SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
ON
PANCHSHEEL APARTMENTS SCHEME
AT
SHAHID PATH NH – 28, KANPUR
STARTING DATE OF TRAINING: 07/06/2018
END DATE OF TRAINING: 06/07/2018
UTKARSH
1735100022
CIVIL ENGINEERING IVth YEAR
2020-2021
REPORT SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. SHIVA KANT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
1
INDEX
SECTION CONTENT
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Project details
Section-1 Introduction
1.1 Types of buildings
1.2 Safety induction
1.3 Site location
1.4 Form work
Section-2 Construction steps of building
2.1 Site clearance
2.2 Surveying and layout
2.3 Excavation
2.4 Foundation
2.5 Concreting
2.6 Wall construction
2.7 Beams & columns construction
2.8 Slab construction
Section-3 Materials& equipment’s
3.1 Materials used at site
3.2 Equipment’s used
Section-4 Quality control
4.1 Quality control in concrete works
4.2 Quality control in reinforcement
2
Section-5 Contribution
5.1 Reinforcement and casting of slab
5.2 Construction of retaining wall
5.3 Construction of shear wall
5.4 Tremix flooring
5.5 Column reinforcement & concreting
LIST OF FIGURE
[Link] FIGURE PAZE NO
01 Safety equipment at construction site 09
02 Site location 11
03 Aluminium formwork at construction 15
04 Flex type formwork 16
05 Soil excavation for retaining wall 19
06 Isolated and Combined footing 21
07 Detailing of raft footing 22
08 Workers at construction site during form work of 23
wall construction
09 A view of short column 24
10 One way and two way slab 25
11 Fine aggregate placing 27
12 Reinforcement arrangement in column 28
13 Steel bars placing in retaining wall 28
14 Admixture container 30
15 Equipment used at construction site 31
16 Ready mix concrete plant 32
17 Reinforcement placing in slab 35
18 A view of slab after casting 36
19 Lift pit serves as shear wall 37
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at P.W. D.
Kanpur.
I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a training letter,
which made my training possible at P.W.D. Kanpur.
I would like express my gratitude to Er. Dileep Kumar who was the AE at the site for his
invaluable suggestion, motivation, and guidance through made me to bring out this project
report without anxiety.
Thanks to all other P.W.D. officials, and all other members of PWD. yet uncounted for their
help in completing the project and see the light of successfully.
I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who rendered their assistance
directly or indirectly to complete this project work successfully.
I extended my due thanks to Er. Dileep Kumar who gave me valuable time and suggestion
and guide me lot at various stages of my summer training.
Training Period: 07/06/2018 to 06/07/2018
Submitted by: Utkarsh
Roll No.:1735100022
Year: IV th year
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PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name: Construction of GPOA building scheme launched by PWD and contract
for the construction of this multistory building is awarded VISHNU SARAN & COMPANY.
Scope: Design and construction of multistory finished houses including basement,
parking based on R.C.C monolithic shear wall concept, using aluminum form work.
■ No. of floor- 9
■ Construction period – 2 years
■ Type of contract – Lump Sum
■ Architect- Arinem Consultancy Limited
■ Estimated project cost – 50 crores
■ Total area of the project: 10000sq. meters
■ Types of foundation: Raft Foundation
■ Concrete mix: M25
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SECTION-1
INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point
of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of
shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown
the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his
pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe
and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires
considered and kept in view.
■ A Peaceful environment.
■ Safety from all natural source & climate conditions
■ General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.
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1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING:
Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as.
1.1.1-Residential Building
1.1.2-Educational Building
1.1.3-Institutional Building
1.1.4-Industrial Building
1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living room, bed
room, kitchen, hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.
1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:
These includes any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction,
education or recreation.
1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:
These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or
care of a person suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building includes
hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.
1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:
These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are
fabricated, assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.
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1.2-SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which
highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be
prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working procedures. It is very
important to discuss issues on safety and health that should be paid attention to on
construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully and take
appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites
will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is important to educate everyone in the
site regarding safety for following purposes.
■ Workers safety
■ Construction progress
■ Standard procedure
■ Legal cases
■ Working efficiency
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
■ ISO 14001-2004
■ OHSAS 18001-2007
Precautions at site for safety-
■ Wear protective equipment.
■ Do not drink or take drugs while working.
■ Pay attention to personal hygiene.
■ Do not play in the workplace.
■ Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.
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1.2.1Equipment used for safety at construction site-
Harnesses
tt
Helmet
Nets
9
[Link] types of accidents and ill health –
■ Construction Site Fall ■Crane Accidents
■ Scaffolding Accidents ■Electrical Accidents
■ Trench Collapses ■Fires and Explosions
■ Welding Accidents ■Cutting Accidents
■ Structure Failure ■Building Collapse
■ Supervisor Negligence ■Punch Press Malfunctions
■ Compressor Accidents ■Exploding Compressor
■ Gas Explosions During Welding ■Run-Over by Operating Equipment
■ Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents
1.3 SITE LOCATION
PANCHSHEEL APARTMENTS SCHEME, SHAHID PATH NH – 28, KANPUR
1.3.1Advantages of this site
■ Land.
■ Store.
■ Parking space.
■ Health unit.
■ Transportation facilities.
10
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1.4-FORM WORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains
sufficient strength to carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it hardens
to required shape & size.
Significance of formwork
A. Formwork constitutes 30% of cost & 60% of time in concrete construction.
B. Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on type
of formwork system.
C. Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.
D. Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to receive
concrete.
E. Accident happen because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.
Safety in using formwork-
A. Components are light in weight for manual holding.
B. Loose or hanging components are minimal.
C. Appropriate use of tools.
D. Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.
Types of formwork-
A. Flex system-
Good company ply is used
12
Components of flex system-
■ H beam primary or secondary.
■ CT prop.
■ Foue way head.
■ Folding tripod.
■ Assembly wedge clamp.
■ Supporting head.
■ Beam forming head.
■ Quick deck system.
B-Aluform system
Panels with aluminium frame and plywood fitted in it.
Used in raft, shear wall and columns.
Components of aluform system.
■ Alufo panel.
■ Framing clamp.
■ Tie rod.
■ Wig nut.
■ Steel waler.
■ CT prop.
■ Foot adopter.
■ Head adopter.
■ Brackets for safet
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C-Aluminium formwork
Aluminium formwork is widely used by Construction Company at site.
Components of aluminium formwork-
■ Kicker.
■ Rocker.
■ Wall panel.
■ Slab corner.
■ External and internal corner.
■ Prop length.
■ Prop head.
■ Stub pin.
■ Wall tie.
Formwork used at construction site.
14
Aluminium
form work
used in
constructio
n
Aluminium panels for
form work
15
Flex type of formwork
Fitting of
aluminium panels
in formwork using
wig nut
16
SECTION-2
CONSTRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS
2.1 Site clearance.
2.2 Surveying and layout.
2.3 Excavation.
2.4 Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel.
2.5 Concreting.
2.6 wall construction.
2. 7 Beam and Columns.
2.8 Finishing and whitewashing.
2.1 SITE CLEARANCE
A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground.
These conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There are also
convenants that are legally binding regulations. These may be setting height of building,
prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop network towers etc.
Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house
location a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a certificate of
occupancy is also required for some loaning and legal processes.
2.2 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT
Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level of
surface. It is also used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.
Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments.
A. Total station
B. Auto level
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A-Total Station- A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern
surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit)
integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point. By this instrument we can measure Angle, Distance,
Coordinate and also Data Processing.
Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using
total station over the conventional surveying instruments
1. Field work is carried out very fast.
2. Accuracy of measurement is high.
3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even
corrections for temperature and pressure are automatically made.
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and
cross- sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
B-Auto level- It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the
elevations of various points.
Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the level of
ground to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all marking was
made to fix the level of particular elevations then casting of slab was performed.
Transferring of surface level to retaining wall
1. Set the auto level at the building floor level.
2. Level the instrument.
3. Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.
4. Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in
such a way so that reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.
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2. [Link]
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated soil
was transferred using dumpers.
Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.
1) There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.
2) Dewatering should be done before construction work.
3) During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.
Excavation of soil for construction of retaining wall
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2. 4. FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall.
Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer
the loads safely in the ground.
Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided
■ Isolated Footing-
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either
square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most
widely used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce
the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are
used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced. An isolated
footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of
the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings may
be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated
footing.
■ Combined footing-
Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be
permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the
footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load to the
supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a common footing to
the edge column and to an interior column close to it.
Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced, heavily
loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided, would be either
very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called “combined footing”.
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A view of Isolated and Combined footings at construction site
ISOLATED FOOTINGS COMBINED FOOTINGS
■ Raft footing or Mat footing-
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used when
very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low
and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement.
There are several types of raft foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat
slab and the slab-beam types.
Raft footings are provided in following cases-
■ When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control buoyancy.
■ When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.
■ When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.
■ Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it serves
as footing as well as floor.
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Detailin
g of raft
footing
CONCRETING
After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done .
During concreting following equipment’s are used-
■ Concrete mixer.
■ Mounted concrete pump.
■ Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).
During concreting work following instructions should be followed-
■ There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.
■ There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.
■ There should be proper curing of concrete construction.
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2.6 WALL CONSTRUCTION
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half
brick walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a
high rise building. All the walls were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a
shear wall and provide horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection .
Workers at site during forming work for RCC wall construction
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2.7 BEAMS AND COLUMNS
In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper
reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending moments.
In such type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum eccentricity.
In square or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars must
be used and spacing should not be more than as per code IS 456:2000.
Fixed type beam
constructed at site
with positive as
well as negative
reinforcement
A view of
short column
at site
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2.8 SLAB
Slabs are of following types-
■ One way slab-
In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect ratio
should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided
only in shorter direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.
■ Two way slab-
In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect
ratio should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter
and longer directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided.
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SECTION-3
MATERIALS
MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE
At the construction site following materials were being used
Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste
first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called
hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the
aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability &
water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. The grades
of cement are as-
■ 33 Grades
■ 43 Grades
■ 53 Grades
■ At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.
■ The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)
■ The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
Aggregate-
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.
Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much
and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in
construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard
materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as
cement.
26
Types of aggregates:
■ Fine Aggregate
■ Coarse Aggregate
■ Fine aggregate (sand)-
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75
micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.
FINE AGGREGATE PLACED NEAR RMC PLANT
Function of fine aggregate-
1. To fill up the voids existing in the coarse aggregate and
2. To obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and increase
the workability of the concrete mix.
■ Coarse aggregate-
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve
is known as coarse aggregates.
27
.
■ At construction site aggregate used are as follows
Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.
Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix
design). Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.
Reinforcement
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength
is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment,
torsion and compression.
8 mm dia lateral ties 20mm dia longitudional bars
STEEL BARS IN RETAINING WALL STEEL BARS PLACED AT SITE
28
Function of reinforcement-
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in
compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the
concrete members. At the site contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T.
(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm as
per requirement of design.
At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.)
reinforcement bars were being used.
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter
bars. The bars were of brand TATA TISCON.
■ The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal
expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value .
Fly ash-
At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by burning
of coal in thermal power plants.
The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as
follows-
It is free of cost.
It’s consumption reduces environmental pollution.
It has a fair quality of bonding properties.
Admixtures-
Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce water
content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete.
At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711 (MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture was being
used to increase workability and to reduce quantity of water in concrete mix.
29
Types of admixtures-
■ Accelerators
■ Retarders
■ Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers
■ Air entraining agents
■ Bonding admixtures
■
ADMIXTURES
Other materials-
■ Stone dust
■ Plywood
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3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED
1. Concrete pump.
2. Rotary mixer for transporting R.M.C.
3. Crane.
4. Boom pump (used in construction of
retaining wall where transportation of
R.M.C. was very difficult because of
excavation work)
5. Ready Mix Concrete plant.
IMAGES OF EQUIPMENTS USED-
Crane Rotary
Mixer
Concreate pump
31
Ready mix concreate plant
32
SECTION-4
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service
comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the
quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and
analyses the differences between the results obtained and the desired results in order
to make decisions which will correct any differences.
Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure
the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products
materials, but also the execution and completion of the works.
■ Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials,
poor design, poor detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement, improper
concrete mix, excess water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate
curing, inadequate cover, poor construction practices, poor supervision and above all
lack of technical knowledge.
QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS
Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction
works, so it is necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site .
Following points should be kept in mind while concreting.
■ There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void
reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.
■ There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7to10days
because it helps in gaining the strength.
■ Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab.
■ There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial
setting time etc.
■ There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.
33
Quality control works in concreting at site
■ Needle vibrator was being used for compaction.
■ RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.
■ A lab was established for testing.
At site a concrete mix design was being followed for exact
proportioning which is as follows-
Material For 1 cumec of concrete
Water 181 liters
Cement OPC 43 grade ( Make ULTRATECH) 280 Kg
Fly ash 140 Kg
Sand 570 Kg
Stone dust 190 Kg
12.5 mm aggregates 721 Kg
20 m aggregates 307 Kg
Chemical Admixture 3000 Kg
Hyperplast PC-711 Make don chemical
QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFOREMENT
■ The reinforcement should be provided at designed spacing.
■ Steel bars of designed grade should be used.
■ Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them from corrosion.
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SECTION -5
CONTRIBUTION
REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT AND CASTING OF SLAB
At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic
construction of concrete slab with beam.
Reinforcement in the slab with alternate bent up bars provided at supports in order
to provide negative reinforcement at support in two way slab.
REINFORCEMENT IN THE SLAB AT SITE
35
A VIEW OF SLAB AFTER CASTING
In concreting, concrete pump, needle vibrator etc. were used.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF REAINING WALL
■ In the retaining wall two sided reinforcement was provided with 16mm steel bars
with 200mm c/c spacing.
■ The retaining wall was constructed without shear key.
36
A VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT IN RETAINING WALL AFTER CONSTRUCTION
RETAINING WALL
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHEAR WALL
At the site all the walls were provided with two sided reinforcement and constructed by
concrete which may work as shear wall during earthquake or wind blow. In general
buildings lift pit acts as shear wall and reduces horizontal deflection of building during
horizontal loading.
LIFT PIT SERVES AS SHEAR WALL A VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT IN RCC WALL
37
TREMIX FLOORING
Tremix flooring is a special type of flooring mostly being done in the industrial sector.
It provides better wearing and tearing properties.
Since the building was also designed for underground parking facility so tremix flooring
was done for this purpose. In this process any type of reinforcement was not provided,
only concreting was done by M35 concrete with required slope.
All Mason tools and tackles required to available at site.
Some special tools required for tremix flooring are as follows-
1. Vacuum de-watering Pump. 3. Floater machine.
2. Tremix skin. 4. Double beam screed vibrator.
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