What is a VLAN?
A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is simply a logical LAN, just as its name suggests. VLANs have
similar characteristics with those of physical LANs, only that with VLANs, you can
logically group hosts even if they are physically located on separate LAN segments.
We treat each VLAN as a separate subnet or broadcast domain. For this reason, to move
packets from one VLAN to another, we have to use a router or a layer 3 switch.
VLANs are configured on switches by placing some interfaces into one broadcast domain
and some interfaces into another. For this tutorial, we’ll configure 2 VLANs on a switch.
We’ll then proceed and configure a router to enable communication between the two
VLANs.
1. In Cisco Packet Tracer, create the network topology as shown below:
2. Create 2 VLANs on the switch: VLAN 10 and VLAN 20. You can give them
custom names.
Switch#config terminal
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)#name SALES
Switch(config-vlan)#vlan 20
Switch(config-vlan)#name IT
3. Assign switch ports to the VLANs. Remember each VLAN is viewed as separate
broadcast domain.
And just before you configure, have in mind that switch ports could be either access or trunk.
An access port is assigned to a single VLAN . These ports are configured for switch
ports that connect to devices with a normal network card, for example a PC in a
network.
A trunk port on the other hand is a port that can be connected to another switch or
router. This port can carry traffic of multiple VLANs.
So in our case, we’ll configure switch interfaces fa 0/1 through fa 0/4 as access ports to
connect to our PCs. Here, interfaces fa 0/1 and fa 0/2 are assigned to VLAN 10 while
interfaces fa 0/3 and fa 0/4 are assigned to VLAN 20.
Switch Interface fa0/5 will be configured as trunk port, as it will be used to carry traffic
between the two VLANs via the router.
Switch>enable
Switch#config terminal
Switch(config)#int fa0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#int fa0/2
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#int fa0/3
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Switch(config-if)#int fa0/4
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Worth noting: We could have configured all the above interfaces as access ports
using interface range command as shown below:
Switch(config-if)#int range fa0/1-4
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode access
In the above commands, we have specified an interface range and then proceeded to
configure all the ports specified as access ports.
Interface fa0/5 is configured as trunk and will be used to for inter-VLAN communication.
Switch(config)#int fa 0/5
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
The next thing is to:
4. Assign static IP addresses to the four PCs which are located in the separate VLANs.
PC1 and PC2 fall in VLAN 10 while PC3 and PC4 fall in VLAN 20.
PC1 IP address [Link] Subnet mask [Link] Default gateway192.168.1.1
PC2: IP address [Link] Subnet mask [Link] Default gateway192.168.1.1
PC3: IP address [Link] Subnet mask [Link] Default gateway192.168.2.1
PC4: IP address [Link] Subnet mask [Link] Default gateway192.168.2.1
And now it’s very clear that we treat a VLAN just like a physical LAN when assigning IP
addresses.
At this point let’s try to test connectivity within VLANs and between VLANs
To test communication between hosts in the same VLAN:
Ping PC2 from PC1 both in VLAN 10. Ping test should be successful.
To test connectivity between hosts in different VLANs:
Ping PC3 in VLAN 20 from PC1 in VLAN 10. Ping here will definitely fail. Why?
Because inter-VLAN routing is not yet enabled. Hope you can see how we’ve used VLANs
to place the hosts into two logical networks which can be viewed as separate broadcast
domains.
Now, in order to allow the hosts in the two VLANs to communicate, we need to do
something extra. And you can guess what. We’ll configure the router to permit inter-VLAN
communication. Let’s do that right away.
5. Configure inter-VLAN routing on the router
We’ll configure the router so that it will enable communication between the two vlans via a
single physical interface. How is this made possible? We’ll divide the single physical
interface on the router into logical interfaces (sub interfaces). Each sub-interface will then
serve as a default gateway for each of the VLANs. This scenario is called router on a
stick (R.O.A.S) and will allow the VLANs to communicate through the single physical
interface.
Wort noting: We can’t assign an IP address to the router’s physical interface that we have
subdivided into logical sub-interfaces. We’ll instead assign IP addresses to the sub
interfaces.
Router>enable
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#int fa0/0.10
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 10
Router(config-subif)#ip add [Link] [Link]
Router(config-subif)#
Router(config-subif)#int fa0/0.20
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 20
Router(config-subif)#ip add [Link] [Link]
