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Supplemental Reading for Broadband Protocols

The document discusses Broadband Protocols, focusing on Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). PPP is a byte-oriented protocol used for high-traffic data transmissions between directly connected devices, while PPPoE encapsulates PPP frames within Ethernet frames for broader connectivity. Key features include authentication methods, error detection, and the encapsulation process, which ensures effective communication across various network devices.

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11 views4 pages

Supplemental Reading for Broadband Protocols

The document discusses Broadband Protocols, focusing on Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). PPP is a byte-oriented protocol used for high-traffic data transmissions between directly connected devices, while PPPoE encapsulates PPP frames within Ethernet frames for broader connectivity. Key features include authentication methods, error detection, and the encapsulation process, which ensures effective communication across various network devices.

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Supplemental Reading for Broadband Protocols

Broadband Protocols
Broadband communications require a set of instructions, rules, and communication
to various network layer protocols to support operation. Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
for broadband communications is a set of instructions used to transmit data
between two directly connected devices. This reading will cover the definitions,
structures, and details of Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and Point to Point Protocol
over Ethernet (PPPoE).
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) is a byte-oriented protocol broadly used for high-traffic
data transmissions. PPP functions at the data link layer, which transmits data
between two devices on the same network. PPP is designed to link devices, so the
endpoints do not need to be the same vendor to work.
Configuring PPP
When configuring PPP for the devices on your network, you have the following
options:
 Multilink connection provides a method for spreading traffic across multiple
distinct PPP connections.
 Compression increases throughput by reducing the amount of data in the
frame.
 Authentication occurs when connected devices exchange authentication
messages using one of two methods:
o Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a password
authentication option that is hard to obtain plaintext from if passwords
are compromised.
o Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is a three-
way handshake authentication that periodically confirms the identity of
the clients.
 Error detection includes Frame Check Sequence (FCS) and looped link
detection.
o Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is a number included in the frame
calculated over the Address, Control, Protocol, Information, and
Padding fields used to determine if there has been data loss during
transmission.
o Looped link detection in PPP detects looped links using magic
numbers. A magic number is generated randomly at each end of the
connection, so when a looped message is received, the device checks
the magic number against its own. If the line is looped, the number will
match the sender's magic number, and the frame is discarded.
Sub-protocols for PPP
In addition, two sub-protocols for PPP occur on the network layer when the network
decides what physical path the information will take. These protocols use the
configuration options you set for the endpoints.
 Network Control Protocol (NCP) will be used to negotiate optional
configuration parameters and facilities for the network layer. There is an NCP
for each higher layer protocol used by the PPP.
 Link Control Protocol (LCP) initiates and terminates connections
automatically for hosts. It automatically configures the interfaces at each end
like magic numbers and selecting for optional authentication.
Data is sent using PPP in a frame. A frame is a collection of data sent to a receiving
point.

PPP uses the following frame format:


 Flag is a single byte and lets the receiver know this is the beginning of the
frame. Depending on the encapsulation, there may or may not be a start flag
or an end flag.
 Address is a single byte, and it contains the broadcast address.
 Control is a single byte required for various purposes but also allows a
connectionless data link.
 Protocol varies from one to three bytes which identify the network protocol
of the datagram.
 Data is where the information you need to transmit is stored and has a limit
of 1500 bytes per frame.
 Frame check sequence (FCS) is 2 or 4 bytes and is used to verify data is
intact upon receipt at the endpoint.
When the data is packaged in a frame, it undergoes encapsulation.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the process by which each layer takes data from the previous layer
and adds headers and trailers for the next layer to interpret.

These frames are sent to the other endpoint where the process is reversed, which is
called De-encapsulation.
PPP can get expensive and hard to manage due to all the direct cables and links
required. In this case, you may want to switch to a multi-access Ethernet solution.
Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet is a protocol made to bridge the gap between
directly connected endpoints and other devices.
Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Point to Point protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a way of encapsulating PPP frames
inside an ethernet frame. PPPoE is a solution for tunneling packets over the DSL
connection service provider's IP network and from there to the rest of the Internet.
Like PPP, PPPoE provides authentication, encryption, and compression, though it
primarily uses Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) for authentication.
A common use case is PPPoE using DSL services where a PPPoE modem-router
connects to the DSL service or when a PPPoE DSL modem is connected to a PPPoE-
only router using an Ethernet cable.
PPP is strictly point-to-point, so frames can only go to the intended destination.
PPPoE requires a new step because ethernet connections are multi-access enabled
(every node connects to another). This requires an additional step called the
discovery stage. The discovery stage establishes a session ID to identify the
hardware address. This stage ensures data gets routed to the correct place.
PPPoE is an encapsulation of PPP inside an ethernet frame. PPPoE retains the same
architecture, configuration options, and frame data as PPP but with one extra layer
of ethernet encapsulation.
Key takeaways
Broadband internet requires several protocols to make sure different connected
devices can communicate with each other.
 Point to Point Protocol (PPP) encapsulates data, so any PPP configured
devices can communicate without issue.
 Point to Point over Ethernet (PPPoE) is an extra layer of encapsulation for
standard PPP frames, to enable data to be sent over ethernet connections.
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