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PointtoPointProtocolWikipedia
PointtoPointProtocol
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Incomputernetworking,PointtoPointProtocol(PPP)isadatalink(layer2)protocolusedtoestablishadirect
[Link],transmissionencryption(usingECP,
RFC1968),andcompression.
PPPisusedovermanytypesofphysicalnetworksincludingserialcable,phoneline,trunkline,cellulartelephone,
specializedradiolinks,[Link].
Internetserviceproviders(ISPs)haveusedPPPforcustomerdialupaccesstotheInternet,sinceIPpacketscannot
betransmittedoveramodemlineontheirown,withoutsomedatalinkprotocol.
TwoderivativesofPPP,PointtoPointProtocoloverEthernet(PPPoE)andPointtoPointProtocoloverATM
(PPPoA),areusedmostcommonlybyInternetServiceProviders(ISPs)toestablishaDigitalSubscriberLine
(DSL)Internetserviceconnectionwithcustomers.
PPPiscommonlyusedasadatalinklayerprotocolforconnectionoversynchronousandasynchronouscircuits,
whereithaslargelysupersededtheolderSerialLineInternetProtocol(SLIP)andtelephonecompanymandated
standards(suchasLinkAccessProtocol,Balanced(LAPB)intheX.25protocolsuite).Theonlyrequirementfor
[Link],
includingInternetProtocol(IP),TRILL,Novell'sInternetworkPacketExchange(IPX),NBF,DECnetand
[Link],[Link]
[Link].
Contents
1 Description
1.1 Automaticselfconfiguration
1.2 Multiplenetworklayerprotocols
1.3 Loopedlinkdetection
2 PPPConfigurationOptions
3 PPPframe
3.1 StructureofaPPPframe
3.2 Encapsulation
4 PPPlineactivationandphases
5 PPPoverseverallinks
5.1 MultilinkPPP
5.2 MulticlassPPP
6 PPPandtunnels
6.1 Derivedprotocols
6.2 PPPasalayer2protocolbetweenbothendsofatunnel
7 Seealso
8 References
8.1 RFCs
Description
[Link]
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[Link]
additionalfeaturesthathadbeenseenonlyinproprietarydatalinkprotocolsuptothattime.
RFC2516describesPointtoPointProtocoloverEthernet(PPPoE)asamethodfortransmittingPPPoverEthernet
thatissometimesusedwithDSL.RFC2364describesPointtoPointProtocoloverATM(PPPoA)asamethodfor
transmittingPPPoverATMAdaptationLayer5(AAL5),whichisalsoacommonalternativetoPPPoEusedwith
DSL.
PPPisalayeredprotocolthathasthreecomponents:
Anencapsulationcomponentthatisusedtotransmitdatagramsoverthespecifiedphysicallayer.
ALinkControlProtocol(LCP)toestablish,configure,andtestthelinkaswellasnegotiatecapabilities.
OneormoreNetworkControlProtocols(NCP)usedtonegotiateoptionalconfigurationparametersand
[Link].
PPPisspecifiedinRFC1661.
Automaticselfconfiguration
LinkControlProtocol(LCP)initiatesandterminatesconnectionsgracefully,allowinghoststonegotiate
[Link],[Link]
automaticconfigurationoftheinterfacesateachend(suchassettingdatagramsize,escapedcharacters,andmagic
numbers)[Link](withPPPprotocol
number0xC021)andthereforeabasicPPPconnectionhastobeestablishedbeforeLCPisabletoconfigureit.
RFC1994describesChallengehandshakeauthenticationprotocol(CHAP),whichispreferredforestablishing
[Link],Passwordauthenticationprotocol(PAP)isstillsometimes
used.
AnotheroptionforauthenticationoverPPPisExtensibleAuthenticationProtocol(EAP)describedinRFC2284.
Afterthelinkhasbeenestablished,additionalnetwork(layer3)[Link],the
InternetProtocolControlProtocol(IPCP)isused,althoughInternetworkPacketExchangeControlProtocol
(IPXCP)andAppleTalkControlProtocol(ATCP)wereonceverypopular.InternetProtocolVersion6Control
Protocol(IPv6CP)willseeextendeduseinthefuture,whenIPv6replacesIPv4asthedominantlayer3protocol.
Multiplenetworklayerprotocols
PPPpermitsmultiplenetworklayerprotocolstooperateonthesame
[Link],a
separateNetworkControlProtocol(NCP)isprovidedinorderto
encapsulateandnegotiateoptionsforthemultiplenetworklayer
[Link],[Link]
addressorcompressionoptions,aftertheconnectionhasbeen
established.
PPParchitecture
IP
LCP CHAPPAPEAP IPCP
PPPencapsulation
HDLClikeFraming
PPPoE PPPoA
POS
RS232 SONET/SDH Ethernet ATM
Forexample,InternetProtocol(IP)usestheIPControlProtocol(IPCP),andInternetworkPacketExchange(IPX)
usestheNovellIPXControlProtocol(IPX/SPX).NCPsincludefieldscontainingstandardizedcodestoindicate
thenetworklayerprotocoltypethatthePPPconnectionencapsulates.
ThefollowingNCPsmaybeusedwithPPP:
[Link]
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theInternetProtocolControlProtocol(IPCP)fortheInternetProtocol,protocolcodenumber0x8021,RFC
1332
theOSINetworkLayerControlProtocol(OSINLCP)forthevariousOSInetworklayerprotocols,protocol
codenumber0x8023,RFC1377
theAppleTalkControlProtocol(ATCP)forAppleTalk,protocolcodenumber0x8029,RFC1378
theInternetworkPacketExchangeControlProtocol(IPXCP)fortheInternetPacketExchange,protocol
codenumber0x802B,RFC1552
theDECnetPhaseIVControlProtocol(DNCP)forDNAPhaseIVRoutingprotocol(DECnetPhaseIV),
protocolcodenumber0x8027,RFC1762
theNetBIOSFramesControlProtocol(NBFCP)forNetBIOSFramesprotocol(orNetBEUIasitwascalled
beforethat),protocolcodenumber0x803F,RFC2097
theIPv6ControlProtocol(IPV6CP)forIPv6,protocolcodenumber0x8057,RFC5072
Loopedlinkdetection
[Link],these
[Link],thenodereceivesanLCPmessagewithitsownmagic
number,insteadofgettingamessagewiththepeer'smagicnumber.
PPPConfigurationOptions
[Link]
includethefollowingLCPoptions:
[Link]
AuthenticationProtocol(PAP)andChallengeHandshakeAuthenticationProtocol(CHAP).Authentication
isexplainedinthenextsection.
CompressionIncreasestheeffectivethroughputonPPPconnectionsbyreducingtheamountofdatainthe
[Link].SeeRFC1962
formoredetails.
[Link],
[Link].
UntiltheMagicNumberConfigurationOptionhasbeensuccessfullynegotiated,theMagicNumbermustbe
[Link].
MultilinkProvidesloadbalancingseveralinterfacesusedbyPPPthroughMultilinkPPP(seebelow).
PPPframe
StructureofaPPPframe
PPPframesarevariantsofHDLCframes:
[Link]
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Name
Numberofbytes
Description
Flag
0x7E,thebeginningofaPPPframe
Address
0xFF,standardbroadcastaddress
Control
0x03,unnumbereddata
Protocol
PPPIDofembeddeddata
Information
variable(0ormore) datagram
Padding
variable(0ormore) optionalpadding
FrameCheckSequence 2
framechecksum
Flag
0x7E,omittedforsuccessivePPPpackets
IfbothpeersagreetoAddressfieldandControlfieldcompressionduringLCP,thenthosefieldsareomitted.
LikewiseifbothpeersagreetoProtocolfieldcompression,thenthe0x00bytecanbeomitted.
TheProtocolfieldindicatesthetypeofpayloadpacket:0xC021forLCP,0x80xyforvariousNCPs,0x0021forIP,
0x0029AppleTalk,0x002BforIPX,0x003DforMultilink,0x003FforNetBIOS,0x00FDforMPPCandMPPE,
etc.[1]PPPislimited,andcannotcontaingeneralLayer3data,unlikeEtherType.
TheInformationfieldcontainsthePPPpayloadithasavariablelengthwithanegotiatedmaximumcalledthe
[Link],[Link]
informationforaparticularprotocolcanbepadded,thatprotocolmustallowinformationtobedistinguishedfrom
padding.
Encapsulation
PPPframesareencapsulatedinalowerlayerprotocolthatprovidesframingandmayprovideotherfunctionssuch
[Link]
HDLC,describedbyIETFRFC1662.
Name
Numberofbytes
Description
Flag
indicatesframe'sbeginorend
Address
broadcastaddress
Control
controlbyte
Protocol
1or2or3
lininformationfield
Information variable(0ormore) datagram
Padding
variable(0ormore) optionalpadding
FCS
2(or4)
errorcheck
TheFlagfieldispresentwhenPPPwithHDLClikeframingisused.
TheAddressandControlfieldsalwayshavethevaluehexFF(for"allstations")andhex03(for"unnumbered
information"),andcanbeomittedwheneverPPPLCPAddressandControlFieldCompression(ACFC)is
negotiated.
Theframechecksequence(FCS)[Link]
[Link]
similartotheoneusedforotherlayertwoprotocolerrorprotectionschemessuchastheoneusedinEthernet.
[Link]
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AccordingtoRFC1662,itcanbeeither16bits(2bytes)or32bits(4bytes)insize(defaultis16bitsPolynomial
x16+x12+x5+1).
TheFCSiscalculatedovertheAddress,Control,Protocol,InformationandPaddingfieldsafterthemessagehas
beenencapsulated.
PPPlineactivationandphases
ThephasesofthePointtoPoint
ProtocolaccordingtoRFC1661are
listedbelow:
LinkDead
Thisphaseoccurswhenthelink
fails,oronesidehasbeentoldto
disconnect([Link]
finishedhisorherdialup
connection.)
LinkEstablishmentPhase
ThisphaseiswhereLinkControl
Protocolnegotiationisattempted.
Ifsuccessful,controlgoeseither
AdiagramdepictingthephasesofPPPaccordingtoRFC1661.
totheauthenticationphaseorthe
NetworkLayerProtocolphase,
dependingonwhetherauthenticationisdesired.
AuthenticationPhase
[Link]
successful,controlgoestothenetworklayerprotocolphase.
NetworkLayerProtocolPhase
Thisphaseiswhereeachdesiredprotocols'[Link],IPCPis
[Link]
[Link]
inthisphase.
LinkTerminationPhase
[Link],ifthereareso
manychecksumerrorsthatthetwopartiesdecidetoteardownthelinkautomatically,ifthelinksuddenly
fails,oriftheuserdecidestohangupaconnection.
PPPoverseverallinks
MultilinkPPP
MultilinkPPP(alsoreferredtoasMLPPP,MP,MPPP,MLP,orMultilink)providesamethodforspreading
[Link],forexample,toconnect
ahomecomputertoanInternetServiceProviderusingtwotraditional56kmodems,ortoconnectacompany
throughtwoleasedlines.
OnasinglePPPlineframescannotarriveoutoforder,butthisispossiblewhentheframesaredividedamong
[Link],MultilinkPPPmustnumberthefragmentssotheycanbeputintheright
orderagainwhentheyarrive.
[Link]
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MultilinkPPPisanexampleofalinkaggregationtechnology.CiscoIOSRelease11.1andlatersupportsMultilink
PPP.
MulticlassPPP
WithPPP,onecannotestablishseveralsimultaneousdistinctPPPconnectionsoverasinglelink.
That'[Link]
packet,andasaconsequenceitisnotpossibletosuspendthesendingofasequenceoffragmentsofonepacketin
[Link].
MulticlassPPPisakindofMultilinkPPPwhereeach"class"oftrafficusesaseparatesequencenumberspace
andreassemblybuffer.MulticlassPPPisdefinedinRFC2686.
PPPandtunnels
SimplifiedOSIprotocolstackforanexample
SSH+PPPtunnel
Application FTP SMTP HTTP DNS
PPTP(PointtoPointTunnelingProtocol)isaformofPPP
betweentwohostsviaGREusingencryption(MPPE)and
Transport
TCP
UDP
compression(MPPC).
Network
IP
DataLink
PPP
PPPasalayer2protocolbetweenbothendsofa
Application
SSH
tunnel
Transport
TCP
Network
IP
[Link]
ofthem,likeSSL,SSH,orL2TPcreatevirtualnetworkinterfaces
DataLink
Ethernet
ATM
andgivetheimpressionofadirectphysicalconnectionsbetween
Physical
Cables,Hubs,andsoon
[Link],theseinterfaces
wouldbecalledtun0.
Derivedprotocols
Asthereareonlytwoendpointsonatunnel,thetunnelisapointtopointconnectionandPPPisanaturalchoiceas
[Link]
interfaces,andtheseIPaddressescanbeused,forexample,toroutebetweenthenetworksonbothsidesofthe
tunnel.
IPsecintunnelingmodedoesnotcreatevirtualphysicalinterfacesattheendofthetunnel,sincethetunnelis
handleddirectlybytheTCP/IPstack.L2TPcanbeusedtoprovidetheseinterfaces,thistechniqueiscalled
L2TP/[Link],PPPprovidesIPaddressestotheextremitiesofthetunnel.
Seealso
Diameter
ExtensibleAuthenticationProtocol
Hayescommandset
LinkAccessProcedureforModems(LAPM)
MultiprotocolEncapsulation(MPE)forMPEGtransportstream
PointtoPointProtocoldaemon(PPPD)
PPPoX
RADIUS
[Link]
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ShortestPathBridging
UnidirectionalLightweightEncapsulation(ULE)forMPEGtransportstream
References
1."PointtoPoint(PPP)ProtocolFieldAssignments".IANA.Retrieved3September2015.
RFCs
PPPisdefinedinRFC1661(ThePointtoPointProtocol,July1994).RFC1547(RequirementsforanInternet
StandardPointtoPointProtocol,December1993)provideshistoricalinformationabouttheneedforPPPandits
[Link]
includingTCP/IP,DECnet,AppleTalk,IPX,andothersworkwithPPP.
RFC1332,ThePPPInternetProtocolControlProtocol(IPCP)
RFC1661,Standard51,ThePointtoPointProtocol(PPP)
RFC1662,Standard51,PPPinHDLClikeFraming
RFC1962,PPPCompressionControlProtocol(CCP)
RFC1963,PPPSerialDatatransportProtocol
RFC1990,ThePPPMultilinkProtocol(MP)
RFC1994,PPPChallengeHandshakeAuthenticationProtocol(CHAP)
RFC2153,Informational,PPPVendorExtensions
RFC2284,PPPExtensibleAuthenticationProtocol(EAP)
RFC2364,PPPoverATM
RFC2516,PPPoverEthernet
RFC2615,PPPoverSONET/SDH
RFC2686,TheMultiClassExtensiontoMultiLinkPPP
RFC2687,ProposedStandard,PPPinaRealtimeOrientedHDLClikeFraming
RFC5072,IPVersion6overPPP
RFC5172,NegotiationforIPv6DatagramCompressionUsingIPv6ControlProtocol
RFC6361,PPPTransparentInterconnectionofLotsofLinks(TRILL)ProtocolControlProtocol
Retrievedfrom"[Link]
Categories: InternetStandards Linkprotocols Logicallinkcontrol Modems
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