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Trigonometric Functions: X y X y X

The document defines and describes trigonometric functions. It discusses how trigonometric functions relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of its sides. The most familiar trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, and tangent - are defined based on ratios of sides in a right triangle containing the angle of interest. Trigonometric functions have many applications, including computing unknown lengths and angles in triangles, modeling periodic phenomena, and resolving vectors into Cartesian coordinates. The document provides equations relating the six basic trigonometric functions to one another.

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Biswajit Mohanty
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© © All Rights Reserved
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27 views

Trigonometric Functions: X y X y X

The document defines and describes trigonometric functions. It discusses how trigonometric functions relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of its sides. The most familiar trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, and tangent - are defined based on ratios of sides in a right triangle containing the angle of interest. Trigonometric functions have many applications, including computing unknown lengths and angles in triangles, modeling periodic phenomena, and resolving vectors into Cartesian coordinates. The document provides equations relating the six basic trigonometric functions to one another.

Uploaded by

Biswajit Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/6/2017

TrigonometricfunctionsWikipedia

Trigonometricfunctions
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inmathematics,thetrigonometricfunctions(alsocalledthecircular
functions)arefunctionsofanangle.Theyrelatetheanglesofatriangle
tothelengthsofitssides.Trigonometricfunctionsareimportantinthe
studyoftrianglesandmodelingperiodicphenomena,amongmanyother
applications.
Themostfamiliartrigonometricfunctionsarethesine,cosine,and
tangent.Inthecontextofthestandardunitcircle(acirclewithradius1
unit),whereatriangleisformedbyaraystartingattheoriginand
makingsomeanglewiththexaxis,thesineoftheanglegivesthelength
oftheycomponent(theoppositetotheangleortherise)ofthetriangle,
thecosinegivesthelengthofthexcomponent(theadjacentoftheangle
ortherun),andthetangentfunctiongivestheslope(ycomponent
dividedbythexcomponent).Moreprecisedefinitionsaredetailed
below.Trigonometricfunctionsarecommonlydefinedasratiosoftwo
sidesofarighttrianglecontainingtheangle,andcanequivalentlybe
definedasthelengthsofvariouslinesegmentsfromaunitcircle.More
moderndefinitionsexpressthemasinfiniteseriesorassolutionsof
certaindifferentialequations,allowingtheirextensiontoarbitrary
positiveandnegativevaluesandeventocomplexnumbers.

Baseoftrigonometry:iftworighttriangleshave
equalacuteangles,theyaresimilar,sotheirside
lengthsareproportional.Proportionalityconstants
arewrittenwithintheimage: sin, cos, tan,
where isthecommonmeasureoffiveacute
angles.

Trigonometricfunctionshaveawiderangeofusesincludingcomputing
unknownlengthsandanglesintriangles(oftenrighttriangles).Inthis
use,trigonometricfunctionsareused,forinstance,innavigation,
engineering,andphysics.Acommonuseinelementaryphysicsis
resolvingavectorintoCartesiancoordinates.Thesineandcosinefunctionsarealsocommonlyusedtomodelperiodic
functionphenomenasuchassoundandlightwaves,thepositionandvelocityofharmonicoscillators,sunlightintensityand
daylength,andaveragetemperaturevariationsthroughtheyear.
Inmodernusage,therearesixbasictrigonometricfunctions,tabulatedherewithequationsthatrelatethemtooneanother.
Especiallywiththelastfour,theserelationsareoftentakenasthedefinitionsofthosefunctions,butonecandefinethem
equallywellgeometrically,orbyothermeans,andthenderivetheserelations.

Contents
1 Rightangledtriangledefinitions
1.1 Sine,cosineandtangent
1.2 Reciprocalfunctions
1.3 Slopedefinitions
2 Unitcircledefinitions
3 Algebraicvalues
3.1 Explicitvalues
4 Seriesdefinitions
4.1 Tangent
4.2 Cosecant
4.3 Secant
4.4 Cotangent
4.5 Relationshiptoexponentialfunctionandcomplexnumbers
4.5.1 Complexgraphs
5 Definitionsviadifferentialequations
5.1 Thesignificanceofradians
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1/6/2017

TrigonometricfunctionsWikipedia

6 Identities
6.1 Calculus
6.2 Definitionsusingfunctionalequations
7 Computation
7.1 Specialvaluesintrigonometricfunctions
8 Inversefunctions
8.1 Connectiontotheinnerproduct
9 Propertiesandapplications
9.1 Lawofsines
9.2 Lawofcosines
9.3 Lawoftangents
9.4 Lawofcotangents
9.5 Periodicfunctions
10 History
11 Etymology
12 Seealso
13 Notes
14 References
15 Externallinks

Rightangledtriangledefinitions
Thenotionthatthereshouldbesomestandardcorrespondencebetweenthelengthsofthe
sidesofatriangleandtheanglesofthetrianglecomesassoonasonerecognizesthat
similartrianglesmaintainthesameratiosbetweentheirsides.Thatis,foranysimilar
triangletheratioofthehypotenuse(forexample)andanotherofthesidesremainsthe
same.Ifthehypotenuseistwiceaslong,soarethesides.Itistheseratiosthatthe
trigonometricfunctionsexpress.
TodefinethetrigonometricfunctionsfortheangleA,startwithanyrighttrianglethat
containstheangleA.Thethreesidesofthetrianglearenamedasfollows:
Thehypotenuseisthesideoppositetherightangle,inthiscasesideh.The
hypotenuseisalwaysthelongestsideofarightangledtriangle.
Theoppositesideisthesideoppositetotheangleweareinterestedin(angleA),inthiscasesidea.
Theadjacentsideisthesidehavingboththeanglesofinterest(angleAandrightangleC),inthiscasesideb.
InordinaryEuclideangeometry,accordingtothetrianglepostulate,theinsideanglesofeverytriangletotal180(radians).
Therefore,inarightangledtriangle,thetwononrightanglestotal90( radians),soeachoftheseanglesmustbeinthe
2

rangeof(0,90)asexpressedinintervalnotation.Thefollowingdefinitionsapplytoanglesinthis090range.They
canbeextendedtothefullsetofrealargumentsbyusingtheunitcircle,orbyrequiringcertainsymmetriesandthattheybe
periodicfunctions.Forexample,thefigureshowssin()forangles,,+,and2depictedontheunitcircle
(top)andasagraph(bottom).Thevalueofthesinerepeatsitselfapartfromsigninallfourquadrants,andiftherangeof
isextendedtoadditionalrotations,thisbehaviorrepeatsperiodicallywithaperiod2.
Thetrigonometricfunctionsaresummarizedinthefollowingtableanddescribedinmoredetailbelow.Theangleisthe
anglebetweenthehypotenuseandtheadjacentlinetheangleatAintheaccompanyingdiagram.

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