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keep it simple science Physics Module 5

Advanced Mechanics
WORKSHEETS
Worksheet 1 Projectiles
Practice Problems Student Name......................................
1. For each of the following projectiles, resolve the 3. The bullet in Q1(b), was fired from a height of
initial launch velocity into horizontal and vertical 2.00m, across a level field. Calculate:
components. a) how long it takes to hit the ground.

a) A rugby ball kicked upwards at an angle of 60o, School Inspection only.

with velocity 20.5ms-1. Copying NOT permitted.

b) how far from the gun it lands.

b) A bullet fired horizontally at 250ms-1.

c) At the same instant that the bullet left the barrel,
the empty bullet cartridge dropped (from rest) from
the breech of the gun, 2.00m above the ground.
How long does it take to hit the ground? Comment
c) A baseball thrown at 15.0ms-1, and an up angle of on this result, in light of the answer to (a).
25o.

d) An artillery shell fired at 350ms-1, upwards at 70o. 4. For the artillery shell in Q1(d), calculate:
a) the time to reach the highest point of its arc.

e) An arrow released from the bow at 40.0ms-1, at

45o up. b) the maximum height reached.

2. For the arrow in Q1(e), find c) its range (on level ground).
a) the time to reach the highest point of its arc.

5. The rugby ball in Q1(a) was at ground level

when kicked.
b) the maximum height reached. a) Find its exact position 2.50s after being kicked.

c) its range (on level ground). b) What is its instantaneous velocity at this same
time?

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® Worksheet 2 More About Projectiles

keep it simple science Fill in the blanks Student Name......................................
A projectile is any object which is launched, The usual strategy is to find the k)......................
and then moves a).................................. The path of flight, by using the fact that at the top of the
of a projectile is called its b)................................, projectile’s arc its vertical velocity is l)...............
and is a curve. Mathematically, the curve is a
c).................................. Once this is known, it becomes possible to
calculate the maximum m)...............................
To analyse projectile motion it is essential to attained, and the n)........................... (total
treat the motion as 2 separate motions; horizontal displacement.). The projectile’s
d).................................. and .................................... position and velocity at any instant can be
If the launch velocity and the e)............................ found by combining the o).............................
of launch are known, you should always start and ........................... vectors.
by f)...................................... the initial velocity
into horizontal and vertical g)................................ Maximum range of any projectile occurs when
the angle of launch is p).................... degrees
The horizontal motion is always h)....................... upwards.
....................... and the vertical is constant
i)................................... due to j)............................. School Inspection only.
Copying NOT permitted.
Worksheet 3 Even More Projectiles
Multiple Choice Student Name......................................
5.
1. The diagram shows the X Y An arrow was released from the bow at an upward angle
trajectory of a projectile, of 60o and an initial velocity of 42.0ms-1. It hits its target
and 2 points X & Y. at the same horizontal level from which it was released.
Which pair of vectors below correctly identifies the total a) Find the time of flight.
acceleration vector of the projectile at points X and Y?
Point X Point Y
A. b) Find the maximum height reached.

B.

C.

D. c) Calculate the distance from bow to target.

2.
To analyse projectile motion mathematically, usually the
first thing to do is to:
A. find the time of flight. 6. Photo: Arian Kulp
B. calculate the range. These military bombs are
C. calculate the maximum height reached. designed to be dropped
D. resolve the initial velocity into vertical & horizontal from the aircraft at an
components. altitude of 15,000m when
the plane is in level flight
3. at a velocity of 300ms-1.
Ignoring air-resistance, the maximum range for any
projectile (for the same launch velocity) will occur when: a) Ignoring air-resistance,
A. it is launched horizontally. how far in front of the
B. it is launched at 45o upwards. target must the bombs be
C. it is launched to achieve a greater height. released?
D. its vertical acceleration is increased.

Longer Response Questions

Answer on reverse if insufficient space.
b) How fast will they be going (magnitude only) when
4. they hit the ground?
A ball was rolled along a
horizontal table at 5.45ms-1.
If the table is 1.20m high, where will
the ball hit the ground?

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® Worksheet 4 Circular Motion

keep it simple science Practice Problems Student Name......................................
1. 4.
A 750g ball is swung in a circle on a string 1.75m a) What is the angular velocity of the ball in Q1?
long. It completes 10 revolutions in 6.5 s.
a) What is the period?

b) What is the angular velocity of the plane in Q2?

b) Find its orbital speed. School Inspection only.
Copying NOT permitted.

c) What is the angular velocity of the car in Q3(a)?

c) What is its centripetal acceleration?

5.
A wheel is rotating at 1,000 RPM.
d) Centripetal force? a) What is the period of the rotation?

b) What is its angular velocity?

2.
A 3,000kg aircraft is flying at 300 km/hr in level c) What is its orbital speed, if the radius is 0.8m?
flight, and begins a circular turn with radius 500m.

a) What centripetal force is needed to effect this

turn? (Hint: first convert velocity to m/s) d) What is the centripetal acceleration?

6.
A rotating “ferris wheel” amusement park ride has a
b) How long will it take to complete a 180o turn? radius of 30m and rotates once each 45s.
a) What is its angular velocity?

3.
a) The maximum “grip” force of each tyre on a
1,000kg car is 4,500N. What is the tightest turn (in c) What is the orbital speed?
terms of radius of curve) the car can negotiate at
90 km/hr? (Hint: velocity units?)

7.
A boat on a lake is tethered by a rope to a stong
post. The boat is able to drive around the post in a
circle by always pointing at a tangent to the circle.
The boat’s orbital speed through the water is
constant, but the rope keeps shortening as it winds
around the post.
b) The same car comes to a curve with double this a) Show mathematically what will happen to the
radius, (ie a much gentler curve) but it is travelling angular velocity as the rope shortens.
at double the speed. Can it make it?

a) Show mathematically what will happen to the

tension in the rope as it shortens.

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® Worksheet 5 Torque Talk

keep it simple science Questions Student Name......................................
1.
a) Explain why
using a hand tool
such as this wrench
(spanner) is all about applying a torque.

3.
How can this see-saw be perfectly balanced by a
heavy adult and a small child?
Explain this in terms of torque.
b) If you are having trouble undoing a rusty bolt,
one “trick” is to use a spanner with a longer
handle. Explain the Physics.

2. 4.
Calculate the torque in each case: This playground toy spins in a
a) A force of 100N acts at a point 40cm from a pivot circle, but is its Physics the
point at a 20o angle to the lever arm. same as (say) an object being
swung around on a string?
Discuss similarities &
differences.
b) The same force is applied at the same point, but
at an angle of 90o.

School Inspection only.

Copying NOT permitted.

Worksheet 6 Newton’s Gravity Student Name......................................

Practice Problems
1. Fred (75kg) and girlfriend Sue (60kg) are very 3. The mass of the Moon is 6.02x1022kg. A comet
much attracted to each other, but is it love or just with mass 5.67x1010kg is attracted to the Moon by a
gravity? force of 6.88x1010N. How far apart are the 2 bodies?

Calculate the gravitational force attracting them

when they are 0.5m apart.

4.
What is the gravitational force between the Earth
and the Moon? (Distance Earth-Moon = 3.84x108m)

2. What is the gravitational force of attraction

between 2 small asteroids with masses of
6.75x108kg and 2.48x109kg separated by 425m?

5. Research: The first person to measure a value for

the constant “G”, was a strange little Englishman
called Cavendish. How did he do it? (& why “strange”?)

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® Worksheet 7 Gravitational Field Strength

keep it simple science Calculation Exercise Student Name......................................
Use g = GM/r2 to complete this table for selected members of our Solar System.
This Column is
for Worksheet 9

Planet Mass Radius Surface Gravity “g” “g” Escape Velocity

(kg) (m) ([Link]-1 or ms-2) as multiple of Earth’s (ms-1) (km/s)

Earth 6.0 x 1024 6.371x106 9.86 1.0 1.12x104 11.2

(calculated from these data)

Mercury 3.3 x 1023 2.44 x 106 (a) (b) p) q)

Venus 4.9 x 1024 (c) (d) 0.904 r) s)

Saturn (e) 5.8 x 107 10.44 (f) t) u)

Pluto 1.3 x 1022 (g) 0.62 (h) v) w)

School Inspection only.

Copying NOT permitted.
Worksheet 8 Mass & Weight
Practice Problems Student Name......................................
1. 2.
A small space probe has a mass of 575kg. If a martian weighs 250N when at home, what will
he/she/it weigh:
a) What is its mass a) on Earth? (hint: firstly find the mass)
i) in orbit?

ii) on the Moon?

b) on Neptune?

iii) on Jupiter?

c) on the Moon?

b) What is its weight

i) on Earth? 3.
A rock sample, weight 83.0N, was collected by a
space probe from the planet Neptune.
a) What is its mass?

ii) on the Moon?

b) What will it weigh on Earth?

iii) on Jupiter? c) On which planet would it weigh 206N?

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® Worksheet 10 Satellites & Orbits

keep it simple science
Fill in the blanks Student Name......................................
If a projectile is travelling horizontally at the correct Rocket propulsion is a consequence of Newton’s
a)..................................., then its down-curving n)........... Law. During the launch, momentum is
trajectory will match the b).............................. of the o).............................. The backward momentum
Earth. The projectile will continue to “fall down” but gained by the exhaust gases is matched by the
never reach the surface... it is now a c).......................... p).......................... momentum gained by the
which is d)................................. around the Earth. q)............................. However, the mass of the rocket
To place a satellite in orbit, it must be r)....................... rapidly as is burns huge amounts of
e).................................... up to orbital speeds. fuel. This means that even with constant thrust, the
acceleration rate s)................................., and the
During upward acceleration, an astronaut will astronauts feel increasing t)..............................
experience “f)..........................” which feel like an unless the engines are throttled back.
increase in g)......................... and can be life-
threatening if too high. There are basically 2 different types of orbit for a
satellite: u)........................................ orbits are when
The only feasible technology (so far) for achieving the satellite is v).......................... km from Earth and
the necessary h)................................., while keeping travelling very w).............................. This is ideal for
the i).................................. reasonably low, is the use satellites used for x)................................. and
of j)......................... ........................................... The other type of orbit is
called y)..................................... For this the satellite
One of the important steps in the history of rocketry is positioned above the z)........................ so its
was achieved by Robert Goddard, who built and aa)......................... is exactly 24 hrs. This means it
tested the first k).............................-fuelled rocket. has the same ab).............................. velocity as the
Rockets are always launched towards the Earth, and seems to stay in the ac)...................
l)...................... to take advantage of the Earth’s ................................. in the sky. This is ideal for
m)................................. ad)................................ satellites.

Worksheet 11 Satellite Orbits Student Name......................................

Practice Problems Use the equations of Circular Motion.
1. 2. (cont)
A satellite orbiting 1,000km above the Earth’s b) What is its altitude above the earth’s surface?
surface has a period of 1.74 hours. (Radius of
Earth=6.371x106m)
a) Find its orbital velocity, using v=2π r / T School Inspection only.
Copying NOT permitted.

c) What is the period of its orbit?

b) If the satellite has a mass of 600kg, find the

centripetal force holding it in orbit.

3.
A satellite is being held in Earth orbit by a
centripetal force of 2,195N. The orbit is 350km
above the Earth & the satellite’s period is 1.52 hrs.
a) Find the orbital velocity.
2.
A 1,500kg satellite is in Earth orbit travelling at a
velocity of 6.13 km/s (6.13x103ms-1). The Centripetal
force acting on it is 5.32x103N.

a) What is the radius of its orbit? b) What is the satellite’s mass?

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® Worksheet 12 Using Kepler’s Law

keep it simple science Calculation Exercise Student Name......................................
1. 4.
The Earth takes 1 year to complete an orbit around Mercury orbits only 58 million km from the Sun.
the Sun, with an orbital radius about 150 million km. How long is a “Mercurian year”, in Earth days?
a) Using these arbitrary units (years, millions km)
calculate a value for radius cubed, divided by School Inspection only.
period squared. (r3 / T2) Copying NOT permitted.
5.
The minor planet Pluto takes 248 Earth years to
complete an orbit. What is its (average) orbital
b) What is the significance of this ratio value for all radius? (its orbit is highly elliptical)
the planets of the Solar System?

2.
Use this value to find the orbital radius of Jupiter, 6.
given that it takes 11.8 Earth years to complete an a) Research: Find out what is meant by an
orbit around the Sun. “Astronomical Unit” (AU).

b) What would be the value of r3 / T2 for Earth if we

3. used units of AU and years?
Find the orbital period of Mars, given that its radius
of orbit is about 228 million km.

Worksheet 13 Energy of a Satellite

Practice Problems Student Name......................................
1. 3.
Arange these values in order of increasing size. a) For the satellite in its higher orbit in Q2,
use v2 = GM/r to calculate its orbital velocity in
-2 x 106, -8 x 104, -9 x 1010, -5 x 105, -6 x 106 this orbit.

2. b) Use Ek = 1/2 mv2 to find its kinetic energy.

a) Calculate the total energy of a 5,000kg satellite in
an Earth orbit with radius 5 x 107 m.

c) Use Ek = GMm/2r to find its kinetic energy.

b) The same satellite is brought down to a lower

orbit of radius 2 x 107 m. Calculate the new total
energy and hence the energy change.
4.
About 65 million years ago, life on Earth was
severely disrupted by the collision of an asteroid or
comet about 10km in diameter. Its mass can be
estimated at 3x1015 kg. Calculate its total energy as
it hit the surface of the Earth.

c) Explain which form(s) of energy have been lost

or gained.

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® Worksheet 14 Module Summary

keep it simple science Guided Notes. Student Name......................................
(Make your own summary)

Projectiles Orbits & Satellites

1. 7.
Summarise the main characteristics of the Physics What is the effect on the gravitational force
of projectile motion. between 2 masses if:
a) one mass is doubled?
School Inspection only. b) distance between them is increased by 4 times?
Copying NOT permitted.

c) distance is decreased to 1/10?

2. 8.
Describe how you would go about finding the range a) Explain the notion of a gravitational orbit as
of a projectile, given its launch velocity & angle. outlined by Newton.

b) What is meant by “escape velocity”?

Circular Motion
3. 9.
Derive, from first principles, an expression for the Explain why we use rockets to launch a spacecraft,
orbital speed of an object in circular motion. rather than any other method.

10.
4. Relate the different satellite orbits to their uses.
Differentiate between
a) “centrifugal force” and “centripetal force”.

11.
b) “orbital velocity” and “angular velocity”. a) Outline Kepler’s “Law of Periods”.

b) Write the maths of Newton’s proof of this Law.

5.
How much “work” is done by a centripetal force?

6. 12.
What is “torque” a measure of? a) Define “Grav. Potential Energy”.

b) What is the consequence of this definition?

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®
Answer Section School Inspection only.
keep it simple science Copying NOT permitted.
Worksheet 1 Worksheet 2
1. a) only under gravity b) trajectory
uy = [Link]θ ux = [Link]θ c) parabola d) horizontal & vertical
a) = 20.5xSin60 =20.5xCos60 e) angle f) resolving
= 17.8ms-1. = 10.3ms-1.
g) components h) constant velocity
b) vertical = zero horizontal = 250ms-1.
c) uy = 15.0xSin25 ux = 15.0xCos25 i) acceleration j) gravity
= 6.34ms-1. = 13.6ms-1. k) time l) zero
d) 350xSin70 350xCos70 m) height n) range
= 329ms-1. = 120ms-1. o) horizontal & vertical p) 45
e) 40.0xSin45 40.0xCos45
= 28.3ms-1. = 28.3ms-1. Worksheet 3
2. 1. C 2. D 3. B
a) At highest point, vy=0, and vy = uy + g.t
0 = 28.3 + (-9.81x t)
t = -28.3/-9.81 4.
= 2.88s. uy=0, ux=5.45ms-1, Sy = -1.20m (down (-ve))
b) Sy = uy.t + 1.g.t2 Time of flight: Sy = uy.t + 0.5.g.t2
2 -1.20 = 0xt + (0.5x(-9.81)xt2)
= 28.3x2.88 + (0.5x (-9.81) x 2.882) t = [Link]( -1.20/-4.905)
= 81.5 + ( -40.7) = 40.8m. = 0.495s.
c) Sx = vx.t = 28.3 x (2.88x2) Horizontal distance: Sx = ux.t = 5.45x0.495 = 2.95m.
(twice the time to reach [Link].) The ball lands 2.95m from the base of the table.
= 163m.
3. 5.
a) It is fired from max height, uy = [Link]θ ux = [Link]θ
so Sy = -2.00 (down, so -ve) = 42.0xSin60 = 42.0xCos60
Sy = uy.t + 1.g.t2 = 36.4ms-1 = 21.0ms-1.
2
-2.00 = 0xt +(0.5x( -9.81)x t2) a) At [Link], vy = 0,
-2.00 = 0 - 4.905 x t2 and vy = uy + g.t
t2 = -2.00/-4.905 0 = 36.4 x (-9.81)x t
t = 0.639s. t = -36.4/-9.81
b) Sx = vx.t = 250x0.639 = 160m. = 3.71s (to highest point)
c) see working for (a). Time of flight = 3.71x2 = 7.42s.
Empty cartridge takes 0.639s to hit the ground. It falls b) Sy = uy.t + 0.5.g.t2 (use time to highest point)
down at exactly the same rate as the bullet. The = 36.4x3.71 + (0.5x(-9.81)x3.712)
difference is where each lands horizontally. = 135 + ( -67.5) = 67.5m.
4. c) Range: Sx = ux.t = 21.0x7.42 (Time for entire flight)
a) At highest point, vy=0, and vy = uy + g.t = 156m.
0 = 329 + (-9.81)x t 6.
t = -329/-9.81 a) uy=0, ux=300ms-1, Sy = -15,000m (down (-ve))
= 33.5s. Time of flight: Sy = uy.t + 0.5.g.t2
b) Sy = uy.t + 1.g.t2 -15,000 = 0xt + (0.5x(-9.81)xt2)
2 t = ( -15,000/ -4.905)
= 329x33.5 + (0.5x( -9.81)x33.52) = 55.3s.
= 11,022 - 5,505 Horizontal distance: Sx = ux.t = 300x55.3 = 16,590m
= 5,517 = 5.52x103m. = 1.66x104m.
c) Sx = vx.t = 120x(33.5x2) Bombs must be released over 16km before the target.
(twice the time to reach [Link].)
= 8,040 = 8.04x103m. b) Vy = uy + g.t ux=300ms-1.
300
5. = 0 + ( -9.81)x55.3 θ
a) Vertical displacement Horizontal Displ. = 542ms-1. Re 542
Sy = uy.t + 1.g.t2 Sx = vx.t v2 = vy2 + vx2 = 5422 + 3002 sul
tan
t vel
2 = 10.3 x 2.50 ∴ v = 383,764 = 619ms-1. oci
ty
= 17.8x2.50 + (0.5x(-9.81)x2.502) = 25.8m (almost twice the speed of sound!)
= 44.5 + (-30.65)
=13.4m (+ve, therefore up) Don’t forget that we are assuming no air resistance.
Ball is 25.8 metres down-field and 13.4 m high. In the real world, these answers would be quite different.
b) Vertical velocity Horizontal velocity
vy = uy + g.t vx = ux = 10.3 ms-1
= 17.8 + (-9.81)x2.50
= -6.725ms-1 (downwards) 10.3
θ
v2 = vy2 + vx2 = 10.32 + 6.7252 Re
sul 6.725
tan
t vel
∴ v = 151.32 = 12.3ms-1. oci
ty
Tan θ = 6.725/10.3,
∴ θ ≅ 33o below horizontal

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Answer Section School Inspection only.
keep it simple science Copying NOT permitted.
Worksheet 5
Worksheet 4 1.
1. a) To use the spanner you apply force at some
a) 6.5 / 10 = 0.65s = T distance from the pivot point at the nut or bolt. This
b) v = 2π r / T = 2x3.142x1.75 / 0.65 = 16.9 ms-1. creates the torque to make it turn in a circle.
c) ac = v2 / r = 16.92 / 1.75 = 164 ms-2. b) A longer handle allows the force to be applied at a
d) Fc = [Link] = 0.75x164 = 123 N. larger distance from the pivot, which increases the
torque. (for the same force)
2.
v = 300/3.6 = 83.3ms-1. 2.
a) F = mv2/r = 3,000x83.32 / 500 = 4.16x104N. a) τ = [Link]θθ = 0.4x100x sin20 = 13.7 Nm
b) τ = [Link]θθ = 0.4x100x sin90 = 40 Nm
(41,600 N. That’s why planes have strong wings!)
b) v = 2π r / T, so T = 2π r / v 3.
=2x3.142x500 / 83.3 = 37.7s The see-saw will balance if the opposing “turning
A 180 turn will take half of that = 18.9s. moments” are equal, but in opposite directions.
The heavier adult must sit closer to the pivot until
3. r1.F1 = r2.F2
a) v = 90/3.6 = 25ms-1. 4.
Total grip from 4 tyres = 4,500x4 = 18,000N. Similarity: both motions are circular and can be
Fc=mv2/r, so r=mv2/F = 1,000x252 / 18,000 = 34.72... described by an angular or orbital velocity.
= 35m. Difference: the play equipment rotates because of
b) r = 70m, v = 50ms-1. force applied tangentially at its rim. An object on a
string is accelerated into a curve by a centripetal
Centripetal force needed: F=mv2/R = 1,000x502/70
force pulling it towards the centre of rotation.
= 35,714N
Since the maximum grip of the tyres is only
18,000N, the tyres cannot provide the force needed
Worksheet 6
1.
to turn this corner... car will “spin out”.
FG = GMm/r2 = 6.67x10-11x75x60/0.52
= 1.20x10-6N. (about 1 millionth of a newton)
4.
2.
a) v = ω r so ω = v / r = 16.9 / 1.75 = 9.66 rad.s-1. FG = GMm/r2 = 6.67x10-11x6.75x108x2.48x109/425
b) v = ω r so ω = v / r = 83.3 / 500 = 0.167 rad.s-1. = 2.63x105N.
c) v = ω r so ω = v / r = 25 / 35 = 0.714 rad.s-1. 3.
d = GMm/F
5.
= 6.67x10-11x6.02x1022x5.67x1010/6.88x1010
a) 1,000 RPM = 1000 /60 revs/sec = 16.7 revs/sec.
= 1.82x106m.
means that T = 0.06s.
(Since this equals 1,820km, and the radius of the
b) ω = 2π / T = 2x3.142 / 0.06 = 105 rad.s-1.
Moon is 1,738km, then the comet is just 82km from
c) v = ω r = 105 x 0.8 = 83.8 ms-1.
the surface... DEEP IMPACT about to happen!)
d) ac = ω2 r = 1052 x 0.8 = 8,820 ms-2.
4.
6.
FG = GMm/r2
a) ω = 2π / T = 2x3.142 / 45 = 0.14 rad.s-1.
= 6.67x10-11x6.0x1024x6.02x1022 / (3.84x108)2
b) v = ω r = 0.14 x 30 = 4.19 ms-1.
= 1.63 x 1020 N.
7.
5.
a) v = ω r so ω = v / r
Hopefully, you found out some stuff about Henry
If v is constant, but r decreases, then ω must Cavendish. Note that he actually measured the
increase.
density (and from that the mass) of Earth. He could
have determined “G”, but no-one did the calculation
b) The tension in the rope is equal to centripetal
for about 100 years. His measurements were
force. Fc = m ω2 r
amazingly accurate (for 1898). His value for “G”, if
he’d calculated it, were out by only 1%.
Assume mass is constant. As the rope shortens, r
decreases, but ω increases. Since F is proportional
“Strange”? He was painfully shy, possibly due to
to r and the square of ω, the force must increase.
autistism or Asperger’s syndrome. He could not
even speak to women & never married. Undoubtably
one of the most brilliant scientists of all time. Also
incredibly rich!

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Worksheet 7 Worksheet 11
a) 3.70 b) 0.38 1.
c) 6.06x106 d) 8.91 a) T=1.74 hours = 1.74x60x60= 6,264s
e) 5.27x1026 f) 1.06 r= 1,000 km (=106m) + 6.37x106 = 7.37x106m
g) 1.18x106 h) 0.063 πr/T
v = 2π
= 2xπx7.37x106/6,264
= 7,393 = 7.39x103ms-1.
Worksheet 8 b) Fc= mv2/r = 600x(7.39x103)2/7.37x106
1. = 4.45x103N.
a) i) 575kg ii) 575kg iii) 575kg.
b) i) F=mg = 575x9.81 = 5,641 = 5.64x103N. 2.
ii) F=mg = 575x1.6 = 920 = 9.2x102N. a) Fc= mv2/r, so r = mv2/F
iii) F=mg = 575x25.8 = 14,835 = 1.48x104N. = 1,500x(6.13x103)2/5.32x103
r = 1.06x107m.
2. b) Altitude = 1.06x107 - 6.37x106 = 4.23x106m
a) On Mars; F=mg, so m=F/g = 250/2.8 = 65.8kg (4,230km)
On Earth; F=mg = 65.8x9.81 = 645 = 6.5x102N. c) v = 2πr / T, so T = 2πr/v
b) On Neptune; F=mg = 65.8x10.4= 684 = 6.8x102N. = 2xπx1.06x107/6.13x103
c) On Moon; F=mg = 65.8x1.6 = 105 = 1.1x102N. = 1.09x104s. (3.02 hours)
3.
3. R = 350km + 6.37x106m = 6.72x106m
a) T= 1.52 hrs = 1.52x60x60 = 5.47x103s.
On Neptune; F=83.0 =mg, so m= 83.0/10.4 = 7.98kg. a) v = 2πr / T = 2xπx6.72x106 / 5.47x103
b) On Earth; F=mg = 7.98x9.81 = 78.3N. = 7.72x103ms-1.
c) F=206=mg, so g=206/7.98 = 25.8ms-2. b) Fc= mv /r, so m = F.r/v2
2

matches Jupiter = 2,195x6.72x106 / (7.72x103)2

= 247kg.
Worksheet 9
p) 4.25 x 103 q) 4.25
r) 1.04 x 104 s) 10.4 Worksheet 12
t) 3.48 x 104 u) 34.8 1.
v) 1.21 x 103 w) 1.21 a) If r=150 and T=1, then r3 / T2 = 1503 / 12
= 3.38 x 106
b) According to Kepler’s Law of Periods, all objects
Worksheet 10 in orbit around the Sun will have the same value for
a) velocity b) curvature r3 / T2.
c) satellite d) in orbit 2.
e) accelerated f) g-forces r3 / T2 = 3.38 X 106
g) weight h) velocity r3 = 3.38x106 x 11.82
i) g-forces j) rockets r = 777 million km
k) liquid l) east 3.
m) rotation n) 3rd r3 / T2 = 3.38 X 106
o) conserved p) forward T2 = r3 / 3.38x106
q) rocket r) decreases T = 2283 / 3.38x106 = 1.87 years
s) increases t) g-forces 4.
u) low-Earth v) 200-1,000 T2 = r3 / 3.38x106
w) quickly/fast x) photos & surveys T = 583 / 3.38x106 = 0.24 years= 88 days
y) geo-stationary z) equator 5.
aa) period ab) angular r3 / T2 = 3.38 X 106
ac) same position ad) communication r3 = 3.38x106 x 2482
r = 5,920 million km

6.
a) The AU is the average radius of the Earth’s orbit,
= 150 million km.
b) Using AU and years, r3 / T2 = 13 / 12 = 1

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®
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Worksheet 14
Worksheet 13 4.
1. b) Orbital speed or velocity is the rate of movement
-9 x 1010 -6 x 106 -2 x 106 -5 x 105 -8 x 104 of an object in circular motion, measured in ms-1, or
2. other distance/time units.
a) Ek + U = -GMm / 2r Angular velocity is the rate of change of position in
= -(6.67x10-11x6.0x1024x5000 / 2x5x107 the orbit as seen from the centre of the circle,
= - 2.0 x 1010 J measured as angular displacement / time.
b) Ek + U = -GMm / 2r 5.
= -(6.67x10-11x6.0x1024x5000 / 2x2x107) None at all, because centripetal force always acts at
= - 5.0 x 1010 J right angles to the displacement vector which is
Energy change = -5.0x1010 -(-2.0x1010) = -3.0x1010 J tangential.
6.
c) Moving to a lower orbit, it has gained some Ek Torque is a measure of the “turning effect” of a
(faster), but lost GPE (lower). Overall it has lost force applied which causes an object to rotate. It
30,000 MJ of energy. may result in circular motion, but is not the result of
centripetal force acting on a moving body.
3. 7.
a) v2 = GM/r = 6.67x10-11x6.0x1024 / 5x107 a) doubles the force.
v = 2.83 x103 ms-1. b) decreases the force to 1/16.
b) Ek = 1/2 mv2 = 0.5x5000x(2.83x103)2 c) increases the force 100 times.
= 2.0x1010 J 8.
c) Ek = GMm/2r = 6.67x10-11x6.0x1024x5000 / 2x5x107 a) He imagined a cannon firing horizontally at
= 2.0x1010 J increasing velocities. An orbit will occur when the
They agree. Gotta love it when things work! downward curve of the projectile matches the
4. curvature of the Earth’s surface. The cannon ball
Ek + U = -GMm / 2r will continue to fall down, but can never reach the
= -(6.67x10-11x6x1024x3x1015 / 2x6.371x106) surface. (in absence of air resistance)
= - 9.42 x 1022 J THAT’S BIG b) If fired fast enough, the cannon ball can escape
You may argue that the Maths does not apply since this object was not in
completely from Earth’s gravity. The velocity
orbit. Using the KISS Principle, we argue that it was an orbit, but that it
went a bit wrong. required is “escape velocity”.
9.
Worksheet 14 Only rockets have the power to reach orbital speeds
1. and work without oxygen from the air and can avoid
A projectile is a moving object which is acted upon high g-forces which could kill passengers.
by only 1 force... gravity. Its vertical motion is 10.
constant acceleration (at g), while horizontal motion Low-Earth orbits are close enough for detailed
is constant velocity. Projectiles follow a parabolic photographic surveys (and other studies) which
path and achieve max. range when launched at 45o. eventually can cover the entire surface of the Earth.
2. Geostationary orbits are much further out, but
• resolve the launch velocity into horizontal & always appear to sit in the same position in the sky.
vertical components. This is ideal for communication satellites.
• use the vertical motion to find time of flight. 11.
• use horizontal motion to find displacement in that a) Kepler found that r3 / T2 has a constant value for
time. all the planets of the Solar System.
3. b) Fc = FG or mv2 = GMm
r r2
For a circle of radius r, the circumference is 2π r.
Simplifying gives: 2
v = GM but v = 2π πr
Time taken for one revolution is “T”.
r T
Speed = distance / time, so the speed during one
revolution is v = 2π r / T. So, π2r2 = GM
4π
4. T2 r
a) Centripetal force is the force which pulls a re-arranging: r3 = GM = constant
moving object into circular motion. It act towards T2 4ππ2
the centre of the circle. 12.
“Centrifugal force” is a “pseudo-force” which a) GPE is the work done to move an object from
seems to push things in circular motion towards the infinity to a point within the gravitational field.
outside of the curve. However, this is only a b) GPE must always be a negative quantity.
perception of the observer who is in circular motion.
When analysed from a non-accelerating “frame of
reference” this force does not exist.

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