ELECTROSTATICS

Properties of charge

Coulomb’s law
(a)

Electric field

Electric dipole
Derive an expression for potential energy of an electric dipole p in an external uniform electric field
⃗
E . When is the potential energy of the dipole (1) maximum, and (2) minimum?
An electric dipole consists of point charges 1·0 pC and + 1·0 pC located at (0, 0) and (3 mm, 4 mm)
respectively in x y plane. An electric field ⃗E = 1000 V/m i^ is switched on in the region. Find the
torque acting on the dipole
An electric dipole (dipole moment ⃗p = pi^ ), consisting of charges -q and q, separated by distance
2a, is placed along the x-axis, with its centre at the origin. Show that the potential V, due to this
dipole, at a point x, (x>>>a) is equal to (1/40)⃗p i^ /x2
Obtain an expression for the electric potential due to a small dipole of dipole moment ⃗p , at a
point r⃗ from its centre, for much larger distances compared to the size of the dipole.
Show that the electric field for same charge density ( ) is twice in case of a conducting plate or
surface than in a nonconducting sheet.
The dipole moment of a molecule is 10-30 Cm. It is placed in an electric field ⃗ E of 105 V / m such that
its axis is along the electric field. The direction of ⃗
E is suddenly changed by 60° at an instant. Find
the change in the potential energy of the dipole, at that instant.

Gauss Theorem
State Gauss’s Law in electrostatics. Apply this theorem to obtain the electric field ⃗
E at a point near
a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.
Two long straight wires 1 and 2 are kept as
shown in the figure. The linear charge
density of the two wires are 1 = 10 C/m
and 2 = -20 C/m. Find the net force ⃗F
experienced by an electron held at point P.

A charge + Q is placed on a thin conducting spherical shell of rad an expression for the electric field
at a point lying (i) inside and (ii) outside the shell.
Using Gauss's law, show that the electric field ⃗ E at a point due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet is given by ⃗ E = (/20) n^ , n 200 where symbols have their usual meanings.
Electric field ⃗
E in a region is given by ⃗ E = (5x2
+2)i^ , where E is in N/C and x is in meters. A
cube of side 10cm is placed in the as shown in
figure. Calculate (i) The electric flux through
the cube (ii) Net charge enclosed by the cube

A thin spherical shell of radius R has a uniform surface charge density . Using Gauss' law, deduce
an expression for electric field (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell.
Two long straight thin wires AB and CD have linear charge densities 10 C / m and -20 C / m
 respectively. They are kept parallel to each other at a distance 1 m. Find magnitude and direction
of the net electric field at a point midway between them.

Electric Potential
A charge of 6 C is given to a hollow metallic sphere of radius 0.2 m. Find the potential at (i) the
surface and (ii) the centre of the sphere.
Draw equipotential surfaces for an electric dipole.

Electric Potential Energy

Three point charges q, 2q and nq are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. If the
potential energy of the system is zero, find the value of n
Two point charges q1 and q2 are located at ⃗r 1 and ⃗
r 2respectively in an external electric field ⃗
E
Obtain an expression for the potential energy of the system

Capacitor

Parallel Plate Capacitor

Obtain the expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric medium
between its plates.
A dielectric slab of dielectric constant 'K' and thickness 't' is inserted between plates of a parallel
plate capacitor of plate separation d and plate area A. Obtain an expression for its capacitance.

Energy stored in a charged capacitor

Two capacitors of different capacitances are connected first (1) in series and then (2) in parallel
across a de source of 100 V. If the total energy stored in the combination in the two cases are 40
mJ and 250 mJ respectively, find the capacitance of the capacitors.

Combination of capacitors

Effect of dielectric

REDISTRIBUTION LOF CHARGE

Two isolated metallic spheres S1 and S2 of radii 1 cm and 3 cm respectively are charged such that
both have the same charge density (2X10-9/) C/m2 . They are placed far away from each other and
connected by a thin wire. Calculate the new charge on sphere S1.
 Electric Current
Basics of electric current

Drift Velocity

Ohm’s Law
(a)

Resistance

Resistivity

Heating Effect

Cells

Combination of cells

Kirchoff’s law

Wheatstone’s bridge

Meter Bridge
 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENTT
BIOT SAVART’ LAW

STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

CIRCULAR CONDUCTOR
In a hydrogen atom, the electron moves in an orbit of radius 2 Å making 8x 1014 revolutions per
second. Find the magnetic moment associated with the orbital motion of the electron.
An electron is revolving around a proton in an orbit of radius r with a speed v. Obtain expression
for magnetic moment associated with the electron.

AMPERE CIRCUTAL LAW

LORENTZ FORCE

FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS

A long, straight horizontal wire X’X is held
stationary and carries a current of 3.0 A. A
square loop MNPS of side 10 cm, carrying a
current of 1.0 A is kept near the wire X’X as
shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net magnetic force acting on
the loop due to the wire

MOTION OF CHARGE PARTICLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD

 A particle of mass m and charge q is moving
with a velocity ⃗v in a magnetic field ⃗
B as
shown in the figure. Show that it follows a
helical path. Hence, obtain its frequency of
revolution.

TORQUE ON A CURRENT CARRYING COIL IN MAGNETIC FIELD

GALVANOMTER
What is current sensitivity of a galvanometer? Show how the current sensitivity of a galvanometer
may be increased. Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase
its voltage sensitivity.” Explain
What is meant by current sensitivity of a galvanometer? Mention the factors on which it depends.

CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER
A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance 15 and takes 20 mA to produce full scale deflection.
How can this galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 to 100 V?
A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter of range (0- V) by using a resistance R.
Find the resistance, in terms of R and G, required to convert it into a voltmeter of range ( 0-V/2)

MAGNETISM
PROPERTIES OF MAGNET

DIA MAGNET

PARA MAGNET

FERROMAGNET
 ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION
MAGNETIC FLUX

FARADAY’S LAW
The magnetic flux through a coil of resistance 5 increases with time as :  = (2t3+5t2+6t)mWb. Find
the magnitude of induced current through the coil at t = 2 s.
State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and mention the utility of Lenz’s law

LENZ LAW

MOTIONAL EMF

SELF INDUCTION
Obtain an expression for self-inductance of a coil in terms of its geometry and permeability of the
medium.

MUTUAL INDUCTION
Two coplanar and concentric circular loops L1 and L2 are placed coaxially with their centres
coinciding. The radii of L1 and L2 are 1 cm and 100 cm respectively. Calculate the mutual inductance
of the loops. (Take 2 = 10)
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

AC GENERATOR
A rectangular coil of N turns and area of cross-section A is rotated at a steady angular speed in a
uniform magnetic field. Obtain an expression for the emf induced in the coil at any instant of time.
With the help of a diagram, briefly explain the construction and working of ac generator.
With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the working of an ac generator. Obtain the expression
for the emf induced at an instant ‘t’.
ALTERNATING CURRENT
BASIC

(a)

ONLY L

When does an inductor act as a conductor in a circuit? Give reason for it.

ONLY C

LR
An electric lamp is designed to operate at 110 V dc and 11 A current. If the lamp is operated on 220
V, 50 Hz ac source with a coil in series, then find the inductance of the coil.

CR
A resistor and a capacitor are connected in series to an ac source v = vm sin t. Derive an
expression for the impedance of the circuit.

LCR
Mention the factors on which the resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit depends. Plot a graph
showing variation of impedance of a series LCR circuit with the frequency of the applied a.c.
source.
You are given three circuit elements X, Y and Z. They are connected one by one across a given ac
source. It is found that V and I are in phase for element X. V leads I by (/4) for element Y while I
leads V by (/4) for element Z. Identify elements X, Y and Z. Establish the expression for impedance
of circuit when elements X, Y and Z are connected in series to an ac source. Show the variation of
current in the circuit with the frequency of the applied ac source.
In a series LCR circuit, obtain the conditions under which (i) impedance is minimum and (ii) wattless
current flows in the circuit.
 A resistance of 20 W, a capacitance of 80 F and an inductor of 50 mH are connected in series. This
combination is connected across a 220 V ac supply of variable frequency. When the frequency of
supply equals the natural frequency of the circuit, calculate : (1) angular frequency of supply (2)
impedance of the circuit

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS

SERIES RESONANCE

TRANSFORMER
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer and describe its working principle. Explain any
three causes for energy losses in a real transformer. (ii) A step-up transformer converts a low
voltage into high voltage. Does it violate the principle of conservation of energy? Explain. (iii) A
step-up transformer has 200 and 3000 turns in its primary and secondary coils respectively. The
input voltage given to the primary coil is 90 V. Calculate : (1) The output voltage across the
secondary coil (2) The current in the primary coil if the current in the secondary coil is 2·0 A.
With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the working of a step-up transformer. Write two
causes of energy loss in a real transformer.
Describe the construction and working of a transformer and hence obtain the relation for Vs/Vp in
terms of number of turns of primary and secondary.
(ii) Discuss four main causes of energy loss in a real transformer.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

GAMMA RAYS

X RAYS
UV RAYS

LIGHT RAYS

INFRA RED RAYS

MICROWAVES

RADIOWAVES

RAY OPTICS
REFLECTION
Draw a ray diagram for the formation of the image of an object by a convex mirror. Hence, obtain
the mirror equation.
An object is placed between the pole and the focus of a concave mirror. Using mirror formula,
prove mathematically that it produces a virtual and an enlarged image.

REFRACTION BASIC

REFRACTION THROUGH PLANE SURFACE

In the figure, a ray of light is incident on a
transparent liquid contained in a thin glass
box at an angle of 450 with its one face. The
emergent ray passes along the face AB. Find
the refractive index of the liquid.

REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL SURFACE

LENS MAKER FORMULA

LENS FORMULA
COMBINATION OF LENS
The figure below shows an equiconvex lens (of
refractive index 1.50) in contact with a liquid
layer on top of a plane mirror. A small needle
with its tip on the principal axis is moved along
the axis until its inverted image is found at the
position of the needle. The distance of the
needle from the lens is measured to be 45.0 cm.
When the liquid is removed and the experiment
is repeated, the new distance is 30.0 cm. Find
the refractive index of the liquid.

REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM

(i) A ray of light passes through a triangular prism. Show graphically, how the angle of deviation
varies with the angle of incidence? Hence define the angle of minimum deviation. (ii) A ray of light
is incident normally on a refracting face of a prism of prism angle A and suffers a deviation of angle
 . Prove that the refractive index n of the material of the prism is given by  =sin (A+)/ sin A.
(iii)he refractive index of the material of a prism is 2 . If the refracting angle of the prism is 600 ,
find the (1) Angle of minimum deviation, and (2) Angle of incidence
Trace the path of a ray of light showing refraction through a triangular prism and hence obtain an
expression for angle of deviation ( ) in terms of A, i and e, where symbols have their usual
meanings. Draw a graph showing the variation of angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
A ray of light is incident at an angle of 45° at one face of an equilateral triangular prism and passes
symmetrically through the prism. Calculate : (1) the angle of deviation produced by the prism (2)
the refractive index of the material of the prism

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
MICROSCOPE
Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope showing image formation at least distance
of distinct vision. Derive an expression for its magnifying power.
Why are multi-component lenses used for both the objective and the eyepiece in optical
instruments?
The magnification of a small object produced by a compound microscope is 200. The focal length of
the eyepiece is 2 cm and the final image is formed at infinity. Find the magnification produced by
the objective.

TELESCOPE
A telescope consists of two lenses of focal length 100 cm and 5 cm. Find the magnifying power
when the final image is formed at infinity.
What are the two main considerations for designing the objective and eyepiece lenses of an
astronomical telescope? Obtain the expression for magnifying power of the telescope when the
final image is formed at infinity
 WAVE OPTICS
HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
(i) State Huygens principle. A plane wave is incident at an angle i on a reflecting surface. Construct
the corresponding reflected wavefront. Using this diagram, prove that the angle of reflection is
equal to the angle of incidence. (ii) What are the coherent sources of light? Can two independent
sodium lamps act like coherent sources? Explain. (iii) A beam of light consisting of a known
wavelength 520 nm and an unknown wavelength , used in Young’s double slit experiment
produces two interference patterns such that the fourth bright fringe of unknown wavelength
coincides with the fifth bright fringe of known wavelength. Find the value of .
(i) Differentiate between a wavefront and a ray.
(ii) State Huygen's principle and verify laws of reflection using suitable diagram.
A plane light wave propagating from a rarer into a denser medium, is incident at an angle i on the
surface separating two media. Using Huygen's principle, draw the refracted wave and hence verify
Snell's law of refraction.

INTERFERNCE
(iii) A beam of light consisting of a known wavelength 520 nm and an unknown wavelength ‘’,
used in Young’s double slit experiment produces two interference patterns such that the fourth
bright fringe of unknown wavelength coincides with the fifth bright fringe of known wavelength.
Find the value of .
Draw an intensity distribution graph in case of a double-slit interference pattern.
In Young s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength ‘’ , the intensity of
light at a point on the screen, where path difference is , is K units. Find the intensity of light at a
point on the screen where the path difference is /6 .
The displacement of two light waves, each of amplitude ‘a’ and frequency  , emanating from two
coherent sources of light, are given by y1 = a cost and y2 = a cos ( t + ),  is the phase difference
between the two waves. These light waves superpose at a point. Obtain the expression for the
resultant intensity at that point.
In Young double slit experiments find the ratio of intensities at two points on a screen when waves
emanating from two slits reaching these points have path differences (i) /6 and (ii) /12 .
In Young's double slit experiment, the slits S₁ and S₂ are 3 mm apart and the screen is placed 1.0 m
away from the slits. It is observed that the fourth bright fringe is at a distance of 5 mm from the
second dark fringe. Find the wavelength of light used.
In a Young's double slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.30 mm and the screen is kept 1.5
m away. The wavelength of light used is 600 nm. Calculate the distance between the central bright
fringe and the 4th dark fringe.

DIFFRACTION
Give any two differences between the interference pattern obtained in Young s double-slit
experiment and a diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
Discuss briefly diffraction of light from a single slit and draw the shape of the diffraction pattern.
Describe a simple activity to observe diffraction pattern due to a single slit.

DUAL NATURE
Photon
Monochromatic light of frequency 5.0 x 1014 Hz is produced by a source of power output 3.315
mW. Calculate : (1) energy of the photon in the beam (2) number of photons emitted per second
by the source

(a)
LAWS OF PHOTO EMISSION
EINSTEIN EXPLANANTION

DE BROGLIE
What are matter waves ? A particle of mass m and charge q is accelerated from rest through a
potential difference V. Obtain an expression for de Broglie wavelength associated with the particle.

ATOM
RUTHERFORD MODEL

BOHR MODEL
State Bohr’s postulates and derive an expression for the energy of electron in n th orbit in Bohr’s
model of hydrogen atom

HYDROGEN SPECTRUM

NUCLEUS
BASIC

NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY

Calculate binding energy per nucleon (in MeV) of 6C12 . Given m(6C12) = 12.000000 u, m(0n1) =
1.008665 u and m(1H1) = 1.007825 u
NULEAR PHENOMENON

SEMI CONDUCTOR
BASIC

PN JUNCTION FORMATION

BIASING OF PN JUNCTION

RECTIFIER