VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELGAUM-590018.

2019-2020
An
INTERNSHIP REPORT

on

“ ANUBAV PROGRAM AND CIVIL REFRESHMENT COURSE

IN L&T MYSORE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
SRINIVAS G
[4MN17CV043]
Internship carried
out at
Larsen and Toubro Limited
GUIDE CO- GUIDE
Ms. SHOBHA N Mr. DILEEP SRINIVAS
HEAD OF CTEA Senior Engineer
L & T Limited L & T Limited
MYSORE MYSORE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
THANDAVAPURA
Nanjangud Taluk, Mysuru – 571302
 Maharaja Education Trust ®
MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
THANDAVAPURA
NanjangudTaluk, Mysuru - 571302

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the internship report entitled “ANUBAV PROGRAM AND CIVIL
REFRESHMENT COURSE IN L&T MYSORE” carried out by
SRINIVAS G [4MN17CV034] a bonafied student of Maharaja Institute of Technology
Thandavapura in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL
ENGINEERING of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year
2020-2021.It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the Departmental
library. The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of internship work prescribed for the said degree.

Signature of guide Signature of Co- Guide

Mr. Gireesha gowda Mr. Mudunuri Sai Sriram
Asst. Construction manager Senior Engineer
L &T Limited L & T Limited
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am thankful to Ms. SHOBHA N– CTEA, L & T Limited Mysore, , for giving

us an opportunity to work in their organisation and for being kind and for their
cooperation and encouragement.

I am thankful to the Management and Principal Dr. Y T Krishnegowda, MIT,

Thandavapura, for the encouragement extended to pursue this Internship work.

I pay my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. B C Nagendra Prasad, Head of the

Department of Civil Engineering for encouraging and providing me with motivation,
confidence and support required for completing this Internship Training work.

I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Gireesha Gowda, Assistant
Construction manager, L & T Limited for his daily guidance. He has been my mentor
throughout the program duration and constantly helped me to understand the key concepts
without any hesitation.

It gives me an immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude to Mr. DILEEP

SRINIVAS, Senior Engineer, L & T Limited for this constant and valuable guidance
duringthe Internship Training work.

It is my pleasure to acknowledge all the staff members, non-teaching staff members and
my friends who helped directly and indirectly in completion of my Internship Training
work successfully.

I would also like to thank my parents for guidance and their kind co-operation.

Regards,
SRINIVAS G
4MN17CV034
 DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I SRINIVAS G bearing USN: 4MN17CV034, a student of final year Bachelor of

Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of Technology,
Thandavapura, hereby declare that the internship work entitled “ANUBAV PROGRAM
AND CIVIL REFRESHMENT COURSE IN L&T MYSORE”
has been independently carried out by me under the supervision of my External guide
Mr. DILEEP SRINIVAS, CTEA, L & T Limited and submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering Branch of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2020-2021.

I further declare that this internship report has not been submitted by me to any other
University or Institution either in part or in full for the award of any degree.

SRINIVAS G
4MN17CV034
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements List of Contents................................................................................................
List of Figures..........................................................................................................
1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................
1.1 General........................................................................................................
2 REVIEWS........................................................................................................

2.1 Company overview.....................................................................................

2.2 College review............................................................................................
3 CALCULATION OF BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR LIFT.......................

3.1 Quantity Calculation...................................................................................

3.1.1 Earth work Excavation.........................................................................
3.1.2 PCC for footing....................................................................................
3.1.3 M25 Concrete for footing.....................................................................
3.1.4 M25 for Columns and RC wall.............................................................
3.1.5 Site grading & levelling.......................................................................
3.1.6 Back filling of soil (Cubic meter)........................................................
3.1.7 M25 for Plinth.......................................................................................
3.1.8 M25 for beam and slab..........................................................................
3.1.9 steel Quantity........................................................................................
3.1.10 Shuttering...........................................................................................
3.1.11 Plastering work...................................................................................
3.1.12 Block work........................................................................................
3.1.13 Plastering work...................................................................................
3.1.14 Painting work.....................................................................................
3.1.15 Existing wall to be demolished..........................................................
3.1.16 Plastering............................................................................................
3.1.17 Painting...............................................................................................
3.2 bill Of Quatity for Lift................................................................................
3.3 Bar Bending Schedule................................................................................
4 CALCULATION OF BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR CANTEEN
28
4.1 Quantity Calculation...................................................................................
4.1.1 RCC Quantity.......................................................................................
4.1.2 PCC Quantity.......................................................................................

Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of Technology,Thandavapura I

 4.1.3 Anchored bar quantity....................................................................................................28
4.1.4 Steel quantity..................................................................................................................28
4.1.5 Base plate quantity above the pedestal..........................................................................28
4.1.6 column steel...................................................................................................................28
4.1.7 column stiffener plate....................................................................................................29
4.1.8 Beam base steel..............................................................................................................29
4.1.9 Beam steel......................................................................................................................29
4.1.10 Beam stiffener plate....................................................................................................30
4.1.11 Puff Panel roof.............................................................................................................30
4.2 Bill Of Quatity for Canteen..................................................................................................30
5 READY MIXED CONCRETE................................................................................................ 31
5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................31
5.2 Material required for Ready Mix Concrete..........................................................................32
5.2.1 Admixture......................................................................................................................32
5.2.2 Aggregate.......................................................................................................................32
5.3 Types of Ready Mixed Concrete..........................................................................................32
5.3.1 Transit mixed concrete...................................................................................................33
5.3.2 Shrink mixed concrete...................................................................................................34
5.3.3 Central-mixed concrete..................................................................................................34
5.4 Uses of Ready Mixed Concrete............................................................................................35
5.5 Advantages of Ready Mixed Concrete.................................................................................35
5.6 Disadvantages of Ready Mixed Concrete.............................................................................35
6 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT..........................................................................................36
6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................36
6.2 Importance of Sewage treatment plant.................................................................................37
6.3 Major components of wastewater treatment plant include...................................................37
6.3.1 Panel room.....................................................................................................................37
6.3.2 Bar screen.......................................................................................................................38
6.3.3 Grit chamber..................................................................................................................38
6.3.4 Aeration tank..................................................................................................................39
6.3.5 Sedimentation tank.........................................................................................................39
6.3.6 Clarified water sump......................................................................................................40
6.3.7 Sludge holding tank.......................................................................................................40
6.3.8 Carbon sand filter...........................................................................................................40
6.3.9 Polishing Pond...............................................................................................................41
7 BIFURCATION WORKS AND OTHER EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT WORKS AT L&T....42

Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of IV

Technology,Thandavapura
 7.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................42
7.2 Major scope of the project....................................................................................................42
7.2.1 Images of Bifurcation Work..........................................................................................43
7.2 Project scheduling.................................................................................................................45
CONCLUSION:............................................................................................................................46
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................47
 LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Numeration details at base raft level(passenger lift)............................................................23
3.2 Section 1-1 RC details..........................................................................................................24
3.3 Section 2-2 Numeration details............................................................................................24
3.4 Section 1-1 Numeration details............................................................................................24
5.1 RMC Plant............................................................................................................................31
5.2 Material required for ready mix concrete.............................................................................32
5.3 Transit mixer.........................................................................................................................33
5.4 Shrink mixer.........................................................................................................................34
5.5 Central-mixer........................................................................................................................34
6.1 Sewage treatment plant.........................................................................................................36
6.2 Panel room............................................................................................................................37
6.3 Bar screen.............................................................................................................................38
6.4 Grit chamber.........................................................................................................................38
6.5 Aeration tank........................................................................................................................39
6.6 Sedimentation tank...............................................................................................................39
6.7 Sampling point......................................................................................................................40
6.8 Mixing tank...........................................................................................................................40
6.9 Carbon sand filter.................................................................................................................41
6.10 Polishing pond....................................................................................................................41
7.1 Staircase & Lift for Canteen.................................................................................................43
7.2 Compound Wall at 40 Acre..................................................................................................43
7.3 UG Sump at 40 Acre............................................................................................................43
7.4 Road Work............................................................................................................................44
7.5 Fire fighting works at 40 acre...............................................................................................44
7.6 Electrical and Plumbing Works............................................................................................44
7.7 STP and UG Sump at 40 Acre..............................................................................................44

Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of IV

Technology,Thandavapura
 INTERNSHIP REPORT
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION The internship
program is designed to
1.1 GENERAL
provide students
engaged in a field
experience with an
opportunity to share
their insights, to
explore the links
between student’s
academic preparation
and their field work,
and to assist
participants in
developing and
carrying out the major
research project which
will serve to culminate
their internship
experience.

An internship is a period
of work experience
offered by an
organization for a limited
period of time. Once
confined to medical
graduates, the term is
now used for a wide
range of placements in
businesses, non-profit
organizations and
government agencies.
They are typically
undertaken by students
and graduates looking to

[Type text] Page 1

 INTERNSHIP REPORT
gain relevant skills and
experience in a particular
field. Employers benefit
from these placements
because they often recruit
employees from their best
interns, who have known
capabilities, thus saving
time and money in the
long run.

Typically, an
internship consists of an
exchange of services for
experience between the
intern and the organization.
Internships are used to
determine if the intern still
has an interest in that field
after the real-life
experience. In addition, an
internship can be used to
create a professional
network that can assist
with letters of
recommendation or lead to
future employment
opportunities . The benefit
of bringing an intern into
full-time employment is
that they are already
familiar with the company,
their position, and they
typically need little to no
training.

[Type text] Page 2

 CHAPTER-2
REVIEWS
2.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

Larsen & Toubro

Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T Limited is an Indian multinational
conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by two Danish
engineers taking refuge in India. The company has business interests in basic and heavy engineering,
construction, realty, manufacturing of capital goods, information technology, and financial services.

Overview
 Larsen & Toubro is a major technology, engineering, construction, manufacturing and
financial services conglomerate, with global operations. L&T addresses critical needs in key sectors
- Hydrocarbon, Infrastructure, Power, Process Industries and Defense - for customers in over 30
countries around the world.
 L&T is engaged in core, high impact sectors of the economy and our integrated capabilities
span the entire spectrum of ‘design to deliver’. With 8 decades of a strong, customer focused
approach and a continuous quest for world-class quality, we have unmatched expertise across
Technology, Engineering, Construction, Infrastructure Projects and Manufacturing, and maintain a
leadership in all our major lines of business.
 Every aspect of L&T's businesses is characterized by professionalism and highstandards of
corporate governance. Sustainability is embedded into our long-term strategy for growth.
 The Company’s manufacturing footprint extends across eight countries in addition to India.
L&T has several international offices and a supply chain that extends around the globe

Highlights
 Currently executing metro projects across 10 cities in India – as well as major portions ofthe
Riyadh and Doha Metros
 Development of India’s largest Transit Oriented Development project in Hyderabad
 Commissioned India’s largest city surveillance project (5000 cameras at 1500 locations)in
Mumbai
 Implementation of modules of Smart Cities Programme in Mumbai, Jaipur, Nagpur, Pune,
Hyderabad and more…
 Currently building the world’s longest extra-dosed bridge over the Ganges at Patna, Bihar
 Executing the largest private sector defense order for Artillery Systems – for themanufacture of
155 mm / 52 Cal Self Propelled Tracked Guns
 Played a role in building 19 of India’s 22 nuclear reactors and is involved in all 9 reactorsunder
construction
 Currently building the world’s largest high-vacuum pressure chamber, the Cryostat, forITER
 Delivered 8 reactors for the Refinery and Petrochemical Integrated Development(RAPID)
project for Petronas, Malaysia
 After the successful moon and Mars missions, L&T also partnered ISRO in the launch of104
satellites in a single mission
 Played a vital role in the execution of ONGC’s first Deepwater project - the Vashishta &S1
subsea project
 Launched L&T InfoTech’s proprietary platform and Experience Centre (MOSAIC),
demonstrating how new-age technologies impact real business scenarios

L & T construction – builders to nation:

L&T Construction, India's largest construction organization and ranked among the world's top 30
contractors, has been over the past seven decades transforming cityscapes and landscapes with structures
of immense size and grandeur. The company's capabilities span the entire gamut
of construction - civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering - and its servicesextend
to all core sector industries and infrastructure projects.

Several of the country's prized landmarks - edifices, structures, airports, industrial projects, flyovers,
viaducts, water and power infrastructure projects carry L&T's signature of excellence in construction.
Today, more and more structures beyond India's boundaries are standing tall, thanks to L&T
Construction.

L&T Construction straddles six related businesses:

 Buildings & Factories

 Transportation Infrastructure
 Heavy Civil Infrastructure
 Power Transmission & Distribution
 Renewable Energy
 Water & Effluent Treatment
 Smart World & Communication

Building landmarks, setting benchmarks:

 400 high rise towers

 11 airports
 53 IT parks
 17 automobile plants
 28 cement plants
 45 hospitals
 231 km of metro rail corridors
 19.5 km of monorail corridor
 8315 MW of hydro power projects
 8080 MW of nuclear power projects
 13500 lane km of highways
 7.49 million sq.m of runways
 3260 tkm of railway track laying
 12510 tkm of railway electrification
 585 substations
 29380 MW of E-BoP
 20600 ckm of transmission lines
 40000 km of water & waste water networks
 3400 MLD of water & waste water treatment plants
 400 MW of solar plants

Mysore

L&T’s 40 acre Mysore Campus located in the state of Karnataka in South India houses the
manufacturing facility and warehouse of E&A’s Metering & Protection Systems (MPS) business unit - a
market leader in electronic energy meters, tri-vector meters and protective relays. The building area is
around 18,244 sq. mtrs spread across five modules. The campus has a NABL-accredited test laboratory
and is certified for ISO 9001:2008 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental
Management System), OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series), ISO
13485, BIS, CE, FDA, AS9000 & CMMI. The campus is ecofriendly and works on the conservation of
natural resources with several green initiatives like solar heaters, rain water harvesting, carbon foot
mapping, kitchen waste bio gas plant, vermicomposting, etc. Mysore also houses L&T’s Technology
Services and L&T Infotech offices.
 COLLEGE REVIEW

MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYTHANDAVAPURA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VISION
To produce responsible, technically qualified professionals with ethical and humanvalues
to develop and build our nation by providing value based learning, research and
consultancy.

MISSION
To impact quality and real time education through competent faculties, modern labs
and engaging to provide state of art consultancy services addressing civil engineering
challenges of global scenario.
 To inculcate entrepreneurship and leadership qualities
 To make the department center of excellence in the field of civil engineeringand
allied research.
 To promote innovation and empirical thinking in the minds of budding engineers
through industry institute interaction
 To encourage students for knowledge expansion by pursuing higher
education and take competitive exam.
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
 Department is having eight well qualified faculties with two doctorates and four
pursuing Ph.D. major areas of research are structural engineering, environmental
engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering etc. who have
experience in teaching, construction and design fields.
 Best academic results among university colleges in and around mysuru
region.
 Innovation teaching learning process
i. Exclusive practical oriented classes for every subject where the correlation
between academics and field applications are thought.
ii. Stress free week at the beginning of each semester wherein the students gethands
on experience of various site related activities.
iii. Concept of multiple faculty classes where three faculties are present during
teaching which ensures 100% learning.
 Department offers consultancy services for various project works. Selected
students are involved in each project providing them with organic exposure to field
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Day 1

3.1 CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING

 Surveying
Surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial or three- dimensional
positions of points and the distances and angles between them.

SURVEYING

SLOPE

HORIZONTAL ANGLE

VERTICAL ANGLE

 Important Definitions

1. Precision: It is the degree of perfection used in the instrument.

2. Accuracy: It is the degree of perfection obtained.
3. Bench mark: It is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with respect to some
assumed datum is known.
4. Height of the instrument [HI]: For any setup of the level the height of the instrument is the
elevation of plan of sight with respect to the assumed datum.
5. Back sight [BS]: A reading of the levelling rod in its unchanged position when the levelling
instrument has been taken to the new position.
6. Fore sight [FS]: Fore sight is a reading looking "forward" along the line of progress.

Page 3
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative position of various points above, on or below the
surface of the earth. It is mainly done for fixing up of the boundary, preparing maps, checking up of the level,
measuring natural ground level. There are many different types and kinds of surveying starting from chain
surveying (IS 1492-1970)-invented in 1620 up to aerial surveying.
Levelling is the branch of surveying which deals with the measurements of relative heights of different of
points on or above, below the surface of earth. A level is an instrument with a telescope that can be levelled
with a spirit bubble. There are three different types of level dumpy or rigid level, tilting level, automatic
levels.
Differential levelling is the process used to determine difference in elevation between various points using a
levelling instrument. They are two system of reduced level 1.the plane of collimation (H.I.method), 2. The
rise and fall system.
Profile levelling is the process of determining elevations at points at short measured intervals along a fixedline
in a longitudinal or profile levelling.

Fig 3.1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 4

 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Page of
Level- Book
station Distance in Staff Reading Height of Reduced Remarks
meters Instrument level
B.S(m) I.S F.S(m) (m) (m)
A 0 1.445 773.069 771.624 bench
mark
B 0 1.445 771.624
B 2 1.29 771.779
B 2 1.495 771.574
C 10 1.48 771.589
C 2 1.28 771.789
C 2 1.65 771.419
D 20 1.2 771.869
D 2 1.1 771.969
D 2 1.38 771.689
E 30 0.82 772.249
E 2 0.765 772.304
E 2 0.855 772.214
F 40 0.685 772.384
F 2 0.685 772.384
F 2 0.7 772.369
G 50 0.55 772.519
G 2 0.5 772.569
G 2 0.59 772.479
H 60 0.325 772.744

Arithmetic Check:
(summation of B.S - summation of F.S) =(Last R.L - First R.L)
1.445 - 0.325 =772.744 - 771.624
1.12=1.12

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 5

Using Autolevel Survey was Carried Out

Readings are as follows:

Table 01: HI Method Calculations

Station Readings HI RL Remarks

BS IS FS
TBM 0.050 777.960 777.91
3.420 774.54
1.050 3.680 775.330 774.28 T4(CPI)
2.530 772.8
3.680 771.68
0.395 3.005 772.700 772.325 (CP2)

Fig. 01: Longitudinal Section

CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING

Total station system is an electronic positioning system. The combination of electronic distance measurements
(EDM) and electronic or digital theodolite, data storage, micro-processor, etc. are called as total station system.

Control points are points who’s three coordinates are known.

LEICA (TS06,PS08) TOTAL STATION – SPECIFICATIONS

ANGLE MEASURMENTS
Accuracy 2”
Method Absolute
Minimum Reading 1”/5”
DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Distance Range
-1 prism 2,000 m
-3 prism 2,700 m
Accuracy ±(2mm+2ppm)
Non prism range 500 m
Accuracy ±(3mm+2ppm)
SOFTWARE AND MEMORY
On Board Software Functions Data collections, Resection, Road, Stakeout,
Area Calculation, Height Measurements etc.
Internal Memory 24000pts
Interface RS – 232C(Standard)
Post Processing Software Erdas, Micro station, Arc pad, arc view, auto
plotter, civil cad, pythagarus etc.
OTHERS
On-Board Battery BT-L1(Lithium – ion)
Battery Charger BC-L1
Maximum Operating Time
 -Including distance measurement 14 hours
-Angle measurement only 60 hours

Laser tools

Laser scanning systems throw out light waves that bounce off of surfaces and reflect back to the sensor.
The sensorthen calculates how far away the surface is by measuring the time taken for the light beam to
complete its journey.This process is known as the “time of flight” measurement. The distance measured is
then used to calculate a coordinate for the tiny section of the surface hit by the laser beam. All of this
happens in just seconds, and during asingle scan, a laser scanner will collect millions of 3D coordinates

Accuracy ±2.2mm at 30m

Rotation 2,5,10 rps
Functionality Self-levelling,
horizontal,
90 degree
Laser type 635 nm (red)
Scanning 10,45,90 Degree
Operation time (Li-Ion battery) 40h,
(Alkaline battery) 60h
Remote RC400
Computation of coordinates using total station

Station Easting Northing Height Distance

A1 994.623 1999.87 99.799 5.378
A2 993.061 1996.582 99.703 7.735
A3 990.986 1991.694 99.678 12.257
A4 990.797 2001.86 99.8 9.389
A5 989.071 1998.794 99.65 10.995
A6 987.023 1993.315 99.713 14.598
A7 985.796 2005.574 100.031 15.259
A8 983.32 2001.413 99.841 16.732
A9 980.789 1997.508 99.627 19.372
A10 978.79 2008.957 100.139 23.016
A11 976.601 2004.755 100.094 23.877
A12 974.377 2000.943 99.809 25.64
A13 971.663 2013.447 100.19 31.365
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

• Digital Leveling
Digital leveling systems for surveying rely on an electronic laser to scan a level staff with bar code
markings. This type of level reduces the chance of human error when interpreting graduation marks, and a
digital display ensures accurate readings. When job sites need fast and accurate height determinations,
precision digital leveling equipment serves as valuable time-saving technology.

Fig. 03: Digital Leveling & Barcode Staff

Lieca Rugby 640

Leica Rugby lasers are the toughest rotating lasers suitable for all construction applications.
Level, align and square much quicker than ever before, eliminating costly errors and downtime.

Quick Specifications:
 Self-leveling horizontal, vertical, 90° with dual axis manual slope
 Self-leveling accuracy - +/- 1.5 mm @ 30m
 Range (diameter) - 1100 m with Rodeye 140
 Batteries (alkaline) - Four D-cells (60 hours)
 Protection class- IP67

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 10

Day 3

FORENOON-EMBEDDED ENERGY, SDI’S AND

SUSTAINABILITY QUALIFICATION

The embodied energy is the total of a material can be taken as the total energy consumed (carbon released)
over itslifetime. Construction industry contributes to about 40% of the world's energy consumption and is
related to 1/3rd of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout its life cycle, in which 75 to 80 % is
required for operation andmaintenance of the structure and 20 to 25% form the pre-construction activities.

Linear Construction Method and Circular Construction Method are used to reduce the embodied energy.
Linear construction projects, the majority of the work is made up of highly repetitive activities. In these
projects, a set ofproject activities are repeated in each location for the entire length of the work. Once a
project activity is started and/or ended in one location, it is repeated in another location.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the best mechanisms for allowing engineers and other building
professionals to understand the energy use and other environmental impact associated with all the phases of a
building’s life cycle: procurement, construction, operation, and decommissioning. The output of an LCA can
be thought of as a wide- ranging environmental footprint of a building including aspects such as energy use,
global warming potential, habitatdestruction, resource depletion, and toxic emissions.

The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is a site-specific plan developed to ensure that the project is
implementedin an environmentally sustainable manner where all contractors and subcontractors, including
consultants, understand the potential environmental risks arising from the project and take appropriate actions
to properly manage that risk. EMP also ensures that the project implementation is carried out in accordance
with the design by taking appropriate mitigation actions to reduce adverse environmental impacts during its
life cycle. The plan outlinesexisting and potential problems that may adversely impact the environment and
recommends corrective measures where required.
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Embodied Energy of M200 Concrete/m3

Cement @ 400Kg x 4.5 MJ/Kg 1800.00 MJ

Coarse aggregate @ 1850Kg x 0.9 x 0.10 MJ/Kg 166.50 MJ
Fine aggregate @ 1850Kg x 0.7 x 0.10 MJ/Kg 129.50 MJ
Transport of Cement @ 150 Km and 171.00 MJ
0.00285 MJ/Kg/Km
0.00285 x 150 x400
Add 10% for miscellaneous activities 226.70 MJ

Total MJ/1.0 Cum 2493.70 MJ

Hence, EE of M200 Concrete per Kg 2493.70/2400

EE of M200 Concrete 1.06 MJ/Kg

(figure of merit) values are graphically represented to determine the sustainability quadrant and
sustainabilityranges within which materials fall by plotting FoM against other critical parameters.

Zc (FoM)=E/ρ x Cm x 1/ Ca where E= Modulus of Elasticity in GPa, ρ =Density of

material in Kg/m3, Cm = cost of material per m3, Ca = Cost of
construction per m2.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 12

 INTERNSHIP REPORT

LEAN CONSTRUCTION

Lean management system mainly focuses on the produce the right product at the right time in the right
quantity for the customers and to provide exactly what he needs and nothing more than fewer resources.
Objective of lean construction is to maintain the cost, safety, quality, delivery and morale. There are 20
different techniques to assessthe status of lean technique, few are noted below

1. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: consists of organization-wide efforts to install and make

permanent a climate in whichorganization continuously improves its ability to deliver high quality producers
and service to customers.

2. KANBAN METHOD: In Japanese, the word Kanban means ‘card’ or ‘sign’ and is the name given to the
inventory control card used in a pull system. The aim of a ‘pull’ system is to produce only what is needed,
when it is needed, and in the right quantities.

1. RE-ENGINEERING: In reengineering whole workflow for each activity/process is redesign

considering constraints, variances, non-value activities and then taking appropriate solution to remove or
minimize these to make uniform workflow.

2. REATIVE THINKING: Construction industry sometimes require innovative thinking to achieve new
heights in construction. During the process of construction or designing we are faced with the problems for
that we have to think of a creative way so that the problem can be solved with the most efficient way and
the waste can be minimized as much as possible.

3. TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE (TPM):TPM is a powerful program for planning and

achieving minimal machine downtime. Equipment and tools are literally put on “proactive” maintenance
schedules to keep them running efficiently and with greatly reduced downtime. Machine operators take far
greater responsibility for their machines upkeep. Maintenance technicians are liberated from mundane,
routine maintenance, enabling them to
focus on urgent repairs and proactive maintenance activities. A solid TPM program allows you to plan your
downtimeand keep breakdowns to a minimum.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 13

Benefits lean Ranks:

1.Greater Probability

2.Minimize Inventory

3.Defects reduction

4.Reduction in cost

5.Reduce Projecj Duration

6.Improved flexibility

7.Standardizing work

8.Simplifying Work

9.Simplify Data organizing

10.Improve Project Quality

11.Control Budget

12.Smooth Work flow

13.Improved safety

14.Proper Scheduling

15.Proper Estimation

16.Stress FreeWorking Environment

17.Visual control

18.Proper Task Management

19.Client's Satisfaction

20.Improved

Communication
21.Reduction in waste
Day 4

METAMORPHOSIS

Difference between campus and corporate

The values of campus and corporate differ and both are considered as different part of our lives. Set of rules
between campus and corporate are entirely different campus life is a mixture of behaviour and value and
language and philosophy that is the extent to the college education as for the corporate culture and values the
essence of organizations philosophy for achieving success and following guided values of the company.
corporate world often provides a sense of direction and behaviour in the workplace and guidelines where
college or campus life provide development of basic technical expertise to move towards corporate life.

campus to corporate consists of different kind of training to develop skills

● communication skills (vocal and written skill)
● presentation skills (eg: public speaking )
● confidence building
● teamwork
● time management
● email etiquette
● personal grooming
● corporate culture
● negotiating skills
● building aptitude
● goal setting
● handshakes
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

BATCHING PLANT

A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete batching plant, is equipment that
combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include water, air, admixtures, sand,
aggregate(rocks, gravel, etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement. The initial investment is high. Standard
models furnished with Twin Shaft Mixers from 1.0 m3 up to 6.0 m3 compacted output per batch. The plants
are available in various capacities ranging from 30m3, to 240m3 per hour of compacted concrete output and
designed for operations under extreme conditions with highest performance. Special plant designs are
available for dam construction and precast manufacturers.

The concrete batching plant is mainly composed of 5 main systems:

1. Concrete mixer: There are three types mixers
i. Tilting drum mixer-they are fast and efficient but maintenance intensive since they included
serval moving partsthat are subjected to a heavy load.
ii. Pan mixer-generally lower capacity mixers and are used at precast concrete plants.
iii. Twin shaft mixer-can ensure even mixture of concrete and large output with high quality. It consists
of mixer, withcounter rotating shafts, delivers fast mixing action and rapid discharge.

2. Material weighing system: The material weighing system is the key component that affects the quality
of concreteand the production cost of concrete. It is divided into three parts: aggregate weighing, powder
weighing and liquid weighing. Generally, the superimposed weighing method is adopted for the concrete
batching plant under 20 cubic meters per hour, that is aggregate (sand, stone).

3. Material delivery system: The material delivery system consists of three parts. Aggregate delivery; There
are two ways of hopper transportation and belt transport at present. The advantages of hopper transportation are
small footprint and simple structure. The advantages of belt transport are large transportation distance, high
efficiency andlow fault rate. The belt transport is mainly used in the mixing station with the aggregate
temporary storehouse, thus improving the productivity of the mixing station. Powder delivery; The main
material available for concrete is cement, fly ash and mineral powder. The current widespread use of the
powder conveying mode is to screw conveyor conveying. The large concrete mixing plant is transported by

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 17

 pneumatic conveying and scraper conveyor.
The advantages of auger delivery are simple structure, low cost and operational safety. Liquid transportation
mainlyrefers to water and liquid admixtures, which are transported by water pumps.

4. Material storage system: The storage of materials available for concrete is basically the same.
Aggregates stackedin the open air (there is also a closed silo for large commercial concrete mixing station).
The powder is stored in a completely enclosed steel silo. The admixture is stored in steel structure
container.

5. Control system: The control system of the mixing station is the nervus centralis of the whole equipment.
The control system has different functions and compounding according to the different requirements of the
user and thesize of the mixing station. In general, the control system of small concrete batching plant, which
can be used in the construction site is simple, and the control system of large mixing station is relatively
complex.

The placing of concrete is an essential operation because it largely determines the success of a structure and its
durability. Hence concrete placement must be done in systematic and efficient way to give the best results
desired.

1. Pumps and Pipeline Method:

In the pump method, its working starts with the suction stroke which sucks the concrete inside the pipe. The
piston is provided for the suction and delivery of concrete. To match the pump and requirements of placing
rate, it’s important to choose the correct diameter and wall thickness of the pipeline. For horizontal placement
of concrete, the large diameter of pipelines is suitable and for the vertical placement of concrete, a smallest
possible diameter of pipelines is suitable. How far concrete can be pumped, depends upon the various criteria
such as the types of pumpand the concrete mix design like workability etc.

2. Slip forming is a continuous placement and consolidation of concrete. In this technique, concrete is poured
into a continuously moving form. Slip forming is used both for vertical construction such as tall structures i.e.
chimney and silos and horizontal construction such as road pavement. Of course, slip forming is suitable for
uniformly shaped structures. In Slip forming method, concrete is continuously placed, compacted and
formwork is dragged (slipped) up by number of hydraulic jacks. The rate of dragging (slipping) the formwork
will vary and it will depend upon the temperature and strength development of concrete to withstand without
the support of formwork. Low slump concrete is used for this technique.

Day 5

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DRAWING AND

CONSTRUCTABILITY ISSUES

A construction drawing or plan illustrates what you will build and what the finished product will look like when
youcomplete it, but there are different types of construction drawings used.
1.Architectural drawing2.Structural drawing 3.Electrical drawing
4.Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing drawing (MEP drawing) 5.Finishing drawing

Sequence of structural drawing: from footing to roof top, general arrangement, enlarged plans, elevation and
details,schedules, typical details.

Basic set of drawing (minimum):

1.Centerline marking and excavation
details 2.Footing details
3.Column schedules
4.Plinth beam
5.Reinforcement details of each plinth
beam 6.Staircase details
7. Shuttering layout or Beam Slab layout
8.Reiforcement details of beam - bar bending schedule9.Slab reinforcement separately or combined

Practical Aspect of building construction

1. Excavation can also be classified according to the purpose of the work:

Cut and fill excavation: This is the process of excavation whereby the material that is cut or stripped. The
removedtopsoil and earth can be used as fill for embankments, elevated sections, and so on. It can also be used
to form a
level surface on which to build, as elevated sections of the site are ‘cut’ and moved to ‘fill’ lower sections of the
site. Trench excavation: A trench is an excavation in which the length greatly exceeds the depth. It is
typically
 used to form strip foundations, buried services, and so on.

Bulk excavation: it involves the removal of large amounts of soil, rock, or other material from site, in
preparation for a construction project. Large excavations are commonly needed on construction sites where
roads, railways, buildings, car parks and other infrastructure is being built.
Slope excavation

1. Excavation support include:

Timber supports: Commonly used for low risk, narrow trenches, shafts or headings. Trench boxes: Can be placed
in pre-excavated trenches in low-risk situations.
Trench sheets: Can be overlapping or interlocking, and are used to provide continuous support for deeper
trenches. Soldier pile and lagging walls: soldier Piles are extensively used as earth retention systems for deep
excavations.
These systems are not only efficient but also cost effective as
well. Soiling nailing
Diaphragm walls or D walls
Day 6

ANATOMY OF CRACKS

Crack is a complete or incomplete separation of concrete into two or more parts produced by breaking or
fracturing.Types of cracks are:
1. After hardening
a. Physical cracks - caused mainly due to aggregate shrinkage.
b. Chemical cracks - caused when cover loses strength, alkali-aggregate reaction, carbonation.
c. Thermal cracks – caused by external strains, thermal changes.
d. Structural cracks – caused by misuse/ abuse of the structure, creep, design loads.
2. Before hardening
a. Plastic shrinkage cracks - occurs when subjected to a very rapid loss of moisture.
b. Settlement cracks - After initial placement, vibration, and finishing, concrete has a tendency to continue
to consolidate. During this period, the plastic concrete may be locally restrained by reinforcing steel, a
prior concreteplacement, or formwork. This local restraint may result in voids and/or cracks adjacent to the
restraining element.

Non-structural cracks or self-induce cracks are caused due to following reason:

i. Arching – caused by excessive drying, re vibration, change of depth, over reinforcement.
ii.Plastic shrinkage – diagonal cracks, random cracks caused by over reinforcement.
iii.Early thermal contraction – caused by excessive heat due to heavy thickness or thick wall.
iv.Corrosion of reinforcement – caused by poor quality of aggregates, less cover.
v. Crazing – occur due to shrinkage of concrete during formwork removal, heavy floating.

Structural cracks are caused by:

i. Flexural cracks: when the tension exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete, a flexural crack is formed.
ii.Shear crack: caused by structural loading or movement after the concrete has hardened.
iii.Pure tension: caused by non-uniform stress.
iv.Torsion crack: occurs in a section due to the exceed of the torsional moment of the section.
 v. Bond crack: due to carbonation and chloride ingress

Stresses responsible for cracks are: dead load, live load, wind load, seismic or foundation settlements,
ground floorloads.

Instrumentation used for crack measurements are: Profometer, x-ray scanner or Gamma ray scanner,
Magnification microscope, deformameters, deflectometer, frequency measures, corrosion detectors, lasers or
radars, ultrasonic, crack gauge digital display, crackscope.
Corrosion of steel in rcc are caused by:
1. Inadequate concrete cover, chloride permeability, improper curing, lower grade of cement concrete,
higherrelative humidity, higher temperature.
2. Carbonation - decreases the pH
3. Chloride attack – breaks the passive oxide layer of steel
4. Acid attack – attacks only cement
5. Sulphate attack – only attacks the calcium hydroxide
6. Alkali attack – complete disintegration of concrete
7. Stray current – in metro corrodes the steel in presence of moisture content
8. Bimetallic corrosion – caused by chemical attack in trickling filter.

Protection against cracking

1. Proper design and detailing of steel at beam and column junctions.
2. Shrinkage interaction should be carefully handled between the heterogenous material example brick and
cement,reinforcement and concrete.
3. Differential expansion and contraction causes shear cracks.
4. Boundary condition at foundation should be carefully handle.
5. Efficiency of corner joints.

Methods of crack sealing

1. Gravity feed
2. Opening the crack and painting with mortar
3. Pressure injection
4. Vaccum impregnation
5. Stitching

Materials used for crack sealing

1. Cement grout
2. Polymer – thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers
3. Cement mortar
4. Polymer cement mixture – Lactix How to Repair Wide
Concrete Cracks
1. Chisel the crack with a hammer and masonry chisel to widen the base of the crack and to dislodge
any loosematerial from the old concrete.
2. Remove all debris from the crack, using a wire brush. If desired, clean the crack with a pressure washer or a
gardenhose and spray nozzle.
3. Remove all water and debris from the crack with a wet/dry shop vacuum or a brush. Work carefully to
remove alldust and grit from the crack. It's ok if the surfaces are wet, but there should be no pools of water.
4. Mix the concrete patching compound, following the manufacturer's directions.
Trowel the compound into the crack. Stab the trowel into the compound to remove air pockets and help work the
patching material deep into the crack. Fill the crack up to the surrounding concrete surface
5. Smooth the surface of the patch with the trowel, feathering the compound into the surrounding concrete.
6. Brush the surface of the patching compound with a dry paintbrush to texture the surface, if
desired. 7.Let the compound cure as directed.
Paint or seal the surface of the patch and surrounding area, if desired. Bonding coats used repair cracks are
cement slurry, polymer, epoxy resin.
FORMWORK SYSTEMS

Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould, fresh concrete is
placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes tie and involves expenditure up to 20
to 25% of the cost is the structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures are made to economic
expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be
reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms. Timber is the
most common material used for formwork.

Plywood formwork
Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required sizes(1.2x2.4m
standard size-12mm thick) The cost of plywood formwork compares favourably with that of timber shuttering
and it may evenprove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following consideration:
1. It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.
2. By use of large size of panels it is possible to effects saving in the labour cost of fixing and dismantling.
3. Number of reuses are more, for estimation purpose number of reuses can be taken as 10-15 times.

Steel formwork
This consist of panels of fabricate out of thin sheet plates stiffened along the edges by small steel angles. The
panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The panels can be
fabricated in largenumber in any desired modular shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects
or in situation where large number reuses of the shuttering are possible. This type of shuttering is considered
most suitable for circular or curved structures.
Day 8

Basics of Foundation

The ultimate support for any structure is provided by the underlying earth or soil material and therefore
stability of the structure depends on it. A foundation is a device used to transmit the structural loading to the
supporting soil in such a way that the soil is not overstressed and that serious settlements of the structure are
not caused.
The footing is a formation which is in contact with the ground. Foundation is a structure which transfers its
gravity loads to earth from superstructure. Footing can be analogized with the feet of the leg.
The main reason of providing PCC is to provide a rigid impervious bed to RCC in the foundation before
starting any RCC or masonry work directly on the excavated soil, PCC is done to form a levelled surface and
to avoid laying concrete on soil directly so as to avoid mixing with soil and also to prevent soil extracting
water from RCC thereby weakening it.
Major reinforcement is provided on bottom than top in order prevent tension cracks that will develop in the
bottom.
Various loads that are to be considered are: dead loads, live loads, lateral loads – wind loads and earthquake
loads, lateral or uplift forces due to high water table, swelling pressure on expansive soils.
Safe bearing capacity is the maximum pressure which the soil can carry safely without risk of shear failure. It
is equal ultimate bearing capacity divided by factor of safety. Allowable bearing capacity is the net loading
intensity at which neither soil fails in shear nor there in excessive settlement. It is used for design of any
structure.

Sub-soil investigation (IS 1892- 1972

The objective of site exploration it to provide reliable, specific and detailed information about the soil and
groundwater condition of the site .1 to 5 % of the total cost is used for the sub soil investigation and it can
reduce the overall 20 to 25% if is done correctly.
1. Borehole method
a. Auger boring
b. Auger and shell boring
c. Wash boring
d. Precussion boring
e. Rotary boring
2. Penetration and sounding test
a. Standard Penetration test
b. Cone Penetration test
c. 3.Vane shear test
4. Plate load test – truss method, load method
5.cyclic plate load test
6. Geophysical test
a. Seismic refraction method
b. Electricity resistivity method

Types of foundation
1. Shallow foundation (depth </= width of foundation)
a. strip footing
b. spread footing
c. combined footing -rectangular footing ,trapezoidal footing
d. strap or cantilever footing
2. Deep foundation (depth > width of foundation)
a. piles foundation
b. pier foundation
c. caisson foundation
d. well foundation.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING

1. Top soil
2. Depth of frost
3. Zone of volume change
4. Bearing Capacity
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Day 9

PILE FOUNDATION
Piers are relatively long and slender members used to transfer loads through weak soil or water to deep soil or
rockstrata having a high bearing capacity. They are also used in normal ground conditions to resist heavy uplift
forces as in foundation of multistorey building, transmission line towers, retaining walls, bridge abutments and
dolphins.

Classification of piles
Based on function Based on material Based on method of installation
End – bearing pile Timber pile Driven piles
Friction pile Steel pile Cast-in-situ piles
Tension or uplift pile Concrete pile Driven and cast-in-situ pile
Compaction pile Composite pile
Anchor pile
Fender pile
Sheet pile
Batter pile
Laterally – loaded pile

A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or
unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. After 7 days of the casting of the pile the concrete will
gain approximately, 70% of it is compressive strength. The soil around piles will be removed to the required
levels and dimension that allows construction of the pile cap. A step shall be made if the excavation is more than
1.5 m to prevent soil collapse.

Use of pile
1. Bearing piles are used to support vertical loads from the foundation of building and bridges.
2. Tension piles are used to resist upward forces in structures subjected to uplift such as building with basement
below the ground water level, apron of dams or buried tanks.
3. Laterally loaded piles support horizontal or inclined forces such as foundation of retaining walls, bridges, dams.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 29

 INTERNSHIP REPORT
4. Piles may be used to compact loose granular soils and also to safeguard foundation against scouring.
5. Micro piles are generally used when there are difficult ground conditions, such as natural or man-made
obstructions, sensitive ground with adjacent structures, limited access/low headroom.
Problem in piles
Piling problem in soft rock
Piling problem in typical limestone
bedrockpile breakage on inclined rock
Surface presence of cavity
Undetected problems
Defective piles

Pile testing
1. Vertical load test on piles
2. Lateral load test on piles
3. Pull out test on piles
4. Pile intensity test

Case study
1. Taiwan – 101 Stories + 5 Story Basement,
508m heightwind velocity – 216 kmph
foundation- Drilled Piers
Continuous concrete matt transfers point loads
380 piers driven 262ft into the ground
5ft in diameter and can withstand 1100-1450 tons each

2. Statue of unity – total heigh

240mwind velocity – 180 kmph
earthquakes measuring – 6.5
foundation – piled raft

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 30

 Day 10,11,12

STAAD.PRO

STAAD stands for Structural Analysis and Design. It is one of the first software applications in the world
made for thepurpose of structural analysis developed by Research Engineers Inc (REI). This software helps in
eliminating tedious and lengthy calculations done by hand. STAAD was first developed on DOS system and
it was non graphical. The user was required to understand the syntax of STAAD’s input logic. The input data
was prepared in ASCII format using some text editor.

STAAD.pro is a general-purpose program for performing the analysis and design of a wide variety of types
of strictures. The basic three activities which are to carried out to achieve that goal – a. model generation b.
the calculation to obtain the analytical result c. result verification – are all facilitated by tools contained in the
program’sgraphical environmental.

Use of Structural Analysis software

i. Analysis of beams, 2D Frames and 2D trusses
ii.Analysis and design of 3D RCC frames (up to 4x4 grids and 4 storey) subjected to dead, live wind and
earthquakeloads.
Method of Analysis
STAAD.Pro incorporates the Displacement Matrix method. The steps involved in using STAAD.Pro are

Input Geometry with or without using Wizard Assign Properties to all memebers
Assign Support conditions Input loads on nodes or memeber
Specify analysis type and Output format Run Analysis
View Output files/Post Processing

Design Concrete/Steel/Timber/Composite
1. Modelling in STAAD.pro 2. Beam number

3. 3D Rendering 4. Bending Moment Diagram

5. Shear Force diagram 6. Axial Force diagram

 Day 13

Advance formwork
Aluminium formwork - As we know the density of aluminium is less than compare to steel and that makes it
light weighted than steel. This is the main advantage when compared to steel. Aluminium formwork is almost
the same asthe formwork made from steel. Shuttering down with aluminium form is proven economical if large
numbers of repeating usage are made in construction. Its major drawback is that no alteration possible once the
formwork is constructed.

NOVA Plastic Formwork: NOVA Formwork is a plastic system & leading in the development shuttering
system manufactured from Composite Plastic Material. The plastic Shuttering building system represents a
revolution in the area of shuttering because of their universality, lightness, simplicity, durability, solidity,
resistance to temperature change and of course their price competitiveness. This is the only shuttering that can
use in salt and fresh water without any damage.

Flex-table Formwork System for Slab is the easiest and most flexible slab formwork system for all types of
slabs consisting of tubular steel props. Tripod, Four-way Head, H20 Timber Beams and Plywood Sheets. The
System can be used for a clear height up to 5.90m. With Light and Heavy-Duty Props, one can reduce the cost
incurred as these props are reusable to support formwork shuttering. Due to the versatility of the Flex system,
all geometric constructions can be realized easily and without difficulties. Maximum variability and
adaptability make the Flex profitable.
Heavy Duty Tower System Formwork
Widely used as staging for heavy floors at higher altitudes, and also serves as scaffolds on certain occasions.
Heavy duty frames are braced using standard bracings, forming the heavy-duty tower system. Couplers and
pins connect frames together, ensuring verticality. Spindles provided at the bottom can be used to adjust
height and level. At every 6m interval, the towers are braced with Permanent structures that prevent the tower
from twisting under abnormal loading conditions. Each heavy-duty tower has an unmatched capacity of 25
MT and is ideal for handling heavy loads at unusual heights. It also serves as Table Formwork in multi-storied
constructions and can be handled as single units up to a height of 10m. The Heavy-Duty Basic frames are
available in heights of 0.9m, 1.2 m or 1.8m. The Heavy-Duty Towers are available in two sizes namely
1525x1525 mm or 1525x2250 mm (in plan). Heavy duty towers can also be used as scaffolding for
application like external finishing works, painting, cladding etc.

Design of formwork – i. estimation of loads ii. selection of formwork scheme iii. Proportioning of
components.Loads on Formwork
Formwork should be capable of supporting safely all vertical and lateral loads that might be applied to it
until such loads can be supported by the ground, the concrete structure, or other construction with adequate
strength and stability. Dead loads on formwork consist of the weight of the forms and the weight of and
pressures from freshly placed concrete. Live loads include weights of workers, equipment, material storage,
and runways, and acceleratingand braking forces from buggies and other placement equipment.
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Day 14
Material Technology and Mix design
Cement

The raw materials used for manufacture of cement consists mainly of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide, when
subjected to high temperature combine with each other to from complex compounds.

Name of Compound Formula Abbreviated formula

Tricalcium silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S
Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S
Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF

C3S and C3A control the setting and early strength and heat of hydration. The compound C2S is responsible
for strength at longer ages. C3A also generates higher heat than other compounds and it initiates the hydration
process.C4AF is responsible for the colour of the cement.
When producing low-heat Portland cement percentage of C2S is increased and that of C3S and C3A are
decreased.Sulphate Resisting Portland cement is produced by reducing C3A content.
Rapid hardening cement compared to ordinary cements have more or less the same composition except
that thelatter is more finely ground and may sometimes contain higher percentage of C3S.

Concrete derives its strength by the hydration of cement particles continuing for long term. In field or actual
work higher water/ cement ratio is used, since the concrete is open to atmosphere, the water used in the
concrete evaporates and the water available in the concrete will not be sufficient for effective hydration to
take place particularly top layer. The curing can be considered as creation of a favourable environment
during the early periodfor uninterrupted hydration.

Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete, they give body to the concrete, reduce the
shrinkage and effect economy. Aggregates were considered as chemically inert materials. Aggregates

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 35

 INTERNSHIP REPORT
should be confirmed to IS:2386, sand IS-383:1970.
Admixture is defined as a material, other than cement, water and aggregates, that is used as an ingredient of
concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. The action of admixture is mainly to
fluidifythe mix and improve the workability of concrete, mortar.
Chemical admixtures – acrylic polymer, naphthalene, epoxy-based polymer Mineral admixtures – fly ash, silica
fume, blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, surkhi.

Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
relativeproportions with the object of producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible. Steps involved in mix design are:
1. Stipulations for proportioning
2. Test data for materials
3. Target strength for mix proportioning
4. Selection of water – cement ratio
5. Selection of water content
6. Calculation of cement content
7. Proportioning of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content
8. Mix calculations

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 36

Day 15
SITE VISIT

The site which we had gone for visit was located at l&t campus only. The structure was 6 floors the first three
floor from the basemen are used for multi-level car parking, remaining 3 floors were for the office work. It
was constructed by Vacuum Dewatering flooring method. They have used post tensioning technique for the
roof/floor construction with column capital in order to reduce the number of beams. Normal Reinforced
Cement Concrete beam and columns are provided in the sunken arears where drilling because of pipelines has
to be done. The red colour paint has used to indicate the tendons after lab finish in order to not to disturb them
by the other labours working at site. The foundation used is a mat foundation the columns are spaced at 11m
intervals and the dimension is 2 x1.5 m. False ceiling of gypsum powder is used to be safe the cost of the
building. An exterior ramp is provided in shape of a circular ramp. Glazing is done with aluminium frameto
curtain the wall construction and to have good aesthetics. A chiller platform for air conditioning is provided in
the top roof. The roof top and walls at the exterior is coated with bituminous coating for good finish and
effect absorption of heat and light.
SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION

Construction site safety is an aspect of construction-related activities concerned with protecting construction
site workers and others from death, injury, disease or other health-related risks. Construction is an often
hazardous, predominantly land-based activity where site workers may be exposed to various risks. Site risks
can include working at height, moving machinery (vehicles, cranes, etc) and materials, power tools and
electrical equipment, hazardous substances, plus the effects of excessive noise, dust and vibration. The leading
causes of construction site fatalities are falls, electrocutions, crush injuries, and caught-between injuries.

Measures to be taken are :

Avoid of shortcut
Don’t use mobile during work
Don’t pass or stand under suspended
loads Don’t sleep in workplace or under
parked Vehiclesdon’t quarrel
unnecessarily
Stay away from electrical workthrow of objects is prohibited

PPE- Personal Protective equipment’s

The personal protective equipments are the most basic front protection and safety for the workers. There are
variousPPE according to type of work, but the few basic are:

1. Head Protection/Safety Helmets/Hard Hat

In construction worksite, there is a higher chance of possible head injury due to falling debris and other
related accidents. Site Engineers and all construction personnel involved in site activities should wear a
safety helmet or hard hat before entering the work site and it should be worn at all times. It should be free
from cracks and propershock-absorbing lining of the helmet should be in good condition.

2. Foot Protection/Safety Shoes

safety shoes should be worn by all of the construction personnel at the worksite to protect their feet for
possible injuries. The safety shoes to be used shall be determined according to potential hazards and
according to the natureof work. It shall comply with the safety standard and specification

3. Protective Clothing
Every construction person should wear adequate and suitable protective clothing to protect them from
possible hazard due to weather changes, electricity, impacts, and other risks. For Site Engineers a reflected
vest is recommended to maintain visibility when doing site inspections and other site activities.

4. Eyes and Face Protections

Construction employees shall be provided with eye and face protection equipment when their job had a
potential risk of exposing the eyes and face from hazard. They are the machines operators, welder, bar
bender and the like. Those workers whose vision requires the use of medical spectacles shall be protected by
eyeglasses with protectedlenses, goggles that can be worn without disturbing their work activity.
All personnel handling rough, sharp and excessive coarse material such as reinforcement bars, rods, pre-cast
concrete, toxic, electric and hot materials shall be protected by safety gloves. The material of these hand
protections shall be suitable against the hazard of doing such activities. Site employees shall be protected by
the different type ofgloves according to their job description. For example, chrome leather gloves should be
used when handling sandblasting and other materials. Gloves that are made of fabrics are used for handling
rough materials. Insulated rubber gloves should be used by electricians.

5. Hearing Protection
In the event that noise levels in worksite are too much to handle, ear protected gear are also needed by the site
personnel. Ear protected hazard inserted into the ear in the form of a headset, foam earplug and earmuffs shall
be in accordance with international safety standards. Plain cotton to be placed in the ear just to block
construction noise isprohibited to use.

6. Safety Belts/Safety Harness

Site employees working at an elevated level to about 2m or more shall be provided by safety harness or belts to
protect them from accidental fall. Anchorage point of the safety harness shall be placed above the head of the
worker and not less than 5 meters from the ground level. This point should be strong enough to carry a force of
not less than 2275kg. The material should be made of nylon or equivalent to at least 1cm thick. The hooks
attached should be fitted with a double locking device that can be open only by pressing the two parts at the
same time for safety purposes.

Safe Access On Site:

Everyone can get to their place of work safely

Edges from which people could fall are provided with double guard rails or other suitable edge protection.

Holes are protected with clearly marked and fixed covers to prevent falls.

Safe Ladders
Never allow more than one person on a

ladder. Use tool belts or hand lines to carry

objects.

Do not lean out from the ladder in any direction

The Roof: A Safety Place to Be

Always inspect a roof before you walk on it.

You must have protection to stop you from falling off the edge.

You must use proper safety harnesses and running cables when working on top of a roof.

Crane Safety

The weight of the load must be carefullyestimated.

The crane must be fitted with an automatic safe load indicator (one that works).

The load must be properly fixed and secured

The banks man must be trained to give clear signals

Electricity
Check constantly that cables are not damaged or worn.

Keep trailing cables off the ground and away from

water. Never overload or use makeshift plugs and fuses.

PPE (PERSONAL POTRCTIVE EQUIPMENT) on-site

Safety Boots.

Hi-Viz jacket.

Safety Glasses
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Day 16
IMPORTANCE OF DETAILING AND BAR BENDING

In RCC beams, elements are designed to resist the loads that cause bending moment, shear forces and
sometimes in some cases, it also causes torsion along their length. It’s a known fact that concrete is strong in
compression and veryweak in tension. The steel reinforcement present in the concrete, is used to take up
tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams. Mild steel bars of round section were utilized in RCC work.
But when deformed and twisted bars were introduced, the usage of mild steel bars declined. Ribs are
indented on the surface of the deformed or HYSD bars which results in increasing the bond strength by at
least 40% when compared to that of mild steel bar.

Terms employed in the detailing of beams

1. Size and number of bars/ spacing of bars
2. Lap and curtailment of bars/bending of bars
3. Development length of bars
4. Clear cover to the reinforcement and
5. Spacer and chair bars.

Anchorage in steel bars is usually given in the form of bends and hooks. Twisted steel bars or deformed
steel bars arenot provided with hooks. The anchorage value of the bend of bar is taken as 4 times the
diameter of bar for every 450-bend subjected to maximum of 16 times the diameter of bar. To increase the
length of bars, the bars are lapped together. Minimum lap length should be equal to development length.

1. Reinforceement details of footing

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 43

1.
2. Reinforcement details of beam

3. Reiforcement detailing of continuous slab

 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Day 17
Introduction to Quantity Surveying, Estimation and Costing

Estimating and costing in construction management is the calculation of quantities of materials, tools,
equipment,labours etc. and cost associated with them.
A Quantity Surveyor (QS) is a construction industry professional with expert knowledge on construction
costs and contracts. QS is a technical advisor to contracting companies, consultancy services, valuation
services, joint developers or directly with client or auditors.

Forecast of project at various stages - Feasibility stage, DPR stage, Approval stage, Execution stage,
Finalization stage,Maintenance stage.

Material /supporting data for estimate

1. Plans
2. Detailed specifications
3. Schedule rate
4. Tendering conditions
5. Methodology
6. Local factors
7. Profit/ rate of company
8. Statutory regulatorMensuration
Shape Volume (m3) CSA OR LAS (m2) TAS (m2)
Cube a3 4a2 6a2

Cuboid lxbxh 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+hl)

Sphere (4/3) π r3 4 π r2 4 π r2
Hemisphere (⅔) π r3 2πr2 3πr2
Cylinder πr2h 2π r h 2πrh + 2πr2
Cone (⅓) π r2 h πrl πr (r + l)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 45

 INTERNSHIP REPORT

The five important Methods used for the calculation of areas in Surveying:
1. Midpoint ordinate rule
2. Average ordinate rule
3. Simpson’s rule
4. Trapezoidal rule
5. Graphical rule
Simpson’s Rule
Statement:
It states that, sum of first and last ordinates has to be done. Add twice the sum of remaining odd
ordinates and four times the sum of remaining even ordinates. Multiply to this total sum by 1/3rd of the
common distance between theordinates which gives the required area.

The construction cost estimates can be prepared either in a detailed manner by taking into consideration
item by item or can be calculated approximately without going much into the details. Based on these
criteria, there are mainly 8 cost estimates followed in construction:
1. Preliminary Cost Estimate
2. Plinth Area Cost Estimate
3. Cube Rate Cost Estimate
4. Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate
5. Detailed Cost Estimate
6. Revised Cost Estimate
7. Supplementary Cost Estimate
8. Annual Repair Cost Estimate

Construction Cost Index Calculation

Step 1 Calculation of Price relative as the ratio of the current price to the base price multiplied by 100 i.e.
(P1/Po)X100.
Step 2 Apply the Weightage for each representative Item

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 46

Day 18
Introduction to Prestressing Technology

 Introduction to Prestressing Technology

Prestressing is the introduction of a compressive force to the concrete to counteract the stresses that will
result from an applied load.
There are two methods of introducing prestressing to a concrete, namely pre tensioning and post tensioning.

Pre-tensioning
Lengths of steel wire, cables, or ropes are laid in the empty mold and then stretched and anchored. After the
concrete has been poured and allowed to set, the anchors are released and, as the steel seeks to return to its
original length, it compresses the concrete. Pre tensioning happens before the casting of the concrete

Fig. 17: Pre-tensioning

• Post tensioning
It is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Post-tensioning tendons, which are prestressing
steel cables inside plastic ducts or sleeves, are positioned in the forms before the concrete is placed.
 INTERNSHIP REPORT

Fig. 18: Post-tensioning

• Bonded and unbounded prestress concrete

• Tendons
• Anchorage

 Forms of Prestressing Steel:

 Wire
 Strands

 Tendons
 Cables
 Bars

Losses of Prestress Concrete :

1. Short Term or Immediate Losses:

Immediate losses occur during prestressing of tendons and transfer of prestess to concrete member.
2. Long Term or Dependent Losses:
Time dependent losses occur during service life of

structure. Pre-tensioned concrete

Compressive stresses are introduced in prestressed concrete either by pre-tensioning or post-tensioning

the steel reinforcement. Concrete, although strong in compression, is weak in tension. For this reason, it
needs help in resisting the tensile stresses caused by bending forces from applied loads which can result
in cracking and ultimately failure. In service bending stresses (tensile) can therefore be counteracted by
prestressing.

In pre-tensioning the reinforcement, in the form of tendons or cables, is stretched (put into tension)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIT THANDAVAPURA Page 48

across the concrete formwork before the concrete is placed. After the concrete has hardened and a
suitable strength developed, the tendons are released. The tendons attempt to shorten and transfer the
energy stored to the concrete through the bond between the concrete and the reinforcement. A
compressive force is therefore induced into the concrete.

Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Post-tensioning tendons, which are prestressing
steel cables inside plastic ducts or sleeves, are positioned in the forms before the concrete is placed.
Afterwards, once the concrete has gained strength but before the service loads are applied, the cables
are pulled tight, or tensioned, andanchored against the outer edges of the concrete.

Forms of prestressing steel

1. Wires. A pre-stressing wire is a single unit made of steel.
2. Strands. A few wires are spun together in a helical form to form a pre-stressing strand. The different
types ofstrands are as follows: Two-wire strand, Three-wire strand, Seven-wire strand etc.
3. Tendons. A group of strands or wires are placed together to form a tendon.
4. Cables. A group of tendons form a pre-stressing cable. The cables are used in bridges.
5. Bars - A tendon can be made up of a single steel bar. The diameter of a bar is much larger than that
of a wire.

Components of Post Tensioning Slab

1. Ducts
Thin sheet metal pipes with claw coupling or welded overlapped seam supplied in lengths of 5 and 6 m
respectively are used as a standard. Ducts are connected to each other by an external screw coupling
and sealed with PE tape. Plastic ducts are also available in the market these days which are water tight,
frictionless and fatigue resistant.
2. Tendons
The basic element of a post-tensioning system is called a tendon. A post-tensioning tendon is made up
of one ormore pieces of prestressing steel, coated with a protective coating, and housed inside a duct or
sheathing.

3. Anchors
Anchor are used to anchor the tendons into the concrete while terminating or joining two tendons.
Main function ofanchorage is to transfer the stressing force to the concrete once the stressing process is
completed.