal turbo machines are radial flow power absorbing turbo machines

In axial flow power absorbing turbo machine 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈

In radial flow power absorbing turbo machine 𝑈1 ≠ 𝑈2

In power absorbing turbo machine

𝐸
= (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) is negative ie 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 > 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1
𝑚̇
Turning angle of fluid from inlet to outlet is small

Axial flow Compressor

General Inlet velocity triangle

V1
Vr1 Vm1

a1 b1

U1
Vu1

General outlet velocity triangle

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 48

In axial flow power absorbing turbomachine, since 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 outlet and inlet velocity
triangles can be drawn with common base

D Vu

g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1

U
Vu1

Vu2

γ are called air angles

γo is called air angle at inlet, γ1 is called as air angle at outlet

𝐸
output per unit mass 𝑚̇ = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) This expression will have negative value
in power absorbing machine

therefore, generally In power absorbing we express Input/per unit mass

𝐸
Input/per unit mass ie − = (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑚̇

Ie negative of output =Input

1. Define degree of reaction for an axial flow machine. Prove that degree of reaction for an
axial flow device (assuming constant velocity of flow ) is given by
𝑉 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑅 = 2𝑈𝑓 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 ∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 2 ) where 𝛽1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽2 are the angles made with tangent to the blades (4a.
1 2
10, Dec13/Jan 14)( 4a. 10, Dec18/Jan 19) (4a. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 49

 D Vu

g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1

U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2

𝑈2 2 2 2
1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2 𝑈2 2
1 −𝑈2 𝑉2 2
𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
−
2 2 2 2
𝑅= 𝑉2 2 2 2 2 2 = 𝐸
1 −𝑉2 + 𝑈1 −𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑟1 −𝑉𝑟2
2 2 2 𝑚̇

𝐸
𝑈1 = 𝑈1 = 𝑈; = (𝑉𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑢2 ) U
𝑚̇

𝑉 −𝑉 2 2
−( 𝑟1 2 𝑟2)
−(𝑉2𝑟1 −𝑉2𝑟2 )
Hence, 𝑅 = (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) U; 𝑅 = 2(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) U
𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢1 𝑢2

2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑎2 + 𝑋 2 ; 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑎2 + (𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾1 )2
2 2
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑎2 + 𝑌 2 ; 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑎2 + (𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾2 )2

−( ( 𝑉𝑎2 +(𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾1 )2 )−(𝑉𝑎2 +(𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾2 )2 )) 𝑉𝑎2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾2 −𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾1 )

𝑅= ; R=
2(𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾0 − 𝑉𝑎 tan 𝛾3 ) U 2Va (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾0 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾3 ) 𝑈

𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾2 −𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛾1 )
R= since, tan 𝛾1 − tan 𝛾2 = tan 𝛾3 − tan 𝛾0
2(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾1 ) 𝑈

𝑉𝑎 (tan 𝛾1 + tan 𝛾2 )
R=
2U

𝛾1 = 180 − 𝛽1; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(180 − 𝛽1 ); 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽1

𝛾2 = 180 − 𝛽1; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(180 − 𝛽2 ); 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2

𝑉𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )
Hence , 𝑅 = 2U
;
1 1
𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 ) 𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1)
𝑅= 1
2U
2
; ; 𝑅= 2 U(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2)

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 50

 2. Draw the velocity triangles for axial flow compressor. From the triangles show that degree of
𝑉𝑎
reaction for axial flow compressor is given by 𝑅 = (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 ) refer previous
2𝑈
problem
3. With the help of inlet and outlet velocity diagrams , show that the degree of reaction for an
axial flow compressor is given by
𝑉𝑎𝑥
𝑅= (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾2 ) Assume axial velocity to remain constant. 𝛾1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾2 are angles
2𝑈
made by relative velocities with the axial direction (4a,10, June/July13) refer solution 38
4. Draw velocity triangles for the following types of vanes of centrifugal pumps and
compressors i) Backward curved vane ii) Radial vane iii) Forward curved vane (3b. 06, Dec12)
5. The total power input at a stage in an axial –flow compressor with symmetric inlet
and outlet velocity triangles (R=0.5) is 27.85kJ/kg of air flow. If the blade speed is
180m/s throughout the rotor, draw the velocity triangles and compute the inlet and
outlet rotor blade angles Do you recommend the use of such compressors?
Comment on the results you have obtained. Assume axial velocity component to be
120m/s (4a,10, Dec15/Jan16)
𝐸 𝐸
𝑅 = 0.5; = 27.85𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ; = 27850𝐽/𝑘𝑔; 𝑈 = 180𝑚/𝑠; 𝛽1 =?; 𝛽2 =?;
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 = 120𝑚/𝑠
D Vu

g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1

U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2

∆𝑉𝑢 = (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )U (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )180

− = ; 27850 = ; (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = 154.72m/s
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 1

(𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) + X + X = U; 154.72 + 2X = 180; X = 12.64m/s

𝑉𝑚1 120
tan 𝛼1 = ; tan 𝛼1 = 12.64 ; 𝛼1 = 83.98𝑜
𝑋

𝑉 120
𝑚1
tan 𝛽1 = 𝑈−𝑋 ; tan 𝛽1 = 180−12.64 ; 𝛽1 = 35.64𝑜

𝛽2 = 𝛼1 = 83.98𝑜

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 51

 6. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of an axial flow compressor form the
following data. Degree of reaction 0.5., inlet blade angle 45o, axial velocity of flow
which is constant throughout 120m/s, speed of rotation 6500rpm, radius of rotation
20cm, blade speed at inlet is equal to blade speed at outlet. Calculate angles at inlet
and outlet. Also calculate power needed to handle 1.5kg/s (4b. 10, Dec14/Jan 15)
𝐷
𝑅 = 0.5; 𝛽1 = 450 ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑚2 =120m/s;𝑁 = 6500𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝑅 = = 0.2𝑚;
2
𝑈1 = 𝑈2 ; 𝛽2 =? 𝛼1 =? 𝛼2 =? 𝐸 =? ; 𝑚̇ = 1.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠
D Vu

g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1

U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2

𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋𝑥0.4𝑥6500
𝑈= ;𝑈 = = 136.13𝑚/𝑠;
60 60

𝑚1 𝑉 120
tan 𝛽1 = 𝑈−𝑋 ; tan 45 = 136.13−𝑋 ; 𝑋 = 16.13𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑚1 120
tan 𝛼1 = ; tan 𝛼1 = 16.13 ; 𝛼1 = 82.34𝑜
𝑋

𝛽2 = 𝛼1 = 82.34𝑜

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )U
− =
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐

(𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = U − 2X; (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = 136.13 − (2 ∗ 16.13);

(𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 ) = 103.87m/s

𝐸 (103.87)136.13
̇
= ; 𝐸 = 21.20 ∗ 103 𝑊
1.5 1

7. An axial flow compressor of 50% reaction design has blades with inlet and outlet
angles of 44o and 13o respectively. The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio 5:1
with an overall isentropic efficiency of 87% when the inlet temperature is 290K. The
mean blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor.

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 52

 Assume that blade velocity is 180m/s and work input factor is 0.85, Find the number
of stages required and the change of entropy (4b. 10 Dec17/Jan 2018)

𝑅 = 50%;𝛽2 = 44𝑜 ; 𝛽1 = 13𝑜 ;

𝑝𝑘+1
The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio of 6:1 ie 𝑝1
= 5; 𝜂0 = 0.87; 𝑇01 = 290𝐾
The blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor.
ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 and 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑉𝑎2
𝑈 = 180𝑚/𝑠; 𝑘 =? when Ω = 0.85

D Vu

g g
g 1 3 g Vr2
V1 0 2
V2 Vr1 Va
b2
a1
a2 b1

U X
Vu1
Y
Vu2

the number of stages for work done factor is unity

𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1) 𝑉𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛44+𝑡𝑎𝑛13)
𝑅= ; 0.5 = ; 𝑉𝑎 = 33.54𝑚/𝑠;
2 U(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 ∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2) 2∗180∗(𝑡𝑎𝑛44∗𝑡𝑎𝑛13)
𝑉𝑎 𝑉 33.54
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑌
; 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑢1 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 = 𝑉 𝑎 ;; 𝑡𝑎𝑛44 = 𝑉𝑢1
; 𝑉𝑢1 = 34.73𝑚/𝑠
𝑢1

𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈 − 𝑌; 𝑉𝑢2 = 180 − 34.73 𝑉𝑢2 = 145.26𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 Ω(𝑉𝑢2 −𝑉𝑢1 )𝑈 0.85(145.26−34.73)180

− 𝑚̇ = 𝑔𝑐
; Increase in entalphy Δℎ𝑜 /𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1
’

Δℎ𝑜 /𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 16911.09𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑇
Δℎ0𝑠 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑠𝑘+1 −𝑇01 ) 𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 ( 𝑜𝑠𝑘+1 −1)
𝑇01
𝜂0 = ; 𝜂0 = ; 𝜂0 =
Δℎ0 Δℎ0 Δℎ0
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑝 𝑝
𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 (( 𝑘+1 ) 𝛾 −1) 𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 (( 𝑘+1 ) 𝛾 −1)
𝑝1 𝑝1
𝜂0 = Δℎ0
; Δℎ0 = 𝜂0
;

𝛾−1
𝑝
𝐶𝑝 𝑇01 (( 𝑘+1 ) 𝛾 −1)
𝑝1 1005∗290[(5)0.286 −1]
Δℎ0 = ; (Δℎ0 )total = ; (Δℎ0 )total = 200431.22𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝜂0 0.85

(Δℎ0 )total 200431.22

Number of stages, 𝑘, = Δℎ ; 𝑘= ; 𝑘 = 11.85 say 12 stages
𝑜 /𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 16911.09

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 53

 8. A single stage axial blower with no inlet guide vanes is running at 3600 rpm. The
mean diameter of the rotor is 16cm and the mass flow rate of air through the blower
is 0.45kg/s. In the rotor the air is turned such that the absolute velocity of air at exit
makes angle of 20o with respect to the axis . Assuming that the axial component of
fluid remains constant, determine power input and degree of reaction. Assume that
the density of air is constant at 1.185kg/m3 and area of flow is 0.02m2 (4b,10 Dec
13/Jan14)
axial blower ie 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 ; no inlet guide vanes 𝛼1 = 900
𝑁 = 3600𝑟𝑝𝑚; The mean diameter of the rotor is 16cm, 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷 = 0.16𝑚
𝑚̇ = 0.45𝑘𝑔/𝑠;
In the rotor the air is turned such that the absolute velocity of air at exit makes angle
of 20o with respect to the axis 𝛾3 = 200 ;
Assuming that the axial component of fluid remains constant 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓
𝐸 =?; 𝑅 =?
𝜌 = 1.185𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ; area of flow is 0.02m2 ie 𝐴𝑓 = 0.02𝑚2
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋∗0.16∗3600
𝑈= 60
; 𝑈= 60
𝑈 = 30.15𝑚/𝑠
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑓 𝑉𝑓 ; 0.45 = 1.185 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 𝑉𝑓 ; 𝑉𝑓 = 18.98𝑚/𝑠

Vr1
Vf

a1
b1
U

g2 Vr2
g
V2 3
Vf
a 2 b
2

U
Vu2

Power Input

𝑉𝑢2 𝑉
𝑢2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾3 = 𝑉𝑓
; 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 = 18.98; 𝑉𝑢2 = 6.91𝑚/𝑠

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 54

 𝐸 (𝑉𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑢1 )U 𝐸 (6.91 − 0)30.15 𝐸
− = ; − = − = 208.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇ 1 𝑚̇

𝐸
−𝐸 = 𝑚̇ ∗ (− 𝑚̇); −𝐸 = 0.45 ∗ 208.28 −𝐸 = 93.72𝑊

Power Input= 93.72𝑊

Degree of reaction

𝑉𝑓 18.98
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾3 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 = 𝑉2 = 20.19𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2 𝑉2

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑓 ; 𝑉1 = 18.98𝑚/𝑠

𝐸 𝐸
− = 208.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔; = −208.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

𝑉21 −𝑉22 18.982 −20.192

𝑅 =1− 𝐸 ; 𝑅 = 1− 2∗1∗(−208.28)
; 𝑅 = 0.886
2𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 55

Radial flow Power absorbing machine

Types of vanes in centrifugal pump:

Backward curved vane: 𝜷𝟐 < 𝟗𝟎𝒐

Outlet velocity triangle

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2 X

V
u2

Inlet velocity triangle

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

As 𝛽2 < 900 cot𝛽2 is positive. Therefore as flow rate Q increases head 𝐻𝑒 decreases. Most
preferable design

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 56

Forward curved vane: 𝜷𝟐 > 𝟗𝟎𝒐

Outlet velocity triangle

V2
V
V m2
r2
a2 b2

U2 X

Vu2

Inlet velocity triangle

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

If 𝛽2 > 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes negative as cot𝛽2 is negative. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 increases

This design is unstable since head goes on increases as head increases

Radial vanes: 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝒐

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 57

Outlet velocity triangle

V2

a2
b2=90

U = Vu2
2

Inlet velocity triangle

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

9. Draw the velocity diagram for a power absorbing radial flow turbo machine and
show that
1 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅 = 2 (1 + ) (4a. 10, Dec14/Jan 15)
𝑈2

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 58

Radial flow compressors

Generally 𝑉𝑢1 =0 (whirl velocity ( tangential component) at inlet is zero)

Hence Inlet velocity triangle

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

Outlet velocity triangle

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2

V
u2

𝐸
Input/per unit mass (− 𝑚̇) = (𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 )

𝐸
Input/per unit mass (− 𝑚̇) = 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0

U2 = 𝑉𝑢2 + 𝑌
𝑉𝑚2
tan 𝛽2 = ; 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 ; 𝑈2 = 𝑉𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑌

𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2

𝐸
Input , (− 𝑚̇) = (U2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )𝑈2

Degree of Reaction

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 59

 𝑉21 −𝑉22
𝑅 =1− 𝐸 -----------------A
2𝑔𝑐 𝑚̇

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑚1
2 2
= 𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑚2
2
− 𝑉22 ; 𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑢2
2 2
+ 𝑉𝑚2 ; 2
𝑉𝑚2 − 𝑉22 = −𝑉𝑢2
2

𝑉12 − 𝑉22 = −𝑉𝑢2

2
-------------1
𝐸
= −U2 𝑉𝑢2 --------------------2 as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
𝑚̇

𝐸
= −U2 (U2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )
𝑚̇

Substituting 1 and 2 in A

−𝑉 2 𝑉 U2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅 = 1 − 2(−U 𝑢2𝑉
2 𝑢2 )
; 𝑢2
𝑅 = 1 − 2(U
2)
; 𝑅 =1− 2(U2)
;
1 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 1 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝑅 = 1 − 2 + 𝑚2 ; R = 2 (1 + )
2(U2) U2

10. Derive an expression for degree of reaction for radial outward flow machine and explain
briefly the effect of 𝛽2 , balde angle at exit with repect to tangential direction (4a, 10
,june/July 17)
Solution same as Problem number 9
11. Derive theoretical head capacity relation in case of radial flow pump (Centrifugal )
𝑈22 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻 = 𝑈22 − 𝛽2 =Discharge blade angle with respect to tangential direction.
𝐴2
Dec18
Explain the effect of discharge angle on it (4b. 08, Jan19 , 15 scheme)
𝑈22 𝑈22 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻= − (4a. 08, June/July18, 15 scheme)
𝑔𝑐 𝐴2 𝑔𝑐

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1
:

Inlet velocity triangle

𝑉1
Vu1=0 ; Vm1=V1; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 =
𝑈1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 60

 V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2 X

V
u2

Outlet velocity triangle

𝑉𝑚2
𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑋; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 =
𝑋
; 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 ; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2

𝐸
= (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 )
𝑚̇

𝐸
= −𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 as 𝑉𝑢1 = 0
𝑚̇

Output = −𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ; − Output = 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ; Input = 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ;

𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2
g𝐻𝑒 = Vu2 U2 ; 𝐻𝑒 =
𝑔

Substituting 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 in above equation

(𝑈2 −𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 )U2 𝑈22 𝑉𝑚2 U2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻𝑒 = ; 𝐻𝑒 = − − −𝑒𝑞𝑛 1
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑓 𝑉𝑓 ; 𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝜋𝐷 − 𝑒𝑞𝑛2
2 𝐵2

Substituting 2 in 1
𝑈22 𝑄 U2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻𝑒 = − (𝜋𝐷 ∗ )
𝑔 2 𝐵2 𝑔
𝑈22 U 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐻𝑒 = 𝐾1 − 𝐾2 𝑄 where 𝐾1 = and 𝐾2 = 𝜋𝐷2
𝑔 2 𝐵2 𝑔
Above equation is called as H-Q characteristic equation
If 𝛽2 < 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes positive as cot𝛽2 is positive. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 decreases
If 𝛽2 > 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes negative as cot𝛽2 is negative. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 increases
If 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 𝐾2 becomes zero as cot𝛽2 is zero. Therefore as Q increases 𝐻𝑒 remains constant
Above characteristics can be plotted as shown in fig

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 61

 b2>90

b2=90

b2<90
U2
g
Prerotation

Q
12. Derive head – capacity relationship for centrifugal pumps and explain the effect of
discharge angle on it (4b,10, Dec16/Jan17)(4a,10,June/July14)
Solution is same as above question 11
13. The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 20cm
and 40cm respectively. The pump is running at 1200rpm. The vane angle of impeller
at inlet is 20o. The water enters the impeller radially and velocity of flow is constant.
Calculate work done by the impeller /kg of water for the following two cases
i) When vane angle at outlet is 90o
ii) When vane angle at outlet is 100o (4b,10 Dec 16/Jan17)

𝐸
𝐷1 = 0.2𝑚; 𝐷2 = 0.4𝑚; 𝑁 = 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝛽1 = 20𝑜 ; 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 ; 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 ; =?
𝑚
i) When 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 ii) when 𝛽2 = 100𝑜

When 𝛽2 = 90𝑜
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋∗0.2∗1200 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋∗0.4∗1200
𝑈1 = ; 𝑈1 = = 12.56𝑚/𝑠; 𝑈2 = ; 𝑈1 = = 25.13𝑚/𝑠;
60 60 60 60

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 62

 V2

a2
b2=90

U = Vu2
2

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 − 𝑈2 𝑈2 𝐸 − 25.13∗25.13

= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 0; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 ; 𝑚 = ;𝑚=
𝑚 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 1

𝐸
= −631.51 𝐽/𝑘𝑔; −sign indicates the input to the pump
𝑚

𝑖𝑖) When 𝛽2 = 110𝑜

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

V r2
V2
Vm2
a2 b2

U2 X

V
u2

𝑉𝑚1 𝑉𝑚1
tan 𝛽1 = ; tan 20 = ; 𝑉𝑚1 = 4.57𝑚/𝑠; 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚1 = 4.57𝑚/𝑠;
𝑈1 12.56

𝑉𝑢1 = 0; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑋; 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑡(180 − 100); 𝑋 = 4.57 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 80; 𝑋 = 0.805𝑚

𝑉𝑢2 = 25.13 − 0.805; 𝑉𝑢2 = 24.325𝑚/𝑠;

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 𝐸 − 24.325∗25.13 𝐸

= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 0; ; 𝑚 = ;𝑚= ; = −611.28𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 1 𝑚

−sign indicates the input to the pump

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 63

 14. A centrifugal pump delivers water against a head of 25m. The radial velocity of flow
is 3.5m/s and is constant ., the flow rate of water is 0.05m3/s. The blades are radial
at tip and pump runs at 1500rpm. Determine i) Diameter at tip ii) width of blade at
tip iii) inlet diffuser angle at impeller exit (4b,10, June/July16)
𝐻 = 25𝑚; 𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑚1 = 3.5𝑚/𝑠; 𝑄 = 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠; 𝛽2 = 90𝑜 ; 𝑁 = 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚;

Assuming Hydrulaic efficiency is 100%

𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
− 𝑚̇ = 𝑔𝐻; 𝑚̇ = −9.81 ∗ 25 ; 𝑚̇ = −245.25𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Vr1

V1

a1=90 b1

U1

V2

a2
b2=90

U = Vu2
2

𝐸 (𝑉𝑢1 𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑢2 𝑈2 ) 𝐸 − 𝑈2 𝑈2
= ; 𝑉𝑢1 = 0; 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑈2 ; = ;
𝑚 𝑔𝑐 𝑚 𝑔𝑐

U22
−245.25 = − ; 𝑈2 = 15.66𝑚/𝑠
1

𝜋𝐷2 ∗1500
15.66 = ; 𝐷2 = 0.199𝑚
60

𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑚2 ; 0.05 = 𝜋 ∗ 0.199 ∗ 𝐵2 ∗ 3.5; 𝐵2 = 0.022𝑚

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE Page 64

 UNIT 3

STEAM TURBINE

1. Define steam turbine. List the differences between Impulse and reaction steam
turbines (5a. 08, Dec15/Jan16)(5a, 06, June/July18)
2. Briefly explain velocity compounding (5b. 08, Dec15/Jan16)
3. Derive the condition for maximum utilisation factor for impulse turbine (5a,10,
June/July17)
4. Draw the inlet and exit velocity triangles for a single stage steam turbine. Further
prove that maximum blade efficiency is given by

and (7a. 10, June/July13) (5a. 08, June/July18,15CBCS)

5. Write a note on compounding of steam turbines and explain any two types of
compounding with neat sketches (5b. 10, Dec16/Jan17) Show the velocity and pressure
variations across the turbine (5a,10, Dec13/Jan14)
6. Define compounding .List different types of compounding. Explain any one method
of compounding with neat sketch showing variations of pressure and velocity of
steam (5a, 8,June/July18 15CBCS)
7. What is necessity of compounding of steam turbines and Discuss two types of
compounding with neat sketches (5a. 10, Dec17/Jan18)what is compounding 5a. 08,
Dec18/Jan19)
8. What is compounding or staging? Name the different compounding methods (5a,04,
June/July14)
9. With neat sketch , explain the pressure –velocity compounding of steam turbine
(5a,08, June/July16)( 5b, 06, June/July18)

10. Show that the maximum blade efficiency for a 50% reaction
Parsons turbine (4a,10,Dec18/19) (6a,08,CBCS 15,Dec18/19)
11. For a 50% reaction turbine show that and , where and are the
inlet angles of fixed and moving blades , and are the outlet angles of fixed and
moving blades (5a, 08 , Dec 12)

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 1

Definition of Steam turbine(*)

Steam Turbine is is a power generating machine in which pressure energy of the steam is converted
into mechanical energy due to dynamic action

Classification of steam turbine:

1. Based on working principle : a. Impulse Turbine b. Reaction turbine

2. Based on staging :a. Single stage b. Multi stage

Working Principle of Impulse turbine : The high pressure and high temperature steam generated in
the steam generator is expanded in a steam nozzle or fixed blade passages and expanded steam
with high velocity made to pass through the moving blades which is mounted on the shaft. In moving
blades decrease in velocity and pressure of steam takes place which results in force impart on the
moving blades . The resulting force rotates the rotor.

Steam turbine generally axial flow turbine

Differences between Impulse and Reaction turbines(***)

Sl no Impulse Reaction
1. High Pressure and High temperature High pressure stem is directly passed into the
steam is expanded in set of nozzle blades and pressure of the steam continuously
and pressure energy is completely drops and velocity increases . The steam leaving
converted into kinetic energy and the blades will exert reactive force in the
steam with high velocity directed to backward direction of flow and reactive force set
set of moving blades where kinetic the blade in motion
energy absorbed in blades and
converted into impulse This impulse
set the blade into motion
2. Blades are symmetrical in shape Blades are aerofoil in shape
3. The pressure of steam remains The pressure of steam continuously drops when it
constant when it flows through the flows through the moving blades
moving blades
4. Impulsive force is converted into work Reactive force is converted into work
5. Low efficiency Relatively high efficiency
6 High speed Relatively low speed
7. Compact Bulky
8. Less stages required More stages required for the same power
generation
9. Used for small power generation Used for medium and large power generation

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 2

Single Stage Impulse Turbine : De Laval Turbine

Working Principle: In a single stage impulse turbine high pressure steam enters set of nozzle (part of
stator or casing) and expands completely in nozzle which results in conversion of pressure energy to
kinetic energy. The steam with Kinetic energy made to flow through moving blades mounted on the
rotor wherein change in velocity takes place which results in change in momentum takes place. This
results in the rotation of rotor. There is no pressure drop as the stem flow through the passages of
moving blades. Hence the relative velocity between steam and moving blades remains constant over
the blades. Hence the degree of reaction is zero

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 3

Analysis on single stage Impulse turbine: (***)

Vr2 V1
V2 Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
Vr2cosb2 V13cos
V1cosa1
b1
DVu

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 4

Forces on the blade:

Tangential force: (***)

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

or

Axial thrust:

( )
Newton

Energy Per unit mass

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

J/kg 0r

Power

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
Watts

Blade efficiency(***): It is defined as the ratio of workdone per kg of steam by the rotor to the
energy available at the inlet per kg of steam

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
; ; Also

Stage Efficiency:(***)

It is the ratio of work done per kg of steam by the rotor to the isentropic enthalpy change per kg of
steam in the nozzle

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

ηstage= ηb * ηnozzle

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 5

Condition for maximum Efficiency (******)

Vr2 V1
V2 Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
Vr2cosb2 V13cos
V1cosa1
b1
DVu

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ; ∆ ;

From velocity triangle, ∆ r1 1+ r2 2

( ) ( )
Hence, ;

= (blade friction coefficient) ; , constant

( )
; But from Inlet velocity triangle,

( )( )

( )( )
( )( )
; ηb= ; ηb=

( )
( ); ηb= φ ( )( ) where φ

For max efficiency

0; ( ( )( )) ; ( ( ))=0

( ) ; 2 = 0;

Substituting in φ( )( ) will give max efficiency

( )( )

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 6

 ( )

If rotor blade angles are equiangular

If ;

* ; =

Necessity of compounding:(*****)

Single stage impulse turbine operates at very high speed.

High speeds are undesirable for the following reasons

 High speed causes high blade tip stresses due to centrifugal forces acting at the tip of blade
 Large losses due to disc friction
 Low efficiencies due to large exit steam velocity in the turbine
 Gear trains with large efficiencies and high speed ratios must be used to match between the
turbine speed and the driven component speed since most driven machines run at speeds
around a few thousand RPM at most

Reasonable blade tip speeds are obtained in impulse turbines by the compounding stage.

Definition of Compounding(******)

Compounding is the method of reducing blade speed for a given overall pressure drop. Multiple
rotors are mounted on common shaft in series and velocity is obsorbed in stages as it flows over the
blades

Types of Compounding(*******)

1. Velocity compounded turbine

2. Pressure compounded turbine
3. Velocity and pressure compounded turbine

Velocity compounded turbine: compounding involves in which the whole pressure drop occurs in
one set of stationary blades or nozzles where as all the kinetic energy is absorbed in usually two,
three or even four rows of moving blades with a row of stationary blades between every pair of
them. The total energy of the stream can be absorbed by all the rows in succession until the kinetic
energy at the end of last row becomes negligible.

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 7

 Boiler prssure MB MB
N FB

Velocity variation line during the flow of steam

Intial velocity of steam

Velocity variation line during the flow of steam

When the steam flows through the nozzle steam expands nearly to atmospheric pressure and
velocity increases.

While steam flows through moving blades velocity decreases while steam pressure remains constant

While steam flows through the stationary (fixed) blades both pressure and velocity remains constant

Both stationary blades and moving blades are symmetrical

The first row of the moving blades absorbs most of jet energy while latter absorbs comparatively less

Advantages:

1. Maximum possible pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy in nozzles of first stage
and there is no pressure drop in stages and hence the stress in the turbine is less
2. Fewer stages are sufficient due large kinetic energy drop compared to pressure
compounding
3. Compact compared to pressure compounding

Disadvantage:

1. The friction losses are more due to high velocity of steam

Pressure Compounding

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 8

 N MB N MB

Boiler prssure

Velocity variation line during the flow of steam

Intial velocity of steam pressure variation line during the flow of steam

It is equivalent to a number of simple impulse stages put together. It is the type of compounding in
which pressure drop occur in each stator row. Between the two moving blade rows there is a row of
nozzles are often referred to as diaphragms.

In the row of nozzle pressure decreases and velocity increases. In rows of moving blade velocity
decreases while pressure remains constant.

Advantages: High efficiency because very high velocities are avoided.

Disadvantages: Leakage loss is higher compared to velocity compounding

Dr Abdul Sharief, PACE , Mangalore Page 9