Chapter 3: Creat ing Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD

CREATING ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

IN AUTOCAD
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1) INTRODUCTION .................................. .............................. .. ....... ......... ....... ..................... ....... 3
3.2) LAYERS ................................................................................... . .. .... ...... ... ........ ... ........... 3
3.2.1) The Layers panel ........ . .. .... .... ......... ..... .... ..... ... ... .. .. .. .......... 6
3.2.2) Layer Properti es .. .. .. ....... ... ..... ........ ........................ .... .. .............. 7
3.3) LINE TYPE SCALE ........................................................... .
3.4) PROPERTIES ........... .. ...................................................... ..
.. .. ... ..... ..... .. ...... .. ... .. ... .... ... .. 9
......... ......................... ........ 10
3.4. 1) The Properties panel ............. ... ..... ... .... .... ..... .. .... .......... .... ............... ..... .. ....... . .... 11
3.5) PRINTING USING PEN WiDTHS................... .... ............. ... .. .............. .......................... 12
3.6) CREATING LAYERS TUTORIAL .......... ................................. .... .. ............. ........................... 13
3.6.1 ) Setting drawing parameters ............... .. .. ..... ..... .......... ... ... 13
3.6.2) Creating layers .... ..... .... ...... ........ ........ ... ............. ...... .... .... ..... .. ....... .. .. . ...... .. ...... .. . 13
3.6.3) Drawing on di fferent layers ............ .. ..... ...... .. ... .......... ... ..... ....................... .. .......... 15
3.6.4) Ulle type scale ... ... .... .. . .. ... .... ....... ... ... .. .................... ............... .... , .... ........ 16
3.7) TITlE BLOCKS ...................................................................................................................... 17
3.7. 1) Title Block Contents .. ... ......... ...... .............. .. . ............. .. ...................... .. ... 17
3.7.2) Date _ ....... . . ...... ......... ... ..... ....... ... 17
3.7.3) Sheet Layout . .... ... .. .... ..... .. ..... ....... ............ .. .............. ................... .... ... ..... .. .. . .. .. 17
3.8) BLOCKING ................ ............... ............................................................................................ . 19
3.9) Tl11.E BLOCK TUTORIAL ..................................................................................... ............... 22
3.9. 1) Drawin9 the Border ............... .. ........................ .. .......... ........ ........ ...... ... 22
3.9.2) Framing in the title block .......................... .. . .... ..... ... ... .... ........ ... 24
3.9.3) Fillil'lg in the tille block text .. ........ .. ... .. .................. . .............. ...... .... .... ...... .... .. 25
3.9.4) Blocking the titte block and border .. ..... .. ... ...... .... .. ... .. . ...... . .. ... ....... 27
3.10) MODEL AND LAYOUT SPACE ............................................................ ............................... 28
3. 10. 1) Model Space... ....... .... .. ...... .... .. ... .. ....... .............. .. ... .. ................... .. 28
3.1 0.2) Layout Space ..... .. ..... .... .......... ... .. .... ... . . .... 28
3.11) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TUTORIAL ............ ...... .. ...................... .......... .............. 30
3. 11. 1) Draw the front view. ... ....................... .. .. ........ .................... .. ... ............ .. .......... 30
3.11.2) Drawing the right side view .............. .. . .. .. ........... 32
3.11.3) Drawing the top view ..... 34
3 - 1
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AuloCAD
3.11.4) Drawing center1lnes ............................... ....................................................................... 35
3.11 .5) Printing the layout.. .............. ......................................................................................... 37
3.11 .6) Printing a metric drawing ........................... .................................................................... 43
3.12) AUXILIARY VIEW TUTORIAL ............................................................................................. 45
3.12. 1) Drawing the orthographic projection ............. ..................... ... .... . . ............. ... 46
3.12.2) Creali nglhe auxili ary view ......... ..... ... .. ... ... ......... .. ..... ......... ..... ... .... ...... ....... ...... ....... 47
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS IN AUTOCAD CROSSWORD PUZZLE ............. ................ 51
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS IN AUTOCAD PROBLEMS ................................................. 53
3-2
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic ProjectiOflS in AutoCAO
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In Chapter 3 you will Jeam how to draw an orlhographic projection in AutoCAD. LayelS will
be used which allow a drawing to contain different line types and to print using different line
widths. You will draw and title block and border that can be repeatedly used. By the end of /his
chapter. you will be able to create a technically correct Ot1hographlc projection using proper line
types and weights.
3.1) INTRODUCTION
An orthographic projection is a 2-D representation of a 3-D part. The line types and
li ne weights used to create the orthographic projection give valuable information 10 the
drawing or print reader. AutoCAD enables you to draw orthographic projections using
different line types and to print drawings using different line weights. This is
accomplished through the use of layers.
3.2) LAYERS
Layers are like Iransparencies, one placed over the top of another. Each
transparency/layer contains a different li ne type or a different part of the drawing. One
layer may be used to create visible lines, while another layer may be used to create
hidden lines. One layer may draw objects in red while another layer may draw objects in
blue and so on. Assigning a different line type and color to each layer helps you control
and organize the drawing. Before beginning to draw, many layers wi ll be created and
their properties assigned. White drawing, the current or active layer (the layer you are
drawing on) will be switched from one to another depending on what feature of the
drawing you are working on.
Figure 3.2-1 shows an orthographic projection that uses different line types and line
weights. The line type for each layer is set directly as a layer property. The line
thickness is controlled by the color in which it is drawn. Figure 3.2-2 shows a possible
layer organization scheme that could be used to create the orthographic project ion
shown in Figure 3.2-2.
l ayers not only facilitate the use of line types and weights, but they can also help
you visualize, creale and edit your work. For example, layers can be turned on or off.
This is very useful when using a projection/construction line. Construction lines are
helpful in the creation of an orthographic proj ection. However, they are not part of the
final drawing. II would be tedious if you had 10 erase all the construction lines
individually. A better way is to create a separate Construction layer and jusllum it off
(make it invisible) when they are no longer needed. Layers can also be locked. This
means that you can see the layer but you cannot select any of the objects on the layer.
This is very useful when your drawing is very complex and you need to isolate objects
thai are on a particular layer.
33
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic ProjecUons in AuloCAO
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Figure 3.2-1: A typical orthographic projection
3 . 4
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
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3-5
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections In AutoCAD
------
3.2.1) The Layers panel
The Layers panel is shown in Figures 3.2-3. The most frequently used
commands/areas in the Layers panel are the Layers Properties Manager icon and the
Layers pull-down selection menu. The Layers Properties Manager is used to create,
name, assign line types and manage !ayers. The Layers menu allows you to quick!y
switch from one !ayer to the next and turn !ayers on and off.
Layers

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FIgure 3.2-3: The Layers panel
The icons/features of the Layers panel are:


3 - 6
Lavers Pro1J8rtles Manager wmdow' I &rn l This icon brings up a Layers Properties
Manager window. This window is the place where layers are created and the layer
properties are assigned.
Layer pull-down selection window: This pull-down window shows all of the available
layers, allows you to Switch between layers and enables you to change an object from
one layer to another. To the left of each layer name is a set of quick access layer status
settings that may be turned on or off. To tum these settings on and off, just click on
them. Reading from left to right these settings are:
o OnlOff Q The ON\OFF status of a layer is indicated by the light bulb. If it is
yellow, the layer is ON and the objects on this layer can be seen. If it is gray. the
layer is OFF and the objects on this layer can not be seen.
o FreezelThaw .J;t. The FREEZEITHAW status of a layer is indicated by two
suns. The big yellow sun freezesJthaws all viewports and the small sun
freezesJthaws only the current viewport. If a layer is FROZEN, the sun witl turn
into a snowflake. Objects on a frozen layer are not displayed, regenerated, Of
plotted. Freezing layers shortens regenerating time.
o Lock/Unlock: 0' The LOCK/UNLOCK status of a layer is indicated by the pad
lock. If the loCk is open, the layer is UNLOCKED. The objects on this layer can
be seen and selected. II the lock is closed, the layer is LOCKED. The objects on
this layer can be seen but not selected.



















Chapter 3: Creating OnhographiC PrOjections in AutoCAO
layer States menu: ... This is where you can save the
current settings for layers In a named layer state and then restore those settings later.
layer Isolate: 1@..I Thiscommand locks all layers except the one you choose to isolate.
layer Unisolate: lE!. I This command unlocks all the layers that were lock while using the
Layer Isolate command.
Freeze: lill Freezes a selected object's layer.
Off: 10:. 1 Turns a selected object's layer off.
Make Object's layer Current: MJI This icon sets the layer of a selected object to be the
current one.
r;;il
Matches the layer of a selected object to a destination layer.
Layer Previous: 1 This icon switches you back to your previous layer.
Tum All Layers On: IE'. I Turns all the drawing layers on.
Thaw All lavers: ltJ Thaws all the drawing layers.
Lock: I Cal Locks a selected object's layer.
Unlade:: I <--a, 1 Unlocks a selected object's layer.
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Change to Current l ayer. E:!.J Changes the tayer of a selected object to the current one.
Copy Objects to New laver: Iz:. I Creates duplicates of the selected objects on a
specified layer.
layer Walks: I Ei,1 Allows you see all the objects on an individual layer while hiding the
objects on the other layers.
Isolate to Current Viewport Freezes select layers in all viewports exceptlhe current
viewport.
Merge: Merges selected layers into a target layer.
Delete: l"i I Deletes ell objects on a selected layer and then purges the layer.
locked Laver Fading: Ia)-er hdng I The locked layer fading
may be set using this slider bar.
3.2.2) Layer Properties
The Layer Properties Manager window is the place where you can create layers and
set their properties. This window may be accessed using the command LAYER or by
clicking on the Layer Properties Manager I icon in the Layers panel. Figure 3.2-4
shows the Layer Properties Manager window wi th the important features identified.
Most of the features are self explanatory except for the layer filler. The New Property
Filter window is a place where you may create filters based on one or more layer
properties.
3 '
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections In AutoCAD
New Property Create a Delete Set a layer

Current
layer
Layer
00''''
Figure 3.2-4: The Layer Properties Manager window
1) Command: LAyer or Laversoanel:
2) Lever Properties Managerwindow;
a) Click on the New LByer icon I I
b) Name your layer.
>
c) Click 00 the square colored box under the heading Color. A Selecl Color window will
appear.
..
3) Select Colorwlodow Index Color lab:
a) Select a color for your layer. It is best
10 select a standard color. Nole: The
color White and Black are the same.
b) OK
3-8
OJ; II c.a II KeII>
Chapter 3: Crealing Orthographic Projections In AutoCAO
4) Laver Pro
J Standard [Link] I
?if
Click on the name of the line type
:II SotlKt UoetY!MI
under tho heading Llnetype. A

Select Unetype window will appear.
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5) Select Unetype window: If the line

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typo thai you wish to use
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Continuous. click 00 Load ... to
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select a different line type. A Load
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Reload Linetypes window will

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6) Load or Reload Unetypes window:
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, ) Scroll down until you find the
desired line type and select it.

b) OK
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wish to assign to the layer.
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8) Properties M!!ni!!Z:f windQw: OK
3.3) LINE TYPE SCALE
Line type scale only applies to lines that break, such as, hidden lines. centerlines and
phantom Jines. The line type scale determines the size of the dashes and the size of the
spaces between dashes or dots. You can control the line type scale either globally (for
all li nes) or individually for each object. By default, both global and individual li ne type
scales are set to 1.00. The smaller the li ne type scale. the smaller the dashes and
spaces. The line type scale is adj usted according to your drawing size and the distance
that a line traverses. A short line segment that does not break and is displayed as
continuous will need to have a smaller line type scale. Figure 3.3-1 shows a centerline
at three different line type scales. The global line type scale may be set using the
LTSCALE command.
3 - 9
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AuloCAO
----------------------
Lina typa scale'" 1
Line type scale = 0.5
Line type scale = 0.25
Figure 3.3-1: The effects of line type scale
3.4) PROPERTtES
The properties of an individual object may be changed by selecting the object and
Iiil
then selecting the Properties icon in the View tab - Palettes panel. Figure 3.4-1
shows the Properties window of a circle. Several properties such as object layer, line
type scale. and radius or diameter may be changed. Oifferent objects will have different
options available in the Properties window. Properties may also be changed using the
CHPROP command.
3 - 10
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD

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3.4.1) The Properties panel
The Properties panel (Figure 3.4-2) is located in the Home tab. It allows you to
change the color, line type and line weight of a selected object. It is my suggestion that
these properties always remain on ByLayer (the default properties of the obj ect's layer).
If you need to change one of these properties, your first action should be to move the
object to a layer that has those properties. This creates a much more organized
drawing. Changing the ByLayer setti ngs in the properties tcolbar should be reserved for
occasional use only. Two useful command found in the Properties panel are Match
Properties and List. The List command lists the property data for a selected object.
Color J t Une weight

g . [Link] V ..
_ ----ByUyer ,.. J. :
___ .. List

type I
Figure 3.4-2: The Properties panel
3 - 11
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
3.5) PRINTING USING PEN WIDTHS
The color of an object dictates the printed thickness of that object. This is why we
will specify a different color to each line type/layer. The pen widths are stored in files
that are computer specifi c. They are not stored in the drawing file. If you are usi ng a
public computer. it is a good idea to check the pen width settings before printing.
You may print in color, grey scale or in black and white. If you are printing to an
inkjel and in color, you need to choose colors based on how they look. If you are
printing to a laser printer it i s best to print in black and white and not in grey scale.
Setting pen widths
1) Menu browser: Print - Page Setup . ..
2) Page &3tup Managerwindow: Modify ...
3) Page Setup Model window:
a) tn the Plot style table (pen assignments) area, select
[Link] from the pull-down menu.
b) Question window (Assign this plot style table to all
layouts?): Yes
c) Select the Edit ... [!] icon nexlto the pull-down menu.
a) Plot styles field: Select a color
b) Lineweight fteld: Select the appropriate line weight using
the pull-down menu.

c) Repeat for all colors that
you are using. Note that
the print color in the
Properties area is always
Black no matter what the
Piol styles colOI' is.
1M Plot St yli T<lble [dno, l11Ol>OClll omt . ctb
d) Save &, Close
5) Page Setup - Model window:
OK
6) Page Setup Manaoor
window: Close
3 - 12
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Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
3.6) CREATING LAYERS TUTORIAL
The objective of this tutorial is to create a set of standard layers that will be used to
create orthographi c projections. These layers will be saved to a template file so that
they can be used repeatedly.
3.6.1) Setting drawing parameters
1) View the Layers video and read sections 3.1) through 3.5).
2) Open your set-;[Link]. Your set-inch template file should have the foll owing
settings. If it does not, change them at this point.
UNITS
8. Units = inches
b. Precision = 0.00
LIMITS = 11,8.5
STyle
a. Text font = Arial
b. Text heighl=O.12
c. Make sure the Annotative toggle is checked.
3) Set the global line type scale to 0.5.
a) Command: Itscale
b) Ente r new linetype scale f actor <1 . 0000> : 0.5
3.6.2) Creati ng layers
1) Command: 18 or Layers panel: I I
2) Layer Properties Manager window:
a) Click on the New Layer icon I >t. 1
b) Name your layer Hidden.
c) Cli ck on the squate colored box under the heading Cofor that is associated with
the Hidden layer. A Select Coforwindow wi ll appear.
0 .. 'ro.. l.. Cdoo
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g . ~ . ~ a
Click 10 change
layer color
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Co_ .. _ 1>11"0_
'oon'''"UOUl 1>11"0_
Click to change
layer lloetype
3-13
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
--------
3) Select Color window - Index Color tab:
a) Select the color Blue from Ihe
standard colors bar.
b) OK
OK II c-.I II H ~
4) Layer Properties Manager window: Cli ck on the name of the line type under the
heading Linetype that is associated wi th the Hidden layer. A Se/ecl Linelype window
will appear.
5) Select Linelype wi ndow: Click on
Load .. .. A Load or Reload
Linelypes window will appear.
6) Load or Reload Linetypes
windQW:
a) Scroll down until you fi nd the
HIDDEN li ne type and select
it.
b) OK
3 - 14
Fio... I ________
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Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections i n AutoCAO
7) Select Unetvoe window:
a) Select the HIDDEN li ne type.
b) OK.
---
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, ..
$ --------- HiddIil -
8) In a si mi lar fashion, create the following layers.
VIsible, color = red, linetype = Continuous
Center, color = white/black, linetype = CENTER
Dimension, color = white/black, linetype = Continuous
Cutting, color = magenta, linetype = PHANTOM
Construction, color = green, li netype = Continuous
Viewport, color = yellow, linetype = ContInuous



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1) Igs-"" I Layers [Link].
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2) Draw a line an each layer to
see if the layer properties
were set correctly.
a) Set the VIsible layer to
be current.
i. Layers panel:
Expand the Layer
pull-down menu and
select Visible.
b) Draw a Line. It should
be <eO.
c) Set the Hidden layer to



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be current and draw 2 lines. They should be blue and dashed.
d) Repeat for all the other layers,
315
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections In AutoCAD
------------------
3.6.4) Line type scale
1) Change the global li ne type scale (LTSCALE) to 0.25. Notice that the dashes and
spaces between the dashes become smal ler.
How?
a) Command:
b') Enter new
Itscale
linet
2) Change your L TSCALE to 1.
e scale facto r <0.5000>, 0.25
3) Change your lTSCALE back to 0.5.
4) Change the line type scale of one of the hidden
n

L_
3)
lines to twice that of the global line type scale.
1><:<""
a) Select one of the hidden hnes.

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b) View tab - Palettes 1:18nel:
[Link]."" ..,.
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c) Properlies window: Change the Linelype
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scale to 2.
......

'.00
Save and print your drawing.
In Class Student Exercise 3.61: Creating lavers
Open your [Link], make sure that it has the following sellings and create
the layers indicated. Then, resave your templ ate file.
Settings:
UNITS (Millimeters. Precision = 0)
LIMITS = 280,216
STy1e (Text font = Arial, Text height = 3, Annotative)
LTSCALE = 0.5
Lavers:
Visible. color = red, li nelype = Continuous
Hidden, color = blue, linetype = HIDDEN
Center, color = whitelblack, linetype = CENTER
Dimension, color = white/black. linetype = Continuous
Cutting, color = magenta, linetype = PHANTOM
Construction, color = green. linetype = Continuous
Viewport, color = yellow, linetype = Continuous
3 - 16
II
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
3.7) TITLE BLOCKS
Every engineering drawing should have both a border and a title block. The
border defines the drawing area and the title block gives pertinent information about the
part or assembly being drawn. There are several different types of title blocks, but they
all contain similar information. The infonnation that is included depends on the drawing
type, field of engineering, and viewing audience.
3.7.1) Title Block Contents
The infonnation contained in a title block may include, but is not limited to, the
following:
1. Name of drafter
2. Checked by
3. School or Company
4. Drawing tille
5. Part name
6. Part number
7. Material of part
8. Number of required parts
9. Sheet number
10. Number of sheets
11. Scale of drawing
12. Date
13. Last revision
3.7.2) Date
The drawing date is given numerically in order of yearmonlh-day. For example, the
date, May 31. 2010. would be indicated as 2010"()S31 or 2010/05/31. The date is
placed in the ti tle block next to the word "DATE' .
3.7.3) Sheet Layout
In a class room setting most drawings are printed out on an 8.5" x 11" sheet of
paper. Figure 3.71 shows a typical drawing sheet layout. Figures 3.72 and 3.73 show
two different simple tille block forms.
3 17
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
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, -----. - , ... --.--- _.
L ________ _ _ ______ _______ _ ___________________ J
Fi gure 3.7-1: Sheet layout for an 11 x 8.5 sheet of paper,
3 - 18
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AuloCAO
775
600
,
I
3.50
I
ORA'NN BY; MAT: SHEET It:
PART NAME; REQ'D: II OF SHEETS:
~
PART IF: SCALE: DATE:
"
T
Figure 3.7-2: FOffil 1 (portrait title block)
1------- - - ----,0.25 --- ----------1
r < ~ _ _ I
Figure 3.7-3: Form 2 (landscape title block)
3.8) BLOCKING
Blocks are a grouping of objects that can be used repeatedly. The command
BLOCK allows you to define a particular drawing as an entity. It groups all the lines,
circles, and other geometric shapes into one entity. This means that you can insert this
group into a drawing without having to redraw it. The commands that are relevant for
creati ng and using blocks are grouped in the Block panel shown in Figure 3.8-1 .
Figure 3.8-1: Block panel
3 - 19
Chapter 3: Crealing Ol1hographic Projections in AutoCAD
The commands contained in the Block panel and the other commands related to
blocking are:



INSERT:
wblock.
I The INSERT command allows you to retrieve an existing block or
BLOCK: I R. I The BLOCK command allows you to create a grouping of
objects that can be used repeatedly in the current drawing. Blocks are inserted as
entities, which means that they can't be edited by erasing parts of them or breaking
lines withi n them unless you use the BEDIT command or EXPLODEing the block
first.
BEDI!; I c:t t I The block edi t command allows you to select and edit an
existing block. The block edit command temporari ly adds a Block Editor tab to the
ribbon as shown in Figure 3.8-2.
pH



-- -
"'" .. , ....
-- -
-

-_ ..... -
-_ . -
_.-
- -
---
Figure 3.8-2: Block Edi tor tab
-
--
-
-
WBlOCK: This command writes a block to a file. This allows you to use the block
in all drawings not j ust the current one.
EXPLODE: Allows you to separate a block into its individual parts. The
EXPLODE command may be accessed in the Modify paneL
BASE (Set Base point): Set the insertion base point for the current drawing.
The base point i s the reference point used when creating and inserting your block.
This point should not be arbitrary. It should have some relationship wi th the block
and wi th the obj ect or space in which it will be inserted.
Creating blocks
1) Command: block Of
2) Block Definition window:
a) Name the block.
b)
0)
Pick a base poinl/insel1ion point. This can be accomplished by directly
or by selecting the Pick point icon.
objects that you wish to incl ude in the block definition using the Select
objects iCon. (The objects may also be selected before entering the BLOCK
command.)
ii. Activate either the Retain (keeps the origi nal object as is), Convert to block (converts
the original object to a block) or Delete (deletes the original object) radio button.
d) Behavior area: Activate Allow exploding and Annotative checkboxes.
e) If necessary. set Ihe Block units.
OK
3 - 20
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections In AutoCAO
Note: A block is defined within the current drawing and cannot be used in other drawings unless
a WBLOCK is created.
Blo<k
"-


0_
.-
0 __

0 _ (D
@Pil:[Link]
Soloot obioot.

O ... lICIoblod. ...... -.
.-
,
000
,-

000
,c-. .. _
0 __
0_
,
. 00
j\

,-

._ri
-

I
"--
I
Oo.-"'bIld;odlu
I
"
I I

II
....
I
Creating a wblock
1) Commii!nd: wblock
)..;: Wille Blo<k
Ej-
2) Write Block window: ,-
. ) Seteclthe radio button .
0 11'-
, ...

b) Select the block you wish to
OEnllodl-.a
write to a file In the pull-down
Ollb,oc<.
menu.

-.
0) Select a location for the file by
d icking on the lile path icon O.
.. rt
d) Select the Insert !!.nits.
e) OK
-
EJo_...tpOlfl:
_ .... s-.w .......... .. a..! y '; 0
--
,-

I
"
II

II
'"
I
3 - 21
Ch<lpter 3: Creating Ori hographic Projections in AutoCAD
Inserting a block or wblock
1) Command' insert
bVockpanel:
2) Insert windQW:
a) Select the name of the block in the pull-down window, or use the Browse ... button to
select a wblock.
b) Insertion point area: Select an insertioo point. You can enter a coordinate directly or
click on the Specify On-screen checkbox to choose a point with in your drawing area.
c) Scale area: Select a scala for the block. You can enler a scale factor directly or click on
the Specify On-screen checkbo:.:: to choose a scale using your drawing area as a
reference. If you wish to scale the block non-uniformly, Click off the Uniform Scale
checkbox.
d) Rotation area: Specify the rotation of the block. You can enter a rotation angle directly
or click on the Specify On-screen checkbox to choose a rotalion angle using your
drawing area as a reference.
s) If you want your block to be exploded upon insertion, dick on the Explode checkbox.
n OK

I_po;..

X; [Link])
Y: OOCO)
z OOCO)
3.9) TITLE BLOCK TUTORIAL
v 18, .......
OK I I c..:.I I
At the end of this tutorial you will have created a border and ti tle block simifar to
Form 2 ill ustrated in Figure 3.7-3. We will BLOCK and WBLOCK the titl e block so that
you will be able to use it on all landscape drawings Ihal you creale.
3.9.1) Drawing the Border
Your border will be drawn such Ihal Ihere is a 3/8 inch space between it and Ihe
edge of your paper.
3 - 22
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
,----
I
.1
y
1) View the Blocking video and read sections 3.7) and 3.8)
2) [Link].
3) I g SooeA< I Title Block Land Tutdwg.
4) Get into your World Coordinate System IrQ!.
5) Zoom All
6) Activate a 0.50 x 0.50 GRID.
7) In the Visible layer, draw a RECtangle that will become the border. The rectangles
lower left corners is located at 0.375, 0.375 and is 10.25 long and 7.75 wide.
3 - 23
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Pro;ections in AutoCAD
:.:..=-------
8) Explode the rectangle. This will break the rectangle into individual lines.
a) Command: expl ode or Modltv Danel 11(5'
0
1
b) Sel ect object: Select the rectangle.
c) Select object: Enter
3.9.2) Framing in the title block
-
II ", I
Bottom
New horizonlal line I
1\
r-
l
/
1) In the Visible layer , create the ti tle block's horizontal lines.
a) Command: offset Of Modify panel: I
b) Specify offset distance or I Through/Erase/Layer] <Through> : 0.25
c) Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo) <Exi t> : Selectthebollom
horizontal line of your border.
d) Specify point on side to of fset or [ Exit/Multiple/Undo) <Exit>: m
e) Specify point on side to offset or [ Exit/Undo) <next object> :
Select a point above the bottom horizontal line of your border.
f) Specify point on side to offset or [Exi t/Undo] <next object> :
Select a poi nt above the new horizontal line.
g) Speci f y point on side to offset or [ Exi t/Undo] <next object> : e
2) In the Visible layer, create the title block's vertical lines. Use the OFFSET command
to offset the left vertical line at distances of 3.50, 5.25, 7.25 and 9.00 inches.
3 - 24
Chapler 3: Creating Orthographic PrOjections in AutoCAO
3) TRi m 1-;--1 the unwanted lines to produce a border and the title block shown.
3.9.3) Filling In the t itle block text
1) Enter the lext into the title block.
a) Turn your Caps Lock on.
b) Enter your Dimension layer.
c) Use the STyl e command to
Annotative toggl e IS selected
check your text setti ngs.
~
d) Command: t or Annotation panel ~
e) If a Select Annotation Scale window appears, select OK.
I ~
Vou ... o""'*"l .... __ ot,od. s..t tho....-.:t<bln S<IIIo to tho ...
ot _ the __ Hondod to I o : p I o ~
1:1
(!) LM!! ot-M P$l *'9
DDcr>t_ ... th._"
Make sure that the
3 - 25
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Pro;ectlons in AutoCAD

f) Specify f i rst corner : Snap to the endpoint shown.
: Snapto I::
.. .
: :I II!I!I
x
g) Specify opposite corner or IHeight/Justify/Line spacingl
Rotation/Style/Width/Col umns] : int
of Select the intersection shown.
T .
)'1" . .. . __ . ___
. 1. L.i . .. C> .-. x. .. . . ... . .... '-.- .. -.. . -. .
. . . . . . , . , . . . . . , . . . . . NMS"f' ,
h) Text Editor tab Paragraph panel: Select the Middle Left justification.'=:::'----"
1,.: 1
i) Text Edtfortab Paraoraoh oanel Select the No Columns option . .
j) Text ecJ"tor ruler: Indent the first line by 0. 12 inch. Type DRAWN BY: YOUR
NAME.
Firsl line lab
k) Click in the drawing area to exi t the command.
I) Use the same procedure as above to enter the rest of the title block text.
2) I
326
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projectioos in AutoCAD
3.9.4) Blocking the title block and border
1) BLOCK your title block and border.
a. Command: block or Block panel: I CO I
b. Block Definition window:
i. Name Ihe block Title land.
Ii. Enter a Base point of 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
iii. Selecl all objects thai make up your title block and border using the Setaet
objects icon.
iv. Activate the Retain radio button.
v. Activate the Annotative and Allow exploding checkboxes.
vi. Set the Block Mnils to Inches.
vii. OK
Block Deh nlllon
x .00
Y: 0.00
'00
D
"-
13 _ _
I
f'

.-
--
2) Wril e the Title land block 10 a file.
a. Command: wblock
b. Write Block window:
i. Select the Block radio
button.
Ii. Select the Tltl. land block
from the pull-down menu.
()I;. I I [Link] I I Hetl
I W", .. Blo<k
[jo ....... 1>OIh
iii. Select a location for the fil e
by clicking on the fil e path
icon C and name the fi le
Title land.
C. \tlooonotll. """,SOII<'VIIJoF .....-"-[Link] O"""_,,,I.C* ... Q
iv. Select Inches as the insert
units.
v. OK
3 - 27
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
In Class Student Exercise 3.9-1: Portrait title block
Draw a border and title block that can be used for portrait drawing.
Open your set-;[Link] .
Set your LIMITS to 8.5,1 1.
Draw a 3/8 inch border (Visible layer).
Draw a title block like Form 1 ill ustrated in Figure 3.7-2 (Visible layer).
Enter the TEXT (Di mension layer).
BLOCK the border and title block as Title porl using the same settings as
in the Title land block.
WBLOCK Title porl.
3.10) MODEL AND LAYOUT SPACE
3.10.1) Model Space
In model space, you draw your design at a 1: 1 scale. You specify whether one unit
represents one millimeter, one centimeter, one inch, one foot, or whatever unit is most
convenient. If you are going to create a 2-D orthographic projection, you can create both
the model (drawing) and annotations (dimensions), and print entirely from within model
space. Thi s method is simple, but has several li mitations including:
It is suitable for drawings that are viewed from only one direction. 2-D drawings
are only viewed from one direction, but 3-D drawings may have many viewing
directions.
It does not support multiple views and view dependent layer setti ngs.
Scal ing the annotations and title block requi res computation. This is because if
you change the scale of the model the annotations change with it.
With thi s method, you always draw geometric objects at full scale (1:1) and text,
dimension and other annotations at a scale that will appear at the correct size when the
drawing is plotted.
3.10.2) Layout Space
In paperflayout space, you can place Objects and annotations that are not part of
your design such as a title block and dimensions. In paper space, you see what win be
printed (usually on an 8.5 x 11 sheet of paper). Therefore, objects from the model space
that are larger than the paper are scaled to fit the available printing area.
You can plot objects that are in the model space from paper space using viewports.
A viewport is a rectangular wi ndow that views the object from a specified line of sight.
View ports are most useful when working with a 3-D model. In this situation, you can
create several viewports that view the 3-D model from several different vantage points.
When looking at a 2-D drawing, you reatly only want to view the xy plane. A situation
where you might use multiple viewports wi th a 2-D drawing is if you are showing part of
the model at a different scale. The command VI EWPORTS may be used to create
additional viewports.
3 - 28
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections In AutoCAD
In paper space, eadl layout viewport is like a picture frame cootaining a photograph
of the model. Each layout viewport contains a view that displays the model at an
independent scale and orientation that you specify. You can also specify different layers
properties in eadllayout viewport. The advantages of plotting from paper space are:
You can plot multiple viewports.
The size and location of the objects within each viewport is completely within
your control.
Wi lh annotative scaling. il is not necessary to calculate the appropriate
dimension and text scale. Annotative scaling will be discussed in detail in
Chapter 5. Figure 3.10-1 shows an example of what you would see in paper
space before plotting.
I ,I,
~ '
U
i l ~
! 'I !
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. -I '
1
T
Accesses
paper space
Border of the paper
(usually8.5x11)
Accesses
model space
Viewpor1 border
The views of the orthographic
projection are in model space.
------------
Border of the
printable area
The IiUe block and boroer
are in paper space.
Figure 3.10-1: Paper space
3 - 29
Chapter 3: Creating Ort hographic Projecti ons in AutoCAD
----
3.11) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TUTORIAL
By the end of this tutorial you will have created and printed an orthographic
projection of the part shown using proper pen widths. We will draw the orthographic
projection using the procedure expl ained in chapter 2. We will start by drawi ng the front
view and use proj ectors to construct the top and right side views. Visible, hidden, and
centerli nes will be drawn on their own layer. Once the drawing is complete we will use
both the model space and the layout space to plot the drawing.
"1lQ
3.11.1) Draw the front view
1) View the Model - Layout, Pen widths and Printing videos and read section 3. 10).
2) Take some ti me to sketch what you think the FRONT, TOP and RIGHT SIDE views
of the above object wi li look like.
3 - 30
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projectioos in Aul oCAD
3) 1 GO I [Link].
4) 111::1 .... I Ortho [Link], and save periodically throughout this tutorial.
5) Enter your WCS IIQI.
6) If you are using Dynamic Input, set the Pointer Inpuf Format to Absolute
coordinates.
7) In the Viewport layer, draw a RECtangle that indicates the edges of your
limits/paper (11x8.5).
8) Zoom All
9) In your Visible layer, draw the visible lines of the front view.
a) Draw a RECtangle that is 3 inches long and 2 inches wide near the bottom left
corner of your
b) Set your UCS origin lkd to the bottom left comer of the front view.
c) Draw the 2 Lines withi n the rectangle.
d) Draw the Circle. (Note: = diameter)
I Nole: Some visible features are missing, but this is all we can do for now.
f----- 300 ----I
1.00 1.00
0 .50
'-----------11
t 2.00
Ln,L----------+-------.Jl
r- 1.S0 - --1
UCS origin
3 - 31
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
3.11.2) Drawing the right side view
1) Turn your Object Snap on and set the following object snaps to be automatically
detected. (Endpoint, Midpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, Nearest,
Perpendicular, Extension). (right cl ick on the object snap icon - Settings)
2) In the Construction layer, draw horizontal and vertical constructi on lines (XLlne) off
of every edge and boundary of the front view.
a) Create the horizontal prOjectors.
i. Command: xl or Draw panel: 1/1
ii. Specify a po i nt or [ Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset ] : h
ii i. Specify through po i nt : Select every comer, edge and quadrant that
should have a horizontal projector coming off of it.
iv. Specify t h rough point : Enter
b) Move the li nes of the front view above the construction lines.
i. Home lab - Modifv panel: ~ ... 1 (Bring to Front)
ii. Select objects : USi ng a window, select all the li nes of the fronl view.
iii. Select obj ects : Enter
c) Create the vertical projectors.
d) Bring the lines of the front view above the construction lines.
3 - 32
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
3) In the Visible layer, draw the visi ble features of the L-shaped part of the right side
view.
How?
1) Command: IInaor [/ 1
2) Specify tlrst point : Select a point that Is NEArest Projector 1.
(See the figure below.)
3) SpecUy next point or [Undo] : @2<O
4) Specify naxt point or (Undo] ' Select a poinlthal is
PERpendIcular to Projector 2.
5) Specify next point Or (Close/Undo ] , @.5<180
6 ) Specify next point or (Close/Undo] : Select a point that is
PERpendicular to Projector 3.
7) Specify ne xt point Or (Close/[Link]], @1.5<180
8) Spvci!y noxt point or (Cl ose/Undo); Close the shape by
snapping to the ENDpoint.
9 S edf next l n t or (Close/Undo]:
-
1-'''-1 "[;;
Perpe";ic\lII,
1
V

-
V
, ..
'00 -1
T"","
4) Draw the angled feature of the right side view using the following commands.
a) Tum the Polar Tracking on and sel POLARANG to 15 degrees.
b) Use a polar tracking path and the
EXTension snap to construcllhe
angled line.


-- --
-- -- .. ' , c) Connect the angled line with the L-
shaped body.
Extenson < <:10", <" 195"
3 - 33
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
5) In the Construction layer. project the angled feature of the right side view back to
the front view.
6) In the Visible layer. draw the missing visible lines in the froot view.
7) In the Hidden layer, draw the rectangular view of the hole in the right side view.
--------
-----
--------
---
I
3.11.3) Drawing the top view
1) In the Construction layer. draw the projectors needed to complete the top view.
a) Draw a 45 projector off the upper right corner of the front view.
i. Command: xl or Draw panel: 1/ 1
ii. Specify a point or [ Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset] : a
iii. Enter angl e of xline (0) or [Reference] : 45
iv. Specify through point : Select the upper right corner of the front view.
v. Specify through point : n t e ~
b) Draw vertical projectors up from the right side view and horizontal projectors over
to where the top view wi ll be located.
c) Use the Bring to Front I'Q. .. I icon to bring the lines of the right side view to the
fronl.
/
/
/
/
----
/
V
/
3 - 34
Chapter 3: Craaung Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
2) Draw the visible and hidden features of the top view.
, ,
1\
, ,
/
1/
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.........
/
------
v::
-------
3) Turn the Construction layer off. iii ' '* 'r Jt '! -n..:7
: ~ t..,,..- $(0:.1 .
Click on the light bulb
\1 -o-cr . -.
.
to tum the layer off.
iV' -- or. ~
\t' -- lif . c ... ,
i:}rE.C<nIrudoo
3.11.4) Drawing centerllnes
T .. <.,HJO.'i On ... 0"11
~ ~ i
c .(). n c ~
1) In the Center layer, draw the centerlines for
the hole in the front view.
-..............
1/
V
-
a) Draw a concentric Circle around the
hole in the front view that is slightly
larger than the hole but does not extend
beyond the boundaries of the obj ect.
b) Draw a horizontal Li ne from the Jeft
QUADrant of the new circle to the right
QUADrant.
?
c) Draw a vertical center line in a similar
way.
d) Erase the new circle that was drawn.
-----
I1il
e) Select the two center lines and enter the Properties window ~ (View tab).
Change the line type scale to 0.5.
3 - 35
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
2) Draw the centerli ne in the right side.
a) Turn the Polar Cracking on.
b) Draw a Line frorn the ENDpoint of the hori zontal centerl ine in the front view to
PERpendicular to the back visible line of the right side view.
..............

-r.
-
'+'
----------
c) TRim this centerline as shown.
-..............
-------
-$-
c- ---- -
d) LENgthen the center line in the right side view by 0.25 inches in both directions.
-...........
-------
-0- ----------
3 - 36
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
3) Follow the same steps to create the center1ine in the top view.
4) Use the Move oommand to center all three views within your limits.
3.11.5) Printing the layout
1) Select the Layout1 tab at the bottom of your drawing screen.
2) Insert your landscape till e block.
a) Command: Insert or Block panel:
b) Insert widow:
i. Use the Browse ... button to locate and open you Title [Link] block.
ii. Scale = 1 (uniform)
ii i. Rotation angle = 0
iv. Insertion Dolot area: Select the Specify On-screen checkbox and manually
specify an insertion point that centers your titie block wi thin the printabl e area.
The printable area is indicated by a dashed line. The size of this area
depends on the type of printer being used.
v. OK
1
F IMd v I t-. D


0 lipociyo..-
,-

.....
3 - 37
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
3) Notice the features of the layout (see the figure below) . Don't worry about your line
type scale. It should still print oul correctty. At this point, you should see . ..
The border of the 8.5x11 sheet of paper.
The border of the printable area. The size of the printable area is pri nter
dependent.
The viewport border.
The orthographic projection is in model space.
The rectangle that you drew to indicate the 11x8.5 li mits. Therefore the objects
in the model are not being shown at a 1:1 scale relative to paper space.
Border of the
sheet of paper printable area
,
"
,
,
\ I
/
/
/
4) Move your viewport border to the Viewport layer.
3 - 38
Viewport border
Li mits rectangte
I
-------
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
5) Fill in your title block. In order to enter texl , we need to break the titl e block into ils
individual entities.
a) Command: explode or Modify panel :
b) Select objecte : Select any part of the tille block.
c) Select objects: Enter
d) Command: ddedit or Double dick on the word to edit
e) Select an annotat i on object or IUndol : Select PART NAME: in your title
block. Type in ANGLE BLOCK after PART NAME: and then d ick anywhere on
the screen to exit the word.
f) Sel ect an annotat ion object or (Undo I : Select each title block. entry in
tum and enter the appropriate information. The date will be different.
g) Select an annotation object or IUndo): Enter
6) Click. on the viewport border to activate its grip boxes. Using the grip boxes, resize
the viewport border so that it is just inside your title block border. Don't make it the
same size as your title block border. We will need to access the viewport border
often.
7) Wi th the view port sti ll selected, notice thai
at Viewport Scale is added to the Status bar.
The Viewport Scale indicates the scale al
which object within the view port are shown
relative to the paper space. If you have
more than one view port , each view port
may have a different scale.
8) Click on the Viewport Scale and change ilto
1:1.
9) Double click inside the viewport border.
Thi s acti vates the model space and the
viewport border will thicken. Pan the
orthographic projection so that it is centered
within the tille block border. Double click
outside the viewport border to re-enter paper
space.
10) Tum OFF your Viewport layer.

_ ..
1:1
lilze" " f.(J'"

1(Y_ l"-o'"
In " _ l"-o'"
lI'Jl" - l" {J"
l!r- I.(J'"
.1/16' _ I.(J'"

3Iff' _ l".q"
1/T_ l"{J"
3/4' _l".q"
1 "I.q"
1.1/2'" - 1'0.(1"
:l""_ I.(J'"
S' " 1'-0"
1"-0' _1'-0'
o...too .
Viewport
Scale
3,39
Chapter 3: Creati ng Orthographic ProJeclioos in AutoCAO
11) Sel your pen widths and prepare to print.
a) Application button: Print - Page Setup .. .
b) Page Setup Manaqerwindow: ModIfy .. .
c) Page Setup Layout1 window:
i. Select a printer.
3 - 40
ii. Plot the Layout.
iii . Select a 1:1 scale.
iv. Plot style table (pen assignments) area: Select [Link] from the
pull-down menu.
v. Select the Edit.. . 00 icon nexlto the pull-down menu. A Plot Styfe Table
Editor window will appear.
'ht!oto: USlD(ll

_ ....
1
x: a._ _
1- -
.....
-

J "'" tIoJo" '"-""'"
r::"",,,_

FC to_
o ... , __
.. J_ Dr"*'IJ_
ll'lot ..... _
Chapter 3: Creati ng Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
d) Plot Stvle Table Editor - [Link] window:
ii i. Plot stvles field: Select Color 1 (red visible line color).
iv. Lineweight field; Select 0.6000 mm from the pull-down menu.
v. Follow the same procedure to set the widths of the other lines types.
Color 5 (blue - hidden) = 0. 45 mm
Color 7 (black - center and dimension li nes) = 0.3 mm
vi. Save & Close
e) Page Setuo Layout1 window: OK
f ) Page Setup Manager window: Close
i'-! Plot Tab" (dJl'H . """"""hu' ... [Link]
TIJ&i
6_01 T_View F""V_
Plot r.,..,.-,'"
C,.,, 1

""'.
.-

o """ ,-
0"""
'"

0""" ,,- ,.

"""
" """
P ... . .

,
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Note: Every setting except the pen widths are saved within the drawing fi te
and will not change unless you change them. The pen widths are computer
specific and will have to be re-entered jf vou chance comouters.
3 - 41
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
12) Plot your drawing.
a) Application button:
Print f/or. .. .
b) Plot - Layoutf
window:
PrevIew ...
...-
--
I LI:MTl ebszs'!'WDI
c) Hit Esc to exit print
previ ew.
...
_., [Link] 65IXI_. _ !y>tetII by .... .
d) If the preview did
not appear as you
expected, adjust
your settings and
Preview ... the
drawing again.
e) Plot - Layoutf
window: Select
OK when
everything is set
correclly.
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'-'
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x, O.1XIDlD i"II:I>
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PAAT NAAE: [Link]..OOC PART. t MAT: [Link]
3 42


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1(1)
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
13) Switch back to your model space by clicking the Model tab at the bottom of the
drawing screen. Notice that your title block disappears. This is because layout
objects do not appear in the model space.
3.11.6) Printing a metric drawing
1) Oo><n l ortho_metric_stUdenC2011.dw9. This file contains a metric version of
the orthographic projection completed in the previous sections.
2) I g .... I Ortho Metric [Link]
3) Verify thai the drawing is indeed metric. On the Viewport layer, draw a limits
RECtangle that is 280 x 216 mm whose lower lert corner starts at 0,0.
4) Zoom All
5) Enter Layout space. Notice that the sheet does not have Ihe same proportions as
an 8.5 x 11 sheet of paper. The defaul t melric paper size is 210 x 297 mm.


, - 1+
\ ji! /
c;D

View port
border

L ____ __ _________ ______ ___ __ J
6) Move your viewport border to the VIewport layer.
3 - 43
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
7) We wilt be printing out on an 8.5 x 11 sheet of paper. Enter the Page Setup -
Layout1 window (Prlnt - Page Setup ... ) and set the follOwing parameter.
a) Paper size "" Letter (8.5 x 11).
b) Ptot scale area:
i. Scal e = Custom
Ii. 1 Inches = 25.4 units
c) Plot style = [Link]
.. _,.. , ... _.-........ --
~
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- I
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r. 0._ """
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O ..... _
.......... ""' .....
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8) INSERT I ~ I your !i lle block and border using a 25.4 scale.
344
, ..
OSfIPIoo.....-.
. .
.- ,
?
D
-I
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
9) Fill in your title block. adjust your view port border. set the Viewport Scale to 1 1.
center your model. tum the Viewport layer off, save and print your drawing.
r ~ ~ ~ .
\
\
\
\
,
,
,
,
I: /
, "
,
/
L __ ______ ____ __________________ ___
3.12) AUXILIARY VIEW TUTORIAL
The obj ective of this tutorial is to draw an orthographic projection with an auxiliary
view. Objects often contain inclined surfaces. When the features on these incl ined
surfaces are not shown true size in any of the princi ple views (Front. Top. Right Skle).
an auxiliary view is used. The projection plane used to create the auxil iary view is not
vertical or horizontal like those used to create the pri nciple views. but it is parallel to the
inclined surface. This all ows the features on the inclined surface to be shown true size in
the auxiliary view. We will draw the principle views of the orthographic projection in the
usual way. The auxiliary view will be created by rotating the user coordinate system.
3 - 45
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections In AutoCAD
3.12.1) Drawing the orthographic projection
1) IIA7 0Q0n I auxiliary _studenC2011.dwg or draw the front, top and right side views
of the object shown, You will need to scale your LIMI TS and LTSCALE by a factor
of 2.5. Use the orthographic projection shown as a guide. Important projectors are
shown.
2) 1 ~ ~ ' I Auxil iary [Link].
3 - 46
/
/
- )
------
,0
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projeclioos in AutoCAD
"'::,:-
"
"
: J.=' _:-!
,
,
---- --I ---------------------------- ------------- -------- ------------
,
,
" ,
"
................................................................... ==-f' = l=-----,
3.12.2) Creating the auxiliary view
1) Rotate your UCS so that the x axis is perpendicular to the angled face_
a) View tab - CoQrdinate panel: 11.11 (Note: You may have to acti vate the
Coordinate paneL)
b) Speci fy r o t a tion angle about Z axis <90> : 34
,
"
----.,.-<- ---
"
/
y
,,'
x
3 - 47
Chapt er 3: Creating Orthographic Proj ections in AutoCAD
2) In the Construction layer, draw a set of horizontal construction lines 1/1 (XLine) off
of every edge and boundary of the front view.
3) Draw a Line that is NEARest the bottom projector and PERpendicular to the top
projector,
4) OFFSET the line by 150 mm in the direction shown.
3 48
1 - 1- ;'i',1
J II 'I
,
_ J ._
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
5) Fill in the features of the auxiliary view. Creale construction lines where necessary.
---
<--
- --.. -- --
./ ./
6) 18- 1
3 - 49
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
7) Make the necessary preparations and print you drawing and title block.
3 - 50
,
-
,
,
/
,
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS IN AUTOCAD CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Name: __________ _
Date: ____ _
CP3.1)
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351
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
Across
1. The typed command that is used to control the lenglh f the dashes aod spaces oof the
different line types.
3. The space where you see exactly what is going 10 be printed.
6. The construction layer is used to create projection lines. When the orthographic projection
is complete, we do nol need these lines anymore. The easiest way to nol show the
projections lines Is to tum the construction layer .
7. To change the tine type scale of an individual object, you must enler the .... windCJ.N.
8. What layer property controls an entity's printed width?
11. The typed command that all ows you to create a new viewport.
13. How do you access model space from within paper space?
14. The layer you are drawing on is said to be .
16. Lines occurring on a LOCKED or OFF layer may not be selecled. Which layer status still
allows you to see the lines?
Down
2. The place/window where you can change a layers color, Iinetype and status.
4. What pen sl yles table is used if you want to pri nt in black and while?
5. The typed command used to edit exi sting text .
9. What typed command is used 10 write a block 10 a file?
10. A grouping of objects thai may be reused.
12. An area within layout space that allows you to view object within model space and to scale
these objects with respect to the printed page.
15. The command used to break a block up into its individual components.
3 - 52
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS IN AUTOCAO PROBLEMS
P3-1) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographi c projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a tiUe bl ock.
<
.
P3-2) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographi c projection of the followi ng obj ect. Draw
the three standard views. Pri nt using appropriate pen widths and insert a ti Ue bl ock.
, l'
, . 1 5 1 ~
0 '
3 - 53
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AuloCAD
P3-3) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Pri nt using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
r::::'"
3 - 54
,-"
1
1
Chapter 3: Creati ng Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-4) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following obj ect. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
P3-5) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic proj ection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropri ate pen widths and insert a title block.
3 - 55
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-6) Use AuloCAO 10 create an orthographic projection of the following object. Oraw
the three standard vi ews. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
)--
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3 56
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-7) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the followi ng object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
P3-8) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
3 57
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-9) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
P3-10) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
eo O. 5
3 - 58
[-0 1.5- 0'
-- -.
NOTE: ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS
R. 12 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECI FIEO
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-11) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
,.00
x
, ...
.. ,
3 - 59
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3.12) Use AutoCAD 10 create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
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3 - 60
Chapter 3: Creati ng Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
Pl-13) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
2
3 - 61
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic PrOjections in AuloCAO
P3-14) Use AutoCAD 10 create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
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Chapler 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-1 5) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
[Link]
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50
363
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-16) Use AutoCAO to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropri ate pen widths and insert a title block.
3 - 64
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-17) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
P3-18) Use AutoCAO to create an orthographic projection of the follOwing object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
3 65
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-19) Use AutoCAO to create an orthographic projection of the following obj ect. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
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3 - 66
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projecllons in AutoCAD
P3-20) Use AutoCAO to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
the three standard views. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
orf!
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3 - 67
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-21) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object, Draw
an auxiliary view that shows the angled surface true shape, Use partial views where
appropri ate. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
3 - 68
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3-22) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the fOllowing object. Draw
an auxiliary view that shows the angled surface true shape. Use partial views where
appropriate. Print using apprOpriate pen widths and insert a title block.
I,
369
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
-------
P3-23) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographi c projection of the followi ng object. Draw
two auxiliary views that show the angled features true shape. Use partial views where
appropriate. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a tille block .
..
l'
3 - 70
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AutoCAD
P3.24) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
an auxi liary view that shows the angled feature true shape. Use partial views where
appropriate. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
I


I
P3.25) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
an auxil iary view that shows the angled surface true shape. Use partial views where
appropriate. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
,
\---- ....... , - - -,
371
Chapler 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AuloCAO
P3.26) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projection of the following object. Draw
an auxiliary view that shows the angled surface true shape. Use partial views where
appropriate. Pri nt using appropriate pen widths and insert a tiUe block.

1.76
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Chapter 3: Creati ng Orthographic Projections in AutoCAO
P3.27) Use AutoCAD to create an orthographic projectioo of the following object. Draw
an auxiliary view that shows the angled surface true shape. Use partial views where
appropriate. Print using appropriate pen widths and insert a title block.
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3 - 73
Chapter 3: Creating Orthographic Projections in AuloCAO
NOTES;
3 - 74
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
DIMENSIONING
CHAPTER OUTLINE
4.1) DETAILED DRAWiNGS ........................................................................................................... 3
4.2) LEARNING TO DI MENSiON .................................................................................................... 4
4.3) DIMENSION APPEARANCE AND TECHNlQUES .................................................................. 4
4.3.1) Lines Used in Dimensioning ... ....... ...... ........ ............... .. ....................... 4
4.3.2) Types of Dimensions ....... .. .... ...... .. ..... .... ..... ...... ...... .. 6
4.3.3) Lettering ___ ... ..................................... ....... ...... ........ .... .......... 6
4.3.4) Dimensioning Symbols ...... .... ... . . ......................... ........ ..... .. . _ .. _ ..... ... .... ........... 7
4.3.5) Dimension Spacing and Readability ... ..... .. ......................... ....................... .............. ...... 7
4.3.6) Dimension Placement .. ....................................... ..... ............. ........... ... . ....... ..... ...... 9
4.4) DIMENSIONING AND LOCATING SI MPLE FEATURES ..................................................... 14
4.5) DIMENSIONING AND LOCATING ADVANCED FEATURES .............................................. 19
4.5.1) Drawing Notes .................. ............................ . ........................ . 24
4.6) DIMENSION CHOICE ............................................................................................................ 27
4.6. 1) Units and Decimal Places............ ............ ...... ........ ................. .. . ... 27
4.6.2) Locating Features Using Datums ....... .... . . . ... 28
4.6.3) Di mension Accuracy .... .. ....... ............ .. ........................ . ........... 30
4.6.4) Rounding off................. ............................... .............. .. ........... ............ . ........... ......... 31
4.6.5) Cumulative Tolerances (Error Buildup) ..... ................ ..... ............................................... 32
DIMENSIONING CROSSWORD PUZZLE .................................................................................... 47
DI MENSIONING PROBLEMS ....................................................................................................... 49
4 - 1
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4-2
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In Chapter 4 you will leam how to dimension en orthographic projection using proper
dimensioning tf1(:hniques. This may seem lik.e a simple task.; however, dimensioning a part Is not
as easy as inserting /he sizes used to draw the part. Dimensions effect how e part is
manufactured. A small change in how an object is dimensIOned may produce a part that will not
pass inspection. The type and placement of the dimensions and /he dimension text is highly
controlled by ASME standards (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). By the end of this
chapter. you will be able to dimension a moderately complex part using proper dimensioning
techniques. CAUTION! Dimensioning complex/production parts require the knowledge of GD& T
(Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing).
4.1) DETAILED DRAWINGS
In addition to the shape description of an object given by an orthographic projection,
engineering drawings must also give a complete size description using dimensions. This
enables the object to be manufactured. An orthographic proJection, complete with
all the dimensions and specifications needed to manufacture the object Is called a
detailed drawing. Figure 4. 1-1 shows an example of a detailed drawi ng.
Dimensioni ng a part correctly entails conformance to many rules. It is very tempting
to dimension an obj ect using the measurements needed to draw the part. But, these are
not necessarily the dimensions required to manufacture it. Generally accepted
dimensioning standards should be used when dimensioning any object. Basically, the
dimensions should be given in a clear and concise manner and should include all the
information needed to produce and inspect the part exactly as intended by the designer.
There should be no need to measure the size of a feature directly from the drawing.
The dimensioning standards presented in this chapter are in accordance with the
ASME Y14.5M-1994 standard. Other common sense practices will also be presented.
1.50
.75+--i
.50
.40
Figure 4.1 -1: Detailed drawing
125-1
1.00 I
43
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4_2) LEARNING TO DIMENSION
Proper dimensioning techniques require the knowledge of the fonowing three areas.
1) Dimension Appearance and Technigues: Dimensions use special lines, arrows,
symbols and text. In Section 4.3 (Dimension Appearance and Techniques) we will
learn:
a) The lines used in dimensioning.
b) Types of dimensions.
c) Dimension symbols.
d) Dimension spacing and readabil ity.
e) Dimension placement.
2) Dimensioning alO locating Features: Different types of features require unique
methods of dimensioning.
3) Dimension Choice: Your choice of dimensions will direcUy influence the method used
to manufacture a part. Learning the following topics will guide you when choosing
your dimension units, decimal places and the dimension's starting point:
a) Units and decimal places.
b) Locating features using datums.
c) Dimension accuracy and error build up.
4_3) DIMENSION APPEARANCE AND TECHNIQUES
4.3.1) Lines Used in Dimensioning
Dimensioning requires the use of dimension, extension and leader lines. All lines
used In dimensioning are drawn t hin so that they will not be confused with visible
lines. Thin lines should be drawn at approxi mately 0.3 mm or 0.016 inch.
Dimension line: A dimension line is a thin solid line terminated by arrowheads, which
indicates the direction and extent of a dimension. A number is placed near the mid
point to specify the feature's size. Ideally, dimension lines should be broken to allow
for the insertion of the feature's size.
Extension line: An extension li ne is a thin sol id li ne that extends from a point on the
drawing to which the dimension refers. The dimension line meets the extension lines
at right angles, except in special cases. There should be a visible gap between
the extension line and the object. Long extension tines should be avoided.
Figure 4.3-1 illustrates the different features of a dimension.
4-4
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Feature SiZe \
/
Oimension line
Arrowheads,
f---- 30 --'--1/ E><te,,;on Une
I t/r- Visible Gap
j------i
Figure 4.3-1 : Features of a dimension.
l eader li ne: A leader line is a straight inclined thin solid line that is usually
terminated by an arrowhead. It is used to direct a dimension, note, symbol, item
number, or part number to the intended feature on a drawing. The leader is not
vertical or horizontal, except for a short horizootat portion extending to the first or last
letter of the note. The horizontal part should not underline the note and may be
omitted entirely.
The leader may be terminated:
a) with an arrow, if it ends on the outline of an object.
b) with a dot ( 1.5 mm, minimum), if it ends within the outline of an object.
c) without an arrowhead or dot, if it ends within the outline of an object.
When creating leader lines, the following should be avoided:
a) Crossing leaders.
b) Loog leaders.
c) Leaders that are parallel to adjacent dimension, extension or section lines.
d) Small angles between the leader and the terminating surface.
Figure 4.3-2 illustrates different leader line configurations.
Medium Knurl
0'
Medium Knurl
Figure 4.3-2: Leader line configurations.
4-5
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Arrowheads: The length and width ratio of an arrowhead should be 3 to 1 and the
width should be proportional to the line thickness. A single style of arrowhead should
be used throughout the drawing. Arrowheads are drawn between the extension li nes
if possible. If space is limited, they may be drawn on the outside. Figure 4. 3-3
shows the most common arrowhead confi gurations.
j
5
t
Figure 4.3-3: Arrowhead and feature size placement.
4.3.2) Types of Dimensions
Dimensions are given in the form of fineardistances, angles, and notes.
Linear distances: A linear dimension is used to give the distance between two
pOints. They are usually arranged horizontally or vertically, but may also be aligned
with a particular feature of the part .
Angles: An angular dimension is used to give the angle between two surfaces or
features of a part.
Notes: Notes are used to dimension diameters, radi i, chamfers, threads, and other
features that can not be dimensioned by the other two methods.
Instructor Led Exercise 4.3-1: Dimension types
In Figure 4.1- 1, count the different types of dimensions.
How many linear horizontal dimensions are there?
How many linear vertical dimensions are there?
How many angular dimensions are there?
- How many leader line notes are there?
4.3.3) Lettering
l ettering should be legible, easy to read, and uniform throughout the drawing.
Upper case letters should be used for ali letleri ng unless a lower case is required. The
minimum lettering height is 0,12 in (3 mm).
4 - 6
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.3.4) Dimensioning Symbols
Dimensioning symbols replace text and are used to minimize language
barriers. Many companies produce parts all over the world. A print made In the U.S.A.
may have to be read in several different countries. The goal of using dimensioning
symbols it to eliminate the need for language translation. Table 4.3-1 shows some
commonly used dimensioning symbols. These symbols will be used and explained
throughout the chapter.
Tenn 5 bol Tenn 5 bol
Diameter

Depth I Deep
.-
Spherical diameter
S
Dimension not to scale
1.Q
Radius R Square (Shape)
0
Spherical radius SR Arc length
5
Reference dimension (8) Conical Taper
Counlerbore I Spolface
LJ
Slope
r----.
Countersink
V
Symmetry
-
Number of laces 4X
Table 4.3-1: Dimensioni ng symbols.
4.3.5) Dimension Spacing and Readability
Dimensions should be easy to read and minimize the possibility for conflicting
interpretations. Dimensions should be given clearly and in an organized fashion. They
should not be crowded or hard 10 read. The foll owing is a list of rules that control
dimension spacing and readabi lily:
a) The spacing between dimension lines should be uniform throughout the drawing.
The space between the first dimension line and the part should be at least 10 mm;
the space between subsequent dimension should be at least 6 mm. However, the
above spacing is only intended as a guide.
b) Do nol dimension inside an object or have the dimension line touch the object unless
clearness is gained.
c) Dimension text should be horizontal which means that it is read from the bottom of
the drawing.
d) Dimension text should not cross dimension, extension or visible lines.
4-7
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
instructor Led Exercise 4.3-2: Spacing and readability 1
Consider the incorreclly dimensiOfled object shown. There are 5 types of
dimensioning mistakes. List them and then dimension the object correcUy.
1)
2)
3)
4-8
-
10
r
I
30
I
60
50
I
4)
5)
- - ~
I
- 1
0
~
25
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
e) Dimension lines should not cross extension lines Of' other dimension lines. To avoid
this, shorter dimensions should be placed before longer ones. Extension lines can
cross other extension lines or visible lines. However, this should be minimized.
Where extension lines cross other lines, the extension lines are not broken. If an
extension line crosses an arrowhead or Is near an arrowhead, a break in the
extension li ne is permitted.
f) Extension li nes and centerlines should nol connect between views.
g) Leader lines should be straight, not curved, and point to the center of the arc or circle
at an angle between 30
0
_60
0
The leaders should float Of', in other words, lead from
the arrow up to the text.
Try Exercise 4.3-3.
h) Dimensions should not be duplicated or the same information given in two different
ways. The use of reference (duplicated) dimensions should be minimized. Dupl icate
dimensions may cause needless trouble. If a change is made to one dimension, the
reference dimension may be overlooked causing confusion. If a reference dimension
is used, the size value is placed within parentheses (e.g. (10) ).
Try Exercise 4.3-4.
4.3.6) Oimension Placement
DImensions should be placed In such a way as to enhance the communication
of your design. The following are rules that govern the logical and practical
arrangement of dimensions to insure maximum legibility:
a) Dimensions should be grouped whenever possi ble.
b) Dimensions should be placed between views, unless clearness is promoted by
placing some outside.
c) Dimensions should be attached to the view where the shape is shown best.
d) Do not dimension hidden fines.
Try Exercise 4.3-5.
4 -9
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor Led Exercise 4.3-3: Spacing and readability 2
Consider the incorrectly dimensioned object shown. There are 4 types of
dimensioning mistakes. list them and then di mension the object correctly.
1)
2)
4 - 10
F
'
50
l
.
75
l
3)
4)
.62 -!---/f"'-,
-t--++- r-l--
-.---
1.50
1.00
L - - _ - - - ~
.50
100
1
50
--
--
i--- I-
- -
-1---- -
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor led Exercise 4.34: Duplicate dimensions
Find the duplicate dimensions and cross out the ones that you feel should be
omitted.
~
40
I
60 L
200
260
-
60
~ I
=i I
165
55
'1
0
I
35 ~
I j
I
4 11
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor Led Exercise 4.3-5: Dimension placement
Consider the incorrectly dimensioned object shown. There are 6 types of
dimensioning mistakes. List them and then dimension the object correctly.
1)
2)
3)
4 - 12
-
4)
5)
6)
1----60----1
;
I
I
/ '\
1
I
I
+
I
"-
A
!
~
~ ~
10
---.l
L
--------
10
I
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
I
I
'\
I
I
+
I
I
"-
I
I
L
4 - 13
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.4) DIMENSIONING AND LOCATING SIMPLE FEATURES
The following section illustrates the standard ways of dimensioning different basics
features that occur often on a part.
a) A circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by its radius using a leader line
and a note. A diameter dimension is preceded by the symbol ~ \ Z I . and a radial
dimension is preceded by the symbol "R". On older drawings you may see the
abbreviation "DIA" placed after a diameter dimension and the abbreviation W
following a radial dimension. Figure 4.41 il lustrates the diameter and radius
dimensions.
R5
10
-+-+---'1-
Diameter Radius
Figure 4.41 : Diameter and radius dimensions
Try Exercise 4.41
b) Holes are dimensioned by giving their diameter and location in the circular view (see
Exercise 4.4-1).
c) A cylinder is dimensioned by giving its diameter and length in the rectangular view,
and is located in the circular view. By giving the diameter of a cylinder in the
rectangular view, it is less likely to be confused with a hole (see Exercise 4.4-1).
4 - 14
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor Led Exercise 4.4--1: Circular and rectangular views
Below is shown the front and top view of a part. Consider the hole and cylinder
features of the part when answering the following questi ons.
- Which view is considered the circular view and which is considered the
rectangular view?
- Looking at just the top view, can you tell the difference between the hole and
the cylinder?
)/520
/
11
/ /
+ +
I 40
"-
/'
!--2O-
50
70
i )/52O l
I
20 I
L
I I
I I I
I I I 20
I I

I I
4 - 15
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
d) The depth of a blind hole may be specified in a note and is the depth of the full
diameter from the surface of the object. Figure 4.4-2 illustrates how to dimension a
blind hole (i.e. a hole that does not pass completely through the object).
Deptil = 15
I' 'I
\
I
-----y..
+
-+-- :>
1-- ---"
Figure 4.4-2: Dimensioning a blind hole.
e) If a hole goes completely through the feature and it is not clearly shown on the
drawing, the abbreviation "THRU follows the dimension.
f) If a di mension is given to the center of a radius, a small cross is drawn at the center.
Where the center location of the radius is unimportant, the drawing must clearly
show that the arc location is controlled by other dimensioned features such as
tangent surfaces. Figure 4.4-3 shows several different types of radius dimensions.
4 - 16
7\ R50 -1
R10

R30
50

LBO
Figure 4.4-3: Dimensioning radial features.
Chapter4: Dimensioning
g) A complete sphere Is dimensioned by its diameter and an incomplete sphere by its
radius. A spherical diameter is indicated by using the symbol S" and a spherical
radius by the symbol SR". Figure 4.44 illustrates the spherical diameter and
spherical radius dimensions.
s4o
K __ 3'SR30
Spherical Diameter Spherical Radius
Figure 4.4-4: Dimensioning spherical features.
h) Repetitive features or dimensions may be specified by using the symbol X
along wit h the number of times the feature is repeated. There is no space
between the number of limes the feature is repeated and the 'X' symbol,
however, there is a space between the symbol X and the dimension (i.e. ax
0 10).
Try Exercise 4.4-2
4 17
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor Led Exercise 4.4-2: Dimensioning and locating features
Dimension the following obj ect.
+
_ +- c--+-_
4 18
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.5) DIMENSIONING AND LOCATING ADVANCED FEATURES
The following section will ill ustrate the standard ways of dimensioni ng different
features that occur often on a part.
a) If the center of a radius is outside the drawing or interleres with another view, the
dimension lines may be foreshortened. In this case, a false center and j ogged
dimensions are used to give the size and location from the false center as shown in
Figure 4.5-1. The false center is indicated by a smaU cross.
N=I
R9B
56
L
Jogged Dimension
"i False Center I
Figure 4.5-1: Jogged radius
b) Soli d parts that have rounded ends are dimensioned by giving their overall
dimensions (see Figure 4.5-2). If the ends are partially rounded, the radii are also
given. For fully rounded ends, the radii are indicated but the value is not given.
2XR
1--;--40---:-1
2X R7
+----+
10
+
10
Fully rounded ends Partially rounded ends
Figure 4.5-2: Rounded ends
4 - 19
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
c) Slots are dimensioned by giving their overall dimensions or by giving the overall
width and the distance between centers as shown in Figure 4. 5-3. The radii are
indicated but the value is not given.
1--40----1
2X R
I
+---+
10
- 3'0---1
2XR
1
f-{+---+}-
10
Figure 4.5-3: Siols
d) The length of an arc is dimensioned using the arc length symbol as shown in Figure
4.54.
Figure 4.5-4: Arc length
e) Equally spaced features are specified by giving the number of spaces followed by
the repeated feature symbol X", a space, and then the dimension value of the space
as shown in Figure 4.5-5. One space may be di mensioned and given as a reference
value.
4 - 20
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
1-- - - 10X 15 (=150)----1
6X W (=90' )
Figure 4.5-5: Equally spaced features
f) If a part is symmetric, it is only necessary to dimension to one side of the center line
of symmetry. The center line of symmetry is indicated by using the symbol" :', On
older drawings you might see the symbol "t used instead. Figure 4.5-6 illustrates
the use of the symmetry symbol.
R40
Symmetry
symbol
!2S10
Figure 4.5-6: Center li ne of symmetry.
4 - 21
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
g) CounterbOfed holes are specified by giving the diameter (0) of the drill (and depth if
appropriate), the diameter (0) of the counteroore (LJ), and the depth (:f) of the
counterbore in a note as shown in Figure 4. 5-7. If the thickness of the material
below the counteroore is significant, this thickness rather than the counlerbofe depth
is given.
Figure 4.5-7: Counlerbored holes.
Application Question 4.5-1
What is the purpose of a counterbored hole?
4 - 22
1O
LJ20
.15
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
h) Spolfaced hol es are similar to counterbored holes. The difference is that the
machining operation occurs on a curved surface. Therefore, the depth of the
counterbore drill cannot be given in the note. It must be specified in the rectangular
view as shown in Figure 4.5-8.
i/l10
LJi/l20
10
t
Figure 4.5-8: Spolfaced holes.
i) Countersunk holes are specifi ed by giving the di ameter (0 ) of the dri ll (and depth if
appropriate), the diameter (0) of the countersink (V). and the angle of the
countersink in a note as shown in Figure 4.5-9.
Figure 4.5-9: Countersunk holes.
Application Question 4.5-2
What is the purpose of a countersunk hol e?
4 - 23
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
j ) Chamfers are dimensioned by a linear dimension and an angle, or by two linear
dimensions. A note may be used to specify 45 degree chamfers because the li near
value applies in either direction (see Figure 4.5-10). Notice that there is a space
between the 'X' symbol and the linear dimension. The space is inserted so that it is
not confused with a repeated feature.
2 X 45
m
2X2
~ - - - - f -
Figure 4.5-10: Chamfers.
Application Question 4.5-3
What is the purpose of a chamfer?
4.5.1) Drawing Notes
Drawing notes give additional informati on that is used to complement conventional
dimension. Drawing notes provide information that clarify the manufacturing
requirements for the part. They cover information such as treatments and finishes
among other manufacturing processes. A note may also be used to give blanket
dimensions, such as the size of all rounds and fillets on a casting or a blanket tolerance.
Notes may apply to the entire drawing or to a speci fi c area. A general note appl ies to
the entire drawing. A local note is positioned near and pOints to the specified area to
which it applies. The note area is identi fied with the heading "NOTE:".
4 - 24
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor Led Exercise 4.5-1: Adyanced features
Consider the incorrectry dimensioned object shown. There are 7 types of
dimensioning mistakes. List them and then dimension the object correctly.
1 )
2)
3)
4)
1O
IS C'60RE
10 DEEP
'----y
r--.t ++
,
"
5)
6)
7)
10'
gO
20
12.2 PLACES
T20
r F . ~
10
r-
:
V
, ,
T"
1 40
' ,
,
, ! '
, ! ' , , , , , , , ,
, ,
T T
11
,
~ ) ~ )
,,/,
R ,
425
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
20
I"
lOS
r:
so
RS
15
,
'.,
T"
140
+
,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
T T
11
,
I. ) I. )
R15
4 - 26
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.6) DIMENSION CHOICE
Dimension placement and dimension text influences the manufacturing process used
to mak.e the part. However, your choice of dimensions should depend on the
function and the mating relationship of the part, and then on manufacturing. Even
though dimensions influence how the part is made, the manufacturing process should
not be specifically stated on the drawing.
4.6.1} Units and Decimal Places
a) Decimal dimensions should be used for all machining dimensions. Sometimes you
may encounter a drawing that specifies standard drills, broaches, and the like by
size. For drill sizes that are given by number or letter, a decimal size should also be
given.
b) On drawing where ali the dimensions are given either in millimeters or inches,
individual identification of the units is not necessary. However, the drawing should
contain a note stating UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL DIMENSION ARE IN
MILLIMETERS (or INCHES). If some inch dimensions are used on a millimeter
drawing or visa versa, the abbreviati ons IN or mm shall follow the dimension value.
c) Metric dimensions are given in 'mm' and to 0 or 1 decimal place (e.g. 10, 10.2).
When the dimension is less than a millimeter, a zero should precede the decimal
point (e.g. 0.5).
d) Engl ish dimensions are given in 'i ndles' and to 2 decimal places (e.g. 1.25). A zero
is not shown before the decimat point for values tess than one inch (e.g .. 75).
e) Metric 3rd angle drawings should be designated by the SI projection symbol shown
in Figure 4.6-1.
SI
/,..,,",'
+
-
'-'-V./
Figure 4.6-1: SI projection symbol.
4 27
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.6.2) Locating Features Using Datums
Consider three mutually perpendicular datum planes as shown in Figure 4.6-2.
These planes are imaginary and theoretically exact. Now. consider a part that touches
all three datum planes. The surfaces of the part that touch the datum planes are called
datum features. Most of the time, f eatures on a part are located with respect to a
datum feature. In some cases, it is necessary to locate a feature with respect to
another feature that is not the datum feature.
90'
Third Datum Plane

Second Datum Plane
90'
"-- First Datum Pl ane
Figure 4.6-2: Datums and datum features.
Datum feature selection is based on the functi on of the part. When selecting
datum features, think of the part as a component of an assembly. Functionally important
surfaces and features should be selected as datum feat ures. For example, to ensure
proper assembly, mating surfaces should be used as datum features. A datum feature
should be big enough to permit its use in manufacturing the part. If the function of the
part is not known, take all possible measures to determi ne its function before
dimensioning the part. In the process of learning proper di mensioning techniques, it
may be necessary to make an educated guess as to the function of the part . Figure 4.6-
3 shows a dimensioned part. Notice how all the dimensions origi nate from the datum
features.
4 - 28
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
260
-
-+----.-

r
,
I t 165
--'-
! ,---t-- - t-
135 1lo
1 TOO
65
I I !
Datum Feature
Figure 4.6-3: Dimensioning using datum features.
a) Datum dimensioning is preferred over continuous dimensioning (see Figure 4.6-4).
Features should be located with respeclto datum features.
I
---!-1
10
Continuous Dimensioning
(Should be avoided)
I
10
I
,- ------. 1
'-- -------.
---.i t 30
L-__ '----l =fll
Datum Dimensioning
(Preferred)
Figure 4.6-4: Continuous versus datum dimensioning.
4 - 29
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
b) Dimensions should be given between points or surfaces that have a functional
relation to each other (slots, mating hole pattems, etc ... ). Figure 4.6-5 shows a part
that has two holes that are designed to mate up wi th two pins on another part.
Therefore, the distance between the holes is more important than the distance of the
second hole from the datum feature. There would be a similar dimension on the
other part specifying the distance between the pins to ensure proper mating .
..I. ..-k
+t+-f-r+
1"
Figure 4.6-5: Dimensioning funct ionally important features.
4.6.3) Dimension Accuracy
There is no such thing as an "exact" measurement. Every dimension has an
implied or stated tolerance associated wi th il. A tolerance is the amount a dimension is
allowed to vary.
Instructor led EXercise 4.6-1: Dimension accuracy
Consider the figure shown below.
Which dimensions have implied tolerances and which have stated tolerances?
Does the arrow indicate an increasing or decreasi ng accuracy?
Wri te down the range in which the dimension values are allowed to vary.
r- '1 ,
'0
1 II--' ---t'I-
'

OOO
.001
DDD
(al (bl (cl

Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.6.4) Rounding off
The more accurate the dimension the more expensive it is to manufacture. To
cut costs it is necessary (0 round off fractional dimensions. If, for example, we are
rounding off to the second decimal place and the third decimal place number is less than
5, we truncate after the second decimal place. If the number in the third decimal place is
greater than 5, we round up and increase the second decimal place number by 1, If the
number is exactly 5, whether or nol we round up depends on if Ihe second decimal place
number is odd or even. If ills odd, we round up and if il is even, il is kepi the same.
Instruct or Led Exercise 4.6-2: Rounding off
Round off the following fractions to two decimal places according to the rules
stal ed above.
(5/16) .3125 -+ ( lIB) .125 -+
(5/32) .1562 -+ (3IB) .375 -I'
4 - 31
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
4.6.5) Cumulative Tolerances (Error Buildup)
Figure 4.6-6 shows two different styles of dimensioning. One is called Continuous
Dimensioning, the other Datum Dimensioning. Continuous dimensioning has the
disadvantage of accumulating error. It is preferable to use datum dimensioning to
reduce error buildup.
Consider the part shown in Figure 4.6-6. It i s dimensioned using both continuous
and datum dimensioning. The implied tolerance of all the dimensions is on the first
decimal place. If we look at the cont inuous dimensioning case, the actual dimensions
are X.8, where O.e is the error associated with each dimension. Adding up the individual
dimensions, we gel an overall dimension of 3x + 3(0.e). The overall dimension for the
datum di mensioning case is 3x + O.e. As this example shows, continuous dimensioning
accumulates error.
Another advantage of using datum dimensioning is the facl that many manufacturing
machines are programmed using a datum or origin. Therefore, it makes it easier for the
machinist to program the machine if datum dimensioning i s used.
4 - 32
I
I '
Continuous Dimensioning
(Error bui ldup)
---.i t
2,
,
Datum Dimensioning
(No error buildup)
Figure 4.6-6: Error buildup.
!
3,
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Instructor led Exercise 4.6-3: Dimension chQlce
Consider the incorrectly dimensioned object shown. There are 6 types 01
dimensioning mistakes. lislthem and then dimension the object correctly.
1 ) 4)
2) 5)
3) 6)
- 0750-
~ 5
r-
,
1.000
/1/2 DRILL
i
' 5OO
,
I
~ r
f 1.500
L
- -----
J:J
--
--
f-
0.500 ------
I
I
..-k
------
+ f-- --f-
't'
------
4 33
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Video Exercise 4.6-4: Beginning Dimensioning
This video exercise will take you through di mensioning the following objects using
proper dimensioning techniques.
,J

I i i I I
J"L
Gd
4 - 34
Chapter 4: Dimensioni ng
Video Exercise 4.6-5: Intermediate Dimensioning
This video exercise wi ll take you through dimensioning the following obj ects using
proper dimensioning techniques.
L
- -Elj ----Elj - t-
" ' /
, ,
-H--{r . ;'J-t-t-
-----
4 - 35
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4 - 36
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
In Class Student Exercise 4.6-6; Di mensioni ng 1
Name: Date:
Dimension the following object using proper dimensioning techniques. Did we
need to draw the right side view?
i1\ I
~ ... I
7 \ I <J
~ ~ / - - 7
~ \
U Ai,
I
I
~ ' \ /
I
I
I
r- -----
~
- +--- --
,
."
_ J. _ ____
~
- ~


r-
4 37
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4 - 38
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
In Class Student Exercise 4.6-7: Dimensioning 2
Name: Date:
Dimension the followi ng object using proper dimensioning techniques.
\\
0
(
\
-
-
-
J
-
-
0.
,
w
~
~
. ~
~
>-
--
+
- -
f--
-
4 39
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
-------
NOTES:
4 40
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
In Class Student Exercise 4.6-8: Dimensioning 3
Name: __________________________ ___
Date: _ ____ _
Dimension the following object using proper dimensioning techniques .
. "
- '---f-
+ +- ---
4 - 41
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4 - 42
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
In Class Student Exercise 4.6-9: Dimensioning 4
Name: Date:
Dimension the following object using proper di mensioning techniques.
I
I
I
I ;
I
- - -
-
1-4-
-
f-
l-
f-
-
,
J.
-
- I- !
i
-
,
1"

I-
- -
I-
4 - 43
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4 - 44
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Video Exercise . 6-10: Advanced Dimensioning 1
This video exercise wiii take you through dimensioning the following objects using
proper dimensioning techniques.
I
.1
I
,
I
.. ' I, .. ' I,
I
,
I
T
I
I
.+.
L,-l_rJ
.+.
I, I I ; I I , I
I I
I I
I I
-,-
I
I
I
A-
I
' . "'\
0
r' ill \
0 I I
I
' ,
I
' , ...... .,._ ...
I
4 - 45
Chapter 4: Dimensiorli ng
Video Exercise 4.6-11: Advanced Dimensioning 2
Thi s video exercise will take you through di mensioning the fonowi ng objects using
proper dimensioning techniques.
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
-$
ft}
-
-{f fj-
--
-
--
~
;11
I ; 11
,
4 46
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
DIMENSIONING CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Name' _ _____ _ ___ Dat.' ___ _
CP4-1)
R
I I
l-
I' I I I I I I
I
I I I I I
-
-
,-
r I I
[
- -
l
l-
I' I I I I I
l- I--
I
-
I-
"
I I I I I
I
-
'-

-
-
' I
I I I I I
- -
I"l" I J" I

I I
I-
,,-
0
"
I I I I I I
- -
J-
- -
-
I' I
I I I I I
- - -
-
I
111 1111 '
-
-
-
4 47
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Across
2. What is this symbol? ;r
3. What is this symbol? V
4. Di mension and extension lines are thin so that they will not be mistaken for .... lines.
6. What unit of measure is most commonly used on English drawing?
9. Datum dimensioning is preferred over continuous dimensions because it reduces .
10. What unit of measure is most commonly used on a metric drawing?
12. Leader lines shoul d not be horizontal or ....
13. Dimensioni ng hidden lines under some circumstances is allowed. (true. false)
15. How many zeros to the right of the decimal does two thousandths of an inch have?
16. The followi ng symbol indicates that the drawing uses this unit of measure?
SI -$E3-
18. Which line type does not have arrowheads? (dimension. extension. leader)
19. A .. .. is located in the circular view.
20. A cylinder's diameter is given in the .... view.
Down
1. A circular hole's diameter is placed in the .... view.
2. A detail ed drawing is an orthographic projection with
5. A reference dimension is given within ....
7. What is this symbol? U
8. A surface of the part that touches the datum plane.
11. X is the symbol used for repeated features. What else is this symbol used for?
14. Dimensions generally take the form of li near dimensions, notes and leaders and .
dimensions.
17. A complete circle such as a hol e is dimensioned by its.
4 - 48
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
DIMENSIONING PROBLEMS
Name: ____ _ ______ _
Date: _____ _
P4-1) The following object Is dimensioned incorrectly. Identify the incorrect dimensions
and list an mistakes associated with them. Then, dimensIon the object correcUy using
proper dimensioning techniques. There are five mistakes.
2. 00
1.50
-
.62
-
1 .50
/
L
+
\. -'.
-------
+
I
2. 0
!
r.6
1
1
0
~
.75
o
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
4 - 49
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NQTES:
4-SO
Chapter 4; Dimensioning
Name: ___________ _ Date: _____ _
P4-2) The following object is dimensioned inoorrectly. Identify the inoorrect dimensions
and list all mistakes associated with them. Then, dimension the object oorrectty using
proper dimensioning techniques. There are four mistakes.
20
10
t
1)
+
20
2)
5-l!:;,
3)
4)
I . 35,
I :
~
I
I
I
2 o
: :
10
-f-1
I I
I
I
I
:
I
4 - 51
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4 - 52
Chapter 4: Dimensioni ng
Name: ________________________ ___ Date: _____ _
P4-3) The following object is dimensioned incorrectly. Identify the Incorrect dimensions
and li st all mistakes associated with them. Then, dimension the obj ect correctly using
proper dimensioning techniques. There are six mistakes.
.50DIA

.25
: I : r------ t
L=200-J

I 1.50
1
.25
f
1.00

C
--'-L:==j .25
100J f
r-- - ---
I
I j' I
: I
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

1=-===

r
4 - 53
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
4 - 54
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
Name: __________________________ ___
Date: ______ _
P4-4) The following object is dimensioned incorrectly. Identify the incorrect dimensions
and list ali mistakes associated with them. Then, dimension the object correctly usi ng
proper dimensioning techniques. There are four mistakes.
I I
1
I I
I I
1
1
0
I I
o
I I
f-I ---3.000 ----1.1
l500r-

I .500
,.---' I I
1000
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Chapter 4: Dimensioni ng
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4 - 56
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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4 - 58
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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Chapter 4: Dimensioni ng
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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4 - 64
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
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4 - 66
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
SP4-1) Completely dimension the objects shown (by hand) using proper dimensioni ng
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Chapter 4: Dimensioning
SP4--2) Using A CAD package (or sketching by hand), draw the necessary views and
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4 - 66
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
SP4.03) Using A CAD package (or sketchi ng by hand), draw the necessary views and
completely dimension the part shown. Do not base your 2 0 dimension placement on
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object. The answer to thi s problem is given on the Independent Learning ova.
4 - 69
Chapter 4: Dimensioning
NOTES:
470
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
DIMENSIONING IN AUTO CAD
CHAPTER OUTLINE
5.1) INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 3
5.2) DIMENSION COMMANDS ............................ ................................ .. .. .. ... ...................... . .. 4
5.2.1) Dimensions panel .... .......... ............ ........ .... ...... ......... . ..... .. ..... ..... ....... .... ..... 4
5.2.2) The Leaders Panel .. ... .. ......... ... .... .. ........... ...... .. ... ... ..... ...... ..... ..... ... ...... .. ...... ......... . 6
5.3) DIMENSION STYLES .. .. ....... .. ......................................................................... 7
5.3.1) Dimension Style Manager ..... . _. .. .... 7
5.3.2) Multileader Style Manager .................... ..... .. .......... .. .............. .. 8
5.4) DIMENSION VARIABLES .................................................................. ...................................... 9
5.4.1) Dimension Scale ...... .... ......... ...... ...... .. ... ... .... .... .. ............ ...... ... .. ._ 9
5.4.2) Dimension and Extension Li nes ............ .... ................................................... .. ........ ........ 9
5.4.3) Dimension Text.. .. . ........ _
5.4.4) Diameter and Radial Dimensions ..
5.4.5) Angular Dimensions
5.4.6) Alternative Units ... ..
5.4.7) Toleranced Dimensions ................. ..... ... .. __
... .. ....... .... ..... .. ......... ........ .. .. .. 10
.. .... ....... .. ... ...... .. .. .. 10
...... ................ . ..... 10
... 1 t
........ ... ................ ... . .. 11
5.4.8) Miscellaneous ... ............. .... ... ........... ...... .... .. ... .. ............. .............. 11
5.5) THE DIM PROMPT ................................................................................................................. 11
5.5.1) Creating Dimensions from the Dim Prompt ......... ............... .. 11
5.6) ASSOCIATIVE DIMENSiONS ... ............................................................................................. 12
5.7) ANNOTATIVE OBJECTS ...................................................................................................... 12
5.7.1) Annotative Object Scale ... ...... ............................. .. .............. .. .... ................ .. 14
5.8) DIMENSIONING TUTORIAL .................................................................................................. 15
5.8. 1) Drawing the object
5.B.2) Drawing linear dimensiOns._. __
5.8.3) Drawing diameter and radius dimensions
5.8.4) Drawing angular dimensions
5.8.5) Drawing leaders ..
5.8.6) Creating a new dimension style
5.8. 7) Annotative objects ..
................... 15
......................... 16
. ... 17
..... .. ...... ...................... .. .... 18
.. ........ 18
.... .......... 19
.. ... 26
5.8.8) Dimension scale and associativity _.. ........ ..... .... ...... .... ... ......................... ..... . ....... 30
5.9) EOmNG DIMENSION TEXT TUTORIAL .............................................................................. 33
5 - 1
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
DIMENSIONING IN AUTOCAD CROSSWORD PUZZLE ............................................................ 37
DIMENSIONING IN AUTOCAO PROBLEMS ............................................................................... 39
52
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AuloCAD
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In Chapter 5 you wilileam hOw to dimension a parlin AutoGAD. Au/oCAD makes creating
linear, angular, diameter and radius dimensions quite e8sy. By default, these dimensions al'8
associative. This means thai the dimension values change if tho geometry they are attached to
changes. In order to maintain the associativity between dimension and geometry, it is often
necessary to edit the dimension text of more complex features after the dimension has been
created. By the end of this chaplar, you will be able to create, placa and edit dimensions using a
predefined dimensioning style.
5.1) INTRODUCTION
Dimensioning a part in AutoCAD is quite automated. It is as easy as selecti ng the
geometry you wish to dimension and then selecting the di mension's location. AutoCAD
will create the dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads and dimension text. This is
both good and bad. It makes di mensioning an object very fast. However, new users
may find it frustrating when trying to fine tune the dimension settings to achieve
dimensions that look just the way they want them to look. Dimension appearance and
properti es may be adjusted in the Dimension Slyles Manager wi ndow. Some
experimentation with these dimension setti ngs may be requi red,
There are several ways to access AutoCAD's dimensioning commands. The
Dimension pull-down menu, dashboard and toolbar contai n commands that allow you to
creale a variety of di mension types. Dimensioning commands may also be typed in at
the Command prompt or the Dim prompt. The Dim prompt is simi lar to the Command
prompt except that it is used solely for creating and modifying dimensions using keyed in
commands. One disadvantage with this method is that you are unable to draw or modify
objects from the Dim prompt.
Dimensions are created as single entities and, with the exception of mul tileaders, are
associated with the geometries used to create them. They are similar to blocks. If, for
some reason, you need to edit the individual line and arrows of a dimension, it must be
EXPLODED fi rst. However, the associativi ty or connection to the geometry is broken if
the dimension is exploded.
In this chapter annotative objects will be introduced. If an object is annotative, its
scale or size will change with the view port scale. For example, using annotative text
allows your printed text to always remain 1/8 of an inch high (or what ever value you sel
it to) no matter what scale you are using to pri nt. AutoCAD will automatically adjust the
height of the text. Objects that may be defined as annotative include text, dimensions,
multi leaders, hatches and blocks.
5 3
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
----
5.2) DIMENSION COMMANDS
5.2.1} Dimensions panel
Figure 5,2-' shows the Dimensions panel which i s located i n the Annotate lab.
H Urear
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Access DimensiOn
Style Manager.
Figure 5.2-1 : The Dimensions panel
The commands locat ed in the Dimensions panel are:






5- 4
.I..i!::mE 8 Creates horizontal or vertical linear dimensions. (DIMUNEAR)
Aligned: I Creates li near aligned dimensions. (DIMALI GNED)
Anaular: 16 OtI,ILIM I Creales an angular dimension. (DIMANGULAR)
A" ,eor I r::. C" oIe .. "" I"",'h (DIMARC)
Radius: _ 0 I Creates a radius dimension. (OrMRADIUS)
Diameter: 10 DwI .. _1 Creates a diameter dimension. (DIMOIAMETER)





















Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
Jogged: B Creates jogged dimensions for circles and arcs. (DIMJOGGED)
Ordi nate: I Creates ordinate point dimensions. (DIMORDINATE)
Dimension Style: 1.,.t:;1
1
5tandMd y I
Current Dimension Styl e: . Allows you to select a defi ned
dimension style. Dimension Styles can be created and modified in the Dimension Styles
Manager. To access the DifTlf3nsion Styles Manager window click 00 the little arrow in
the corner of the Dimensions panel or type DIMSTYLE.
Break: [jJ Allows you to specify whether or not you want a dimension to break if it
crosses a selected object. (Di MBREAK)
Adjust Space: 1:rr:1 Al lows you to define a uniform spacing between dimensions.
(Di MSPACE)
Quick Dimension: 11-'1 Creates a linear, radius or diameter dimension by selecting the
object and not two points as with the other linear dimension commands. (QDIM)
Basel ine: I H B ... lr< I Creates a series of baseline dimensions using an existing
dimension to define the baseline. (DIMBASELlNE) The command DlMDLI controls the
spacing of the dimension lines in baseline dimensions.
Continue: I HI :0-;,1.1 Creates a series of continuous dimenSIOns USing an eXisting
dimension to continue from. (OIMCONTINUE)
Inspection: Il7Il Allows you to add or remove an inspection dimension from a selected
dimension. (DIMINSPECT)
Uodate Redraws the dimensions with the current dimension style settings. (-
OIMSTYLE)
Jogged Line: 1 ........ 1 Adds a jog to a linear dimension. (DIMJOGLlNE)
Reassociate: 1:r91 Associates or reassociates a selected dimension to an object or a
point on an object. (OIMREASSOCIATE)
Tolerance: Allows you to create a GO&T feature contrOl frame. (TOLERANCE)
Center Marlc 101 Places a mark identifyi nglhe center of a circle or arc. (OI MCENTER)
The size of the mark is controlled by the DIMCEN variable. If the center mark interferes
with the centerline break, OIMCEN should be set 10 O.
Oblique; IHI Makes the extension lines of a linear dimension oblique. This is useful
when dimensioning pictorials. (DIMEOIT)
Allows you to rotate the dimension text to a speCified angle
Left Justify: 1
1
.... 1 Places the dimension text on the left side. (OIMTEOIT)
Center Justify: Places the dimension text in the center. (DIMTEOIT)
Ri ht Just' II-HI Places the dimension texl on the right side. (OIMTEDIT)
Override: Allows you to override dimension style variables. (OI MOVERRIOE)
5 - 5
Chapter 5: Dimensioning In AutoCAO
5.2.2) The Leaders Panel
Figure 5.2-2 shows the Leaders panel which is located in the Annotate tab.
,

Access Multileader
Style Manager.
Figure 5.2-2: The Leaders panel
The commands located in the Leaders panel are:






I ....
Current Multileader Style: Allows you to select 8 defined
mul\i1eader style. Multileader Sty1es can be created and modified In the Multil6ader
Styles Manager. To access the Multi/eader Stylfls Manager window click on the little
arrow in the comer of the Leaderss panel or type MLEADERSTYLE.
Add Leader: 1 ;-01 Adds a leader(s) to an existing muttileader. (MLEADEREDIT)
Remove Leader:
(MLEADEREDIT)
!B Removes a leader from an existing multileader.
Align: [.-;81 Aligns several existing multileaders with a line created within the command.
(MLEAOERAlIGN)
Collect: 1181 Collects the content of several multi leaders and creates a single
multileader. (MLEADERCOLLECT)
Tha mut"'aade, commT:2'j ba acca"ad In the tollow, ng we,
Leaders canel _ ...
Command window: mleader
5 - 6
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
Mulli l eader options (specify leader arrowhead location or [leader Landing
first/Content fiI:st/Opt ions] <Options> :).
leader Landing first: Allows you to specify the location of the short horizontal line at the
end of a leader firs!.
Content first: Allows you to specify the leader note first.
Options: Enter lin opt ion I Leader type/leader lAnding/Content
type/Hll xpoints/rirst angle/Second angle/ eXi t options] <eXit options> ;
o Leader type: The leader may be constructed from a straight line or a spline.
o leader lAndi ng: Allows you to specify whether or not you want a short horizontal
line at the end of the leader.
o Conteot type: Allows you to specify whether your content is a block or mtex!.
o Maxooi nts: Allows you to create leader lines that consist of several straight line
segments, or specify how many defining points you want for your spline.
o First angle J Second angle: Allows you to specify at least 2 angles that you wish
10 use 10 draw your leader lines.
5.3) DIMENSION STYLES
5.3.1) Dimension Style Manager
The Dimension Style Manager (Figure 5.3- 1) is used to create new dimension styles,
set the current style, modify styles, set overrides on the currenl style, and compare
styles. The Dimension Style Manager window may be accessed using the DDIM or
DIMSTYLE commands. It may also be accessed from the Dimensions panel . The
features of the Dimension Style Manager window are (see figure 5.3-1):
Current dimension style: The current dimension style is Ihe style that is applied to
dimensions you create.
Styles: This is a list of styles that are available.
List: Al lows you to display all styles or only the styles that are in use.
Preview of" Shows a preview of what the dimenSions will look like.
Set Current: Sels a selected style to be curren!.
New,,; Allows you to create a new style.
Mocl"fy .. Allows you to modify the current style.
Override.. Allows you to set temporary override settings to the current style.
Compare .. ' Allows you 10 compare styles.
5 - 7
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAO
...
....
-
_rJ:ISO-25
I 0:... I I Hot>
Figure 5.3-1: The Dimension Style Manager wi ndow
The default metric drawi ng dimension style is ISO-25. ISO stands for 'International
Standards Organization'. The United Sl ates follows ASME's standards. ASME stands
for 'American Society of Mechanical Engineers'. The ASME standard related to
dimensioning is close to the ISO standard; therefore, we can use the ISO standard as a
starting pOint when we create a new ASME dimension style.
5.3.2) Multileader Style Manager
The Multileader Style Manager (Figure 5.3-2) is used to create new multileader
styles, set the current style and modify styles. The Multi/eader Style Manager window
may be accessed using the MLEAOERSTYLE command. It may also be accessed from
the Leaders panel. The features of the Multi/eader Style Manager window are (see
Figure 5.3-2):
Current multileader stvle: The current multileader style is the style that is applied to
multileaders that you create.
SWiss: This is a list of styles that are available.
List: Allows you to display all styles or only the styles that are in use.
Preview of: Shows a preview of what the multi leader will look like.
Set Current: Sets a selected style to be current.
New ... : Allows you to create a new style.
Mootv ... : Allows you to modify the current style.
5 - 8
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
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5.4) DIMENSION VARI ABLES
Dimension appearance may be modifi ed by changing the value of the following
dimension variables. Only the most commonly used variables are li sted. These
variables may also be set in the Dimension Styles Manager. However, it is not
uncommon to change some of these variables on the fly.
5.4.1} Dimension SCale
DIMSCALE: This command sets the overall size or scale factor of the dimensions. The
following variables are controlled direclly by the DIMSCAlE variable. There is usually no
need to them indMduaJly.
o Controls the size of the arrows.
o Controls the length of the extension lines beyond dimension lines.
o Controls the gap between the extension line and the object.
o Controls the space between the dimension l ext and the dimension
o Controls the height of the dimension text unless the cUlTent style has a
fixed height.
5.4.2) Dimension and Extension Lines
DlMSOXD: Suppresses the placement of dimension lines outside of the extension lines.
o Q=Off
o 1 = On
DIMTOfL: Draws di mension lines between extension lines even if the text is placed
outside the extension lines.
o O= Off
o 1 =On
5 - 9
Chapter 5: Dimensioning In AutoCAD
DI MATFIT: Determines hOw dimension text and arrows are arranged when space is not
sufficient to place both within the extension lines.
o a = Places both text and arrows outside the extension lines.
o 1 .: Moves arrows first and then text.
o 2 : Moves text first, then arrows.
o 3 = Moves either text or arrows, whichever fi ts best.
OI MCLRD: Assigns a color to dimension lines, arrowheads and dimension leader lines.
5.4.3) Dimension Text
DIMTIH: Forces the dimension text inside the extension lines to be positioned
horizontally. rather than aligned.
o 0=00
o 1 :On
OIMTIX: Forces dimensloo text inside extension lines.
o O=Otf
o 1 =On
Sets the number of decimal places displayed for the primary units.
Controls the horizontal positioning of the dimension texl.
= Above the dimension line and center justifies it between the extension lines.
o [Link] Next to the first extension line.
o 2 = Next to the second extension line.
o 3 = Above the dimension line and next to the first extension line.
o 4 = Above the dimension line and next to the second extension line.
OIMTAD: Controls the vertical position of the text relative to the dimension lines.
o a '" Centered between the extension lines.
o 1 = Above the dimension line except when the dimension line is not hOrizontal
and DIMTIH '" 1. The distance from the dimension line to the bottom of the text
is controlled by DIMGAP.
o 2 = On the side of the dimension line farthest away from the dimension origin(s).
o 3 = According to the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards).
PIMTMOVE: Sets dimension text movement rules.
o a '" Moves the dimension line with the dimension lexl.
o 1 = Adds a leader when the dimension text is moved.
o Allows text to be moved freely without a leader.
PIMTOH: Controls the position of the dimension text outside the extension lines.
o 0 or Off= Aligns the text with the dimension line.
o 1 or On: Draws the text horizontally.
Edits single line text. dimension text and feature control frames.
Moves and rotates dimension text
Assigns co!OfS to dimension text.
5.4.4) Diameter and Radial Dimensions


Controls size of the center marks drawn by diameter and radial dimensions.
Determines the angle of the transversa segment of the dimension line In
ili!i"'''''''"' dimension.
5.4.5) Angular Dimensions
OtMADEC; Controls the number of decimal places displayed in angular dimensions.
DlMAUNIT: Sets the units format for angular dimensions.
5 -10
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
5.4.6) Alternative Units
DlMAL T: Adds an addi1ional dimension te:d in an alternative unit.
o O=Off
o 1 = On
Controls Ihe number of decimal places in Ihe alternative unit
Controls the conversion factor of the alternative unit . For example, the
factor from inches to millimeters is 25.4.
5.4.7) Toleranced Dimensions
DIMLlM: Presents dimensions in limit form.
DIMIQl.: Presents dimensions in tolerance form.
I Sets the negative tolerance value.
Sets the posi tive tolerance value.
5.4.8) Miscellaneous
DlMARCSYM: Controls whether or not an arc symbol will be placed above an arc length
dimension.
o 0 = Before the dimension text.
o 1 = Above the dimension text
o 2 " Will not display the arc length symbol.
5.5) THE DIM PROMPT
Withi n the Dim prompt (the dimension mode), you can type in dimensioning
commands that allow you to create and modify dimensions. This is convenient for users
that are more comfortable typing commands than they are using icons. To access the
Dim prompt type DIM in the Command window. A Dim prompt will replace the
Command prompt. To gel out of the Dim prompt type the command EXIT or E.
The Dim prompt does not work in combination with the Dimension tool bar or the
Dimension pulldown menu. Sel ecting a command within the toolbar or the pull-down
menu automatically exits the user from the Dim prompt.
5.5.1) Creating Dimensions from the Dim Prompt
Within the Dim prompt you may type commands that allow you to create and modify
preset dimension types. The types of dimensions that you can create range from li near
dimensions to di ameter dimensions to dimensions Ihat are aligned with a particular
feature of the drawi ng. The di mension commands used to creal e and modify
di mensions are li sted below. The capitalized letters are the minimum amount you must
type i n order to invoke the command.
HORizontal: Used to create a linear dimension that measures a distance in the x
direction.
Used to create a linear dimension that measures a distance in the y direction.
Used to create a linear dimension that is al igned with the extension line
ANgular: Used to create an angular dimension. AutoCAD will automatically place the
degree symbol after the angular value. If you are manually typing in the dimension, type
%'%0 after the numeri cal value to invoke the degree symbol.
5 - 11
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAO
Diameter; Used to create a diameter dimension. AutoCAD will automatically place the
diameter symbol in front of the dimension value. If you are manually typing in the
dimension, type %%C before the numerical value to invoke the diameter symbol.
RAdius: Used to create a radius dimension.
beader: Used to create a leader - note.
N,wtext: Used to edit existing dimension text.
TEdit: Used to change the position of the dimension and the dimension text
UPdate: Redraws the dimensions with the current dimension style settings.
5.6) ASSOCIATIVE DIMENSIONS
Associative dimensions are dimensions that are associated with a geometric object
or a particular feature of your part. This means that if the feature is changed, the
associated dimension value will change. For example, if the diameter of a circle is 10
mm then the diameter dimension value will read 0 10. if you subsequently change the
diameter of the circle to 20 mm within the Properties window, the dimension value wilt
automatically change to 0 20. AsSOCiativity is broken if you manually type in the
dimension text, replace the dimension text or EXPLODE the dimension. Leader
dimensions are not associative. The dimension commands that are related to
associativity are:
DtMDtSASSOCIATE: Removes associatMty from a selected dimension.
DIMREASSOCIA TE: Associates a selected dimension to geometric objects.
DtMREGEN: Updates the IocaUons of all associative dimensions.
DIMASSOC: Controls the associativity of dimensions and whether dimensions are
exploded.
5.7) ANNOTATIVE OBJECTS
Annotative objects are objects that can support multiple viewport scales. Consider
the follOWing situation. I start a metric drawing and set my text height to 3 mm. If I print
at a 1:1 scale, my text height will measure 3 mm Ofl the printed page. However, jf I print
at a 1:2 scale my text height will only measure 1.5 mm. Annotative text adjusts its height
so that no matter what viewport scale you select, the text wi ll always measure 3 mm on
the printed page. Figure 5.7-1 shows an example of regul ar text and annotative text at
three different viewport scales. Notice that the regular text height increases or
decreases depending on the viewport scale, and the annotative text height never
changes.
How does this work? If you select the annotative text, you will see not just one
instance of the text, but three or however many viewport scales it supports. Figure 5.7-2
shows the selected annotative text and the instances that it supports. Objects that may
be defined as annotative include text, dimensions. multileaders, hatches and blocks.
The principle Is the same for all annotative objects.
5 - 12
o
... Mo rATl\IE
~
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
o
M tIOTATlIiE
~
Vi ewport Scale = 1: 1 Vi ewport Scale = 1:2
REGULAR TEXT
Vi ewport Scale = 2: 1
Figure 5.7-1: Annotative text

Figure 5.7-2: Annotative text instances
5 - 13
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAO
----
5.7.1) Annotative Object Scale
AIl annotative object, by default, only supports a 1:1 scale. Supported scales may
be added or removed from an annotative object by using the commands located in the
Annotation Scaling panel as shown in Figure 5.7-3.
If the vi ew port scale is changed to a scale that the annotative object does not
support , it will not be visible unless the Annotative Visibility icon Ito I is turned on. This
icon is located in the status bar. You may choose to have AutoCAD automatically add
scales to the annotative objects every time the view port scale is change by turning this
icon 1:!1 1 on (located in the status bar). However, every supported scale increases the
size of your file. I would discourage this practice.
th. ,[Link] C .. rren: Scale
Oeke CUlnrt
Figure 5.7-3: Annotation Scaling panel
The commands located in the Annotation Scaling panel are:





I
Add Currenl Scale I
Add Current Scale: Allows you 10 add a scale that the object will
support.
I "",", sa" I
Allows you to delete a supported scale
from an object.
Scale list: Iat. Ust I Brings up the Edit Scale Ust window which list all scales
available. II also allows you 10 add or delele scales. (SCALELI STEDIT)
Add/Delele Scales: lig Scales I Brings up the Annotation Object Scale window
which list all scales supported by the selected object(s). It also allows you to add or
delete supported scales. (OBJECTSCALE)
syn-: XaIe PostiMs I ..
Synchronize Scale Positions: Resels Ihe positions of all scale
representations.
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
5.8) DIMENSIONING TUTORIAL
The objective of this tutorial is to familiarize the user wi th creating a variety of
dimension types. This tutorial wi ll also take the user through the steps required to create
a new dimension style. We will fi rst dimension the object using the ISO25 standard.
The differences between the ISO standard and the ASME standard will be pointed out
and then we will create an ASME dimension style and use that style to dimension the
object. The last section of this tutorial will illustrate the dimensions associativity and
annotative properties.
r --55----j
35- l
R20
40 r-+---
do r
20
+ - J-+-

,
2X2
5.8.1) Drawi ng the object
1) View the Creating Dimension, Multi/eaders, Associativity and Annotative Objects
videos and read section 5.1) through 5.7).
2) I (2;. ""." I drawing template. Verify the fOllowi ng setti ngs ...
STyle: Text style = Arial, Text height = 3 mm, Annotative.
LIMITS = 280, 216
3) I g SMooA< I Di m Tut. dwg
4) Draw the above object given in the previous figure (wi thout the dimensions) using the
appropriate layers. Make sure to include the centerl ines.
5) Tum your Object Snap on and have it automatically detect, at minimum, Endpoint
and Intersection.
6) Zoom in to better view your drawing.
515
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
5.8.2) Drawing li near dimensions
1) Set the Dimension layer as current and activate the Annotate tab.
2) Add the linear dimensions.
a) Command: DtMLlNear or
b) Specify fi r st e xtension line
Point1.
Dimensions panel: II lur ..... 1
orig i n o r <select object> : Select
c) Specify second e xtension line origin: Select Point2.
d ) Specify dimension line location or (Mt e x t/ Te x t/Angle/
Hor [Link]/Vertical/Rotated] : P ull the dimension out and away from the
obj ect and left click when the dimension is in the approxi male location shown.
e) Add the other linear dimensions shown in a similar manner. When adding the 35
mm and 20 mm dimension, select the end of the center line. When adding the
55 mm dimension, selecl the end of the radius.
55
35
Point 1
5
Point 2
"
-
/'
'"

f
0
+
..
I
0
'"
0
N
40
5 - 16
Chapter 5: Dimensioni ng in AutoCAD
3) Space the linear dimensions evenly.
a) Command: dimspace or Dimensions panel: Ix l
b) Select base d i mension : Select the 5 mm dimension.
c) Select dimensions to space : Selecl the 35 mm and then the 55 mm
dimension.
d) Select dimensions to space : Ente r
e) Enter value or [Auto ) <Auto> : a
f) Notice that the AUTO option spaces the dimensions too close. Undo.
g) Repeat the above process using 8 mm as the spacing
h) Evenly space the vertical linear dimensions.
5.8.3) Drawing diameter and radius dimensions
1) Dimension the radius.
a) Command: dlmradlus or Dimensions panel:
low-I
Se l ect arc or circle : Select the radi us. b)
C) Specify dimension l ine locat ion or [Mtext/Tex t/AngleJ : Pull the
dimension out and away from the obj ect and left cl ick when the dimension is in
the approximate position shown. Notice that the radius symbol R ~ is
automatically pl aced in front of the dimension value.
2) Dimension the hole.
a) Command: dimdi a
0'
Dimensions panel:
b)
c)
Select arc or circle: Sel ect the ci rcle.
Specify dimension line location or IMtext/Text/Angle ] : Pull the
dimension out and away from the obj ect and left cl ick when the di mension is in
the approximate position shown. Notice that the diameter symbol "" is
automaticall y placed in front of the dimension value.
o
.,
0
'"
5
0
N
55
35
J:,
~
40
5 - 17
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
5.8.4) Drawing angular dimensions
1) Dimension the angled feature.
a) Command: OIMANGular Dimensions panel:
16 .. , 1
Select arc , circle , l i ne, or <speci!y vertex> : Select Line 1.
Select second line : Select Line 2.
bj
cj
dj Specify dimension arc line location 0 1: [Mtext/Text/Angle] : Pull the
dimension out and away from the object and left click when the dimensi on is in
t he approximate position shown. Notice that the degree symbol 00' is
automatically placed behind the dimension value.
I
o
N
5.8.5) Drawing leaders
5
1) Dimension the chamfer.
Command: mleader
0'
55
35
Line 2
40
Line 1
Leaders panel: ~ .. I
Specify leader al:l:o ... head location 01: (leader Landing
fil:st/Content first /Options) <Options> : mid
of Select the angled li ne of the chamfer near the middle. (see the figure below)
Specify leader landing location : Select the point where the angled
portion of the leader will end.
5 - 18
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AuioCAO
Text Edtor tab: In the ribbon, select the Annotative icon
above where you enter the text height, set the text height to
3 mm. select Arlal as the font, and then enter the text 2 X 2.
n
When you are done select
55
35
2X2
40
5.8.6) Creating a new dimension style
The 180-25 standard used to create the above drawing is different from the ASME
standard that we need to use. Notice the fOllowing:
The dimension text is not always horizontal.
The dimension text is next to or above the dimension line (there is no break
allowi ng space for the text).
The diameter and radius dimension text is aligned with the leader li ne.
The diameter dimension leader li ne goes through the circle.
The multi leader does not have an arrow head.
The mutti leader landing underlines the texl.
We wil l fix all of the above problems by creating our own dimension and multileader
styles.
5 - 19
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
1) Create a new ASME dimension style.
aj
bj
cj
ddim
iii. dimensions
iv. Activate the Annotative checkbox.
v. Continue
, ... tWit<
15025
1

d) New Dimension Style: ASME
window Symbols and Arrows tab:
5 - 20
i. Center marks area: Select the None radio button. The center mark often
obscures centerline breaks. If you need to place a center mark, you can use
the command DIMCENTER.
Ii. Arc length symbol area: Select the Above dimension text radio button.
... [limen,lon 51"": ASM( "TIJij


-
I Ii! CIo<od
8
H
Ivo Iongh.)ri>a
....
0 _ ............ 10Id
0'-
RatUi>g_
Chapter 5: Dimensioni ng in AutoCAD
e) New Dimension Style: ASMEwindQW - Text tab:
i. Text placement area Vertical field: Centered
ii. Text alignment area: Select the Horizontal radio button. Notice the preview
area changes as you ctJange the settings.
Te"[Link]: .SyBkcl
r. oob. ....
f,"""'" he9"<.0410:
__ 1>001
T ...
, ...... ,
-0
0 1$0 ...........
f) New Dimension Style: ASME wi ndow - Fit tab:
i. Fine tuning area: Deselect the Draw dim line between ext lines checkbox.
.. Oione"," Sly" ASME
[Link] S)risoIoond_ 1... Fi
fj opIioe.
0 E_ .... t .... .,... ... Ujl
0"""""'

o Be,do tt.._1<10
0 0 ... _ ..... "'""_
Oo..,-...., .....
ilJ&j
-------"
I
J 10."' r
I L
to'"
L )'
I.


Do, ... tim "" _ elIIlnet
I [Link] I
'"
5 - 21
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
g) New Dimension Style: ASME window Pnmarv Untts tab
i . Linear dimensions area - Precision field: Set the precision to o.
ii. Linear dimensions area - Decimal separator field: Select '.'(Period).
iii. Zero suppression area: Deselect the Trailing checkbox.

t Pm>o<,U'" la1ooon:e

[ 171
1 ... 1
\
.: !P00Ii0d) :::-E
(1
/ \
...
>

;"'1.."", 1

,-
I
R1SJ ........
AI9H ......,'"""
>
NOTE: If this were an inch
drawi ng, you would activate
the leading checkbox.
1
..
\:>
h) New Dimension Style: ASME wi ndow: OK ", "!..cAD
i) Au/eeAD Alert wi ndow: OK
5 - 22
SO(Ir>g ...:>thor outert MI <iocaod


OK I I
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AuioCAD
II
Dimension St't!.e
ill D .......... .., .. Style
[Link]
Manager window:
Notice that the
CUMnt _..,... ASME
ASME style has
.... Pr...-cfASME
A ASME

Sol 9r"'"' I
been added to
15D25
the Styles field.
It_ ...
;. Select the
-\--\
.blooMy .. ,
ASME style
and then
( 1./ )
0-> ..
select the Set
R1s-/ I
-...
Current
button.
ii. Close
""

....


I I
, ..
2) Update your dimensions to the ASME style.
a) Dimensions panel: 1G11
b) Select objects : all
c) Select objects : Enter
d) Notice that all the dimensions change except for the leader.

020
R20
40
3G=t----+-
+
20
1---- 40---1
Problem?
If the UPDATE command does not work on the radius and diameter
dimensions, you will have to erase and redraw the dimensions.
5 - 23
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
3) Creale a new mulli leader style.
a) Command: mleaderstyle or Leaders panel: G
b) Multi/sader Style Manager window: New .. .
c) Create New Multilea(jer Style window:
i. New sMe name field: ASME
ii. Start with field: Standard
iii. Select the Annotative check box.
iv. Continue
*' (rure t1.w Mulri""" .... ' Sry ..


d) Modify Mulideader Style. ASME window Leader Fonnet tab: Set the
Arrowhead Size to 2. 5. This size matches the size of the arrowheads defined in
the Dimension Style Manager.
,.. Modity MuillitMle, St yle: ASM[
"-,
'-
Sboighl
----'"
Default Text

B,ebek
""

.. -
=:3
"""-
.. -
vI
.....,.
' ....
, Iii Cboed fied
El

"
,
e) Modly Multi/eader Style: ASME window Leader Structure tab: Set the landing
distance to 2.5. Thi s is the length of the horizontal segment.
l,; MlI'tilNrler Sty!. : ASM[ ij
le.><hf'*""' l ..-Sbuc!\n \c_
, ,
--
EI .....
o s... r.6>g <is,...,.
2.5 ;
5 - 24
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
f) Mod/tv Mulllleader Style ASME WIndow Content tab:
i. Set the Right Horizontal attachment to Middle of top line. This defines how
the text is placed relative to the landing.
ii. Set the Landing gap to 2 mrn.
ii i. Select OK.
f" ",,", ..... '''' ","
Ludoo Formot l ___
.......... _ 101....
r

,--

, ...
-
,--
--

,--
BJilIoo:l. v
T.,. he9'i-
o IYmtr> 1IIt,.olif)o
l_ .,.,..,.,\01
H_ .. -"
v ......... .u....nt

Ro;tc .. _
I
..... -
, ,
Jl LMIlIimlIMI

illlD IX ric.- I I Hot>
g) Mufti/eader Style Manaoer window: Notice that the ASME style has been added
to the Styles field.
i. Select the ASME style and then select the Set Current button.
ii. Close
l"" "' ult, ...... ,
I O"- .......
'... nPoa',_"'c_""'-____
ASWE r $MO' ... I
s_
[Link],. I
II H."
5-25
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAO
SelKt Sc:a ..
4) Try to update 11'";11 the chamfer
dimension. Notice that
multileaders do not update.
ERASE the dimension and
create a new one. If a Select
Annotation Scale window
appears select OK.
Yw .. aeotno;J .. ..-<bjoct. 501 to tt.. "'.
.. _ ....
t:t
t-----55---....,
r,+-----+-
20
40
+
2X2
Fl
/\
30
020
R20
5.8.7) Annotative objects
1) Enter paper space (Layout1) and prepare your drawi ng to print 1:1 scale on an 8.5 x
11 inch sheet of paper.
5 - 26
1) Enter Leyout1. Notice that the sheet does not have the same proportions
as an 8.5 x 11 sheet of paper. The default metric paper size is 210 x 297
mm.
1) We will be pl'inting out on an 8.5 x 11 sheet of paper. Enter the Page Setup
- Lsyout1 window (Print - Page Setup ... ) and sel the following parameter.
a) Paper size = Letter (8.5 x 11).
b) Plot scale area:
i. Scale '" Custom
ii. 1 Inches = units
c Plot s e = [Link]
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
2) Insert your title block and border using a 25.4 scale. EXPLODE the title block and fill
in the following information:
Part name = DIMENSIONING TUT
Scale = 1:1
r---------------------- --- --- ----- -,
1-----55----1
020
5r-
.---+-1----+-_
R20
40 3 ~ 0 1 = __ -1 _ +" +- \ _ \+-
\. I / J
20 ' ' 1/ 1 0 ~
/./
/ \
1---40----J
2X2
,
__ _____ _ _ _______________ _ _____ ____ J
3) Adj ust your view port border so that it jusl fits in your tiUe bl ock, but it is still
accessible. We will need 10 click on it later.
4) Place the view port border on the Viewport layer.
5 - 27
Chapter 5: Oimensiooing in AutoCAO
5) Click on the view port border and set the Viewport Scale to 1:1, center your model,
turn the Viewport layer OFF, and print your drawing at a 1:1 scale (Custom is set to
1 inch = 25.4 units).
r --- ---------------- ---------------,
, "I
L _____ _ ____ _________ ________ ______ _ J
6) Measure the size of the text on your pri ntout and confirm that it is 3 mm high.
7) Tum the Viewport layer ON.
5 - 28
Chapter 5: Di mensioning in AutoCAD
8) Click on your view port border and change the Viewport Scale: 10 2:1. Your
dimensions may disappear. This is because the dimensions are annotative objects
and they do not, as of yet, support a 2:1 scale. To see your dimensions. click on the
c
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Annotation Visibility It., I icon in the status bar. Notice that your model and
di mension size has doubled. If you where to print your drawing now, the text height
would measure 6 mm on the paper. However, we would like the text to always be 3
mm high no matter what view port scale is used.
,

. . ..... _-_ ........ _ .............
.......................................... . ............ ...... ............. .....................
I
,
,
I
55 I
I
35 I
I
- 5 ,
I
,A
I
u
I
,
I

I
,
I
-++-
,
40
I

I
30 , '
I
. .
Y

I
/' 30'
I
///
'1
I
2X2 /
40-----J
I
I
I
I
............. ........ ... ... ......... . ... ........ ......... .................. ........ ............ ............. ...... ......
I
DR"[Link] BY, KIiISTlE PlANTEN!!ERG
SHEET '"
,," Of SHEETS
M"
I
PAAT NN.: DII/ENS()NtlG TUT
PAAT " W,T: IIEOU
I
,
5 - 29
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AuloCAD
9) Add a 2:1 scale support to the annotative dimensions.
a) Double click inside your view port border to enter model space.
b) Select all of your dimensions.
c) Anno/ate tab -Annotation Scaling panel:
1
+,\ I
to dd Curl"' JlI
d) Click on one of the dimensions. Notice that is now shows two instances of the
dimension. One instance for the 1:1 scale and one for the 2:1 scale.
r----- ----- ----- ---- -- -- -- - --- -----,
,

"I /:.
\- +-,
,
, , '

'I'
/
./
"' /
,
.-;.,;; -;.,;; - "-""-;.,;-;.,;;-;.,;; -;.-""-;.,;-;.,;;.,;; -;.- ""-;.,;-;.,; -;.,;;-;.- ""-""-;.,; -;.,;; -;.- ""-""-;.,; -;.,;; -;.,;; - "-",,-;.,;-;.,;;-;.,;;"";:.1
10) Get back to the paper space by double Clicki ng outside of the view port border.
11) Switch back and forth between a 1:1 scale and a 2:1 scale. Notice that the text
height remains the same. Now the text will print out at 3 mm whether your view port
scate is 1:1 or2:1.
12)S8t your view port scale to 2:1, turn OFF the Layout layer, change the Scale field in
your title block to 2:1 and print your drawing (Custom is set to 1 inch = 25.4 units).
Measure the height of the text to confirm that it printed at 3 mm.
5.8.8) Dimension scale and associativity
1) Set your view port scale to 1:1.
5 - 30
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
2) Enter model space from within paper space, select all the objects in your drawing,
including the dimensions, and SCale them by a factor of 2.
3) You should notice three things.
The dimension values have increased by a factor of two. This is called
associativity. The dimensions are associated wi th the object and the dimension
values will change when the object changes.
The dimension physical size did not get scaled.
The chamfer or leader dimension gets scaled with the model and the text does
not change to 4 X 4. Multil eaders are not associative.
4) Undo the scaling and this time SCale everything, except for the chamfer dimension,
by a scale of 2.
5) Select the chamfer dimension and use the grip boxes to move it back into position
and edi t Ihe text (ODEDIT) so that it reads 4 X 4.
>------"'----- -j
. .,
- "
/-R"
['l-------+ -+
, "
~ M ~
5 - 31
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
6) Notice that the 10 mm dimension value is outside the extension lines. Sometimes it
is desi rable to force the text between the extension lines.
a) Command: dimtix
b) Enter new value for DI MTIX <OFF> : on
c) Update 11'";11 only the 10 mm dimension.
d) Turn your DIMTIX off.
Probtem?
If the UPDATE command does not work, you wi ll have to erase and
redraw the dimension beinQ modified.
7) Set the spaci ng between the linear dimensions to 10 mm 1:In: 1. If necessary, use grip
boxes to move the other dimensions to a more appropriate location.
t-------"O--------j
1----70-----1
40
R40
+-+--+-
40
30'
8) Enter the appropriate scale in your title block, save and print your drawing.
5 - 32
Chapler 5: Dimensioning in AuloCAD
In Class Student Exercise 51: Dimension styles
Create an annotative ASME dimension and multileader styles (as in the above
tutorial) in your [Link] and your [Link]. Once the style is created and
set to be the current dimension style, resave your template fite. For the set
inch. dwt, use a 0.00 precision and suppress the leading zero. For the inch
multi leader, use the same setting as the Standard style.
5.9) EDITING DIMENSION TEXT TUTORIAL
The objective of this tutorial is to fami liarize the user with editing dimension text We
will be adding text to a dimension without influencing its associativity. We will also be
addi ng dimension symbols.
1) I kO- 0I>en I [Link] and draw the following part without the dimensions, or open
the file dlm_edlC [Link].
x 45'
2X0.s:: \ v 0106x ar '\
/""
.
..I-
\
\
I
+-!
0-$
I' A'
I
, "f.l
T
."
-
'.00
-
I
~
3.25
4.75
'.00
I
I
i I I I
I I I I I
')--1- -/
I I I I I I
'T' 'T'

I

' .00
I
533
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
2) lid' 5o'
d S
I Dim Edi t [Link]
3) Dimension the part as shown. To force the dimension text between the extension
li nes use the di mension variable DIMTIX. Remember that the Space bar repeats the
last command used.
. 50 \
. '"
" \
/4X.12X
."
t,

\
t
/A'
I
+-1
+ L50
-r/
'..'../
.75
I
- L'"
-
t
2.50
3.25
4.75
6.00
-
LOO
I
I
200
,
I I
L
, , , ,
''r-
,
, , , , ,
,
-(
'T" 'T"
, , ,
, ,
, ,
' .00
--.-l
5 - 34
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
4) Add a diameter symbol to the 1.00 diameter cylinder
dimension.
a) Command: ddedlt
b) Select an annotation object or (Undo) :
Select the 1.00 dimension text of the cyli nder. Move
the cursor to the front of the text.
c) Text Editor tab:
i. The symbols menu is avai labl e by selecting the
icon. Select Diameter from the menu.
ii.
d) Select an annotation object or [Undo) : Enter
e) The dimension text should now read \ZI1 .00.

Pl4l' .. ",
""....,
.y g
""
:-." ....
In " . ,
:"'''i'' \ i DIa_ '"'""'"
e.;,., ""1j'<j P, .... f1Iot_ .......
5) On your own, change the chamfer dimension from 4X .12 X 12 to 4X .12 X 45,
Insert a degree symbol in the same way that you inserted a diameter symbol.
6) Add the repeated feature and depth text to the \ZI.50 dimension text.
a) Command: ddedit
bl Select an annotation object or (Undo ] ; Select the 0.50 dimension text.
Type 2X and a space. Then use the Right arrow to posi tion your cursor at the
end of the dimension text. Press Enter to start a new li ne of text and type x.50.
Make sure that the x i s in lower case.
cl Text Edilortab:
i. Highlight the lower case x and change its font to gdt.
ii. Align the text to the right.
iii.

d) Select an annotation object or [Undo] : Enter
7) On your own, change the countersink dimension text. The following is a li st of useful
gdt symbols.
n = 0 v= U w= v x = 11
8) I
5 - 35
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AuloCAD
g) Print your drawing indicating your pont scale in the title block.
should print out as 0.12 inch high.
."
X 0 ~ \ V 01 .06X82' '\
. 5<l
..I.
\
-t- l
$-
/( \'
+
,,"'/./
-
' 00
l-
2.50
3.25
4.75
6.00
-
01.00
-
I
200
,
I j
L
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
r
-(
'f" 'f"
, , ,
, ,
, ,
5 - 36
Your dimensions text
/4X.12X
.,.
I
''''
"
f
t
' 00
---.-i
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
DIMENSIONING IN AUTOCAD CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Name: __________________________ ___
Date: __________ ___
CP5.1)
;-
--
,---
--
f--
--
f--
--
f--
--
I-
--
,--- ,---
I-
--
i' I I I I 1 I I I I I I I
--
--
l- f-- --
l- I-
r I I
l-
I- l- I-
l- I- f--
L-
l-
I- l-
t
,
L
f-- l-
I" I I I I I I
--
L
l-
I" I I
I I I I I I I
I-
--
,
L
Across
5. The name of the window used to create and modify dimension styl es.
6. The name of the command that allows you to apply any changes made to the
current dimension style.
8. The typed command used to edit dimension text.
10. An object that will adjust its scale as the viewport scale changes.
11. A dimension type that does not have associativity.
5 - 37
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
Down
1. The ribbon panel thaI contains commands that allow you to add and remove an
annotative object's supported scales.
2. Dimension text should be aligned .
3. A dimension that is linked to and will change with the geometry has .
4. A radius or diameter dimension leader should always point to the ... of the arc or
circle.
7. The Of"ganizalion that controls the United State's dimensioni ng standard.
9. The typed command used to force dimension text between the extension lines.
5 - 38
Chapter 5: Dimensiooing in AuloCAO
DIMENSIONING IN AUTOCAD PROBLEMS
Print each drawing using the appropriate pen widths and insert your titleblock.
P51) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
<

P5-2) Using AuloCAO, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your obj ect.
5 - 39
Chapter 5: Dimensioning In AutoCAD
P5-3) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do nol base your 20 dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
J. rf!
540
1
1
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-4) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. 00 not base your 2-0 dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
r---
,
,
,
1.
25
,
,
~
~
J- -
,
-
----
'0
[
1.0
0
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shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
5 - 41
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-6) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your obj ect.
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P5-7) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your obj ect.
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5 - 42
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-8) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary vi ews and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
5-43
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-9) Using AutoCAo, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techni ques to dimension your obj ect.
544
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5.10) Using AutoCAO, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
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Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
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Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAO
P5-12) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
P5-13) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
5 - 47
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-14) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. 00 not base your 20 dimension placement on the 30 dimensions shown. Use
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Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-15) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
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5 - 49
Chapter 5: DimensionillQ in AutoCAD
P5-16) Usi ng AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2-D dimension placement on the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
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5 - 50
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AuloCAD
PS.17) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely di mension the part
shown. Do not base your 20 dimension placement on the 3 0 dimensions shown. Use
proper di mensioni ng techniques to dimension your Object.
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P518) Using AutoCAO, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. 00 not base your 2-D dimension placement 00 the 3-D dimensions shown. Use
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5 - 52
Chapter 5: Dimensioni ng in AuloCAD
P519) Using AutoCAo, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 20 di mension placement on the 30 dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning l echniques to dimension your object.
5 53
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-20) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2D dimension placement on the 3D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your obj ect.
5 - 54
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-21) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do not base your 2D dimension placement on the 3 D dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
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proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your object.
5 - 56
Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5--23) Using AutoCAO, draw the necessary views and compl etely dimensi on the part
shown. Do not base your 20 dimension pl acement on the 30 dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your obj ect.
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Chapter 5: Dimensioning in AutoCAD
P5-24) Using AutoCAD, draw the necessary views and completely dimension the part
shown. Do nol base your 2+0 dimension placement on the 3+0 dimensions shown. Use
proper dimensioning techniques to dimension your obj ect.
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5 - 58
Chapter 6: Sectioning
SECTIONING
CHAPTER OUTLINE
6.1) SECTIONAL ViEWS .............................. .......... ....... .. .... ... ...... .... ................ .......................... .... 3
6. 1.1) Creating a Section View ................... ....... ..... .......... ..... ................... ..... .. . . .... .. . 3
6.1.2) Lines used in Sectional Views ... ................ ...... ........ .. ...... .. ... ..... . . ........ 5
6.1.3) Rules of Sectioning .. .......... .................. .. .... ......... ...... .... ..... .. .. . ......... .. . .... ... 6
6.2) BASIC SECTIONS ....................................... .......................... ............. .... ........... _ ... ...... ........... 7
6.2.1) Full Section. ... ......... ... ..... ...... ......... ..... ...... ..... ....... .. . . ................ .. ......... ....... . 7
6.2.2) Half Section ..... ... ... .. .............. ......... .... . . ..... .. ........ .... ...... ....... .......... 7
6.3) ADVANCED SECTIONS ..... ................................................................... ...................... ......... 17
6.3.1) Aligned Section ... .. . 17
6.3.2) Rib and Web Sections
6.3.3) Broken Section ...
........ .... ... .... ... .. .. ... .... . . .. .... ...... .. ..................... ...... ..... 18
6.3.4) Removed Section
6.3.5) Revolved Section .. .. ..... ... .. ......... .. . .
6.3.6) Non- Sectioned Parts
........ .... ... .... ... .... ...... ...... ... ........... ...... ..... .. . . 19
...... .... ... .... ..... .. ..... ... ................. ..... .. . . 19
. .... 20
..... 20
6.3.7) Thin Secti ons .. ... . ....... .......... ...... ....... . .... .. 20
SECTIONING CROSSWORD PUZZLE ............. _ ....... ................................................................... 23
SECTIONING PROBLEMS ........... .............................................. .................................................. 25
6 1
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6-2
Chapter 6: Sectioning
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In Chapter 6 you wilileam how to create various types of sectional views. Sectional views
allow you /0 see insid6 an object. Using a sectional view within en orthographic projection can be
very useful for parts that have complex Interior geometry. By the end of this chapter, you will be
able to create severol different types of sectional views. You will also be able to choose which
type of section is the mast appropriate for a given part.
6.1) SECTIONAL VIEWS
A sectional view Of section looks inside an object. Sections are used to clarify the
interior construction of a part that cannot be dearly described by hidden lines in exterior
views, It is a cut away view of an object. Often, objects are more complex and
interesting on the inside than on the outside. By taking an Imaginary cut through the
object and removing a portion, the inside features may be seen more clearly. FOf
example, a geode is a rock that is very plain and featureless on the outside, but cut into
it and you get an array of beautiful crystals.
6.1.1) Creating a Section View
To produce a section view. the part is cut using an imaginary cutting plane. The
portion of the part thai is between the observer and the culling plane is mentally
discarded exposing the interior construction as shown in Figure 6.1-1.
A sectional view should be projected perpendicular to the cutting plane and conform
to the standard arrangement of views. If there are more than one section, they should
be labeled with capi tal letters such as A, B Of C. These letters are placed near the
arrows of the cutting plane line. The sectional view is then labeled with the
corresponding letter (e.g. SECTION A-A) as shown In Figure 6,1-2. letters that should
not be used to label sections are I, 0, a, S, X and Z. These letters may lead to
misi nterpretation. They are often used for other purposes.
6-3
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Figure 6.1-1: Creating a section view.
SECTION A A
~ n
! i ,- ----.
H i f----,
, . ,
,-- --t- --j
"r- _j .-:--_.j - '-l A
; , r-- --t--: ....
, I' ', _____ _
~ I '
! : i "-------
, ,
__ I 1_)
Figure 6.12: Sectional view.
6-4
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6.1.2} Lines used in Sectional Views
Cutting Plane line
A cutting plane line is used to show where the object is being cut and
represents the edge view of the cutting plane. Arrows are placed at the ends of the
cutting plane line to indicate the direction of sight. The arrows point 10 the portion of the
object that is kept. Cutting plane li nes are thick (0.6 to 0.8 mm) and take precedence
over centerli nes. Figure 6.1-3 shows the two di fferent types of cutti ng plane li nes that
are used on prints and Figure 6.1-2 illustrates its use.
- -------
Used for long distances
Used for short distances
Figure 6.1-3: Cutting plane li nes.
Section lines
Section Jines are used to Indi cate where the cutting plane cuts the material
(see Figure 6.1-2). Cut material is that which makes contact with the cutting plane.
Seclion lines have the following properties:
..J Section li nes are thin lines (0.3 mm) .
..J Section line symbols (i.e. line type and spacing) are chosen according to the material
from which the Object is made. Figure 6.1-4 shows some of the more commonly
used section line symbols .
.J Section li nes are drawn at a 45 angle to the horizontal unless there is some
advantage in using a di fferent angle.
6 - 5
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Cast Iron
General Use
all materials
Rubber, Plastic,
and Electrical
Insulation
/,// ////",/
""",/""
"//,///,,,/
/"".1'//"//
/.1'///'//'///


' / /'//"///'
/ //////////'
Marble, Slate,
Glass, and
Porcelain
Steel
Zinc and Lead







Cork. Felt,
Fabric. Leather
and fiber
Brass, Bronze,
Copper
-.

A:, . '. . . .
: .. " .. ... "
.. '!. -:: .. ; [
... ;.. " ...
' . . .. . ' ....
. -
. , .. ' .'
Concrete
Magnesium
and Aluminum
Figure 6.1-4: Section line symbols.
6.1.3) Rules of Sectioning
Rule 1. A section lined area is always completely bounded by a visible ouUine.
Rul e 2, The section lines in all sectioned areas Should be parallel. Section li nes shown
in opposite directions indicate a different part.
Rule 3. All the visible edges behind the cutting plane should be shown.
Rule 4. Hidden features should be omitted in all areas of a section view. Exceptions
include threads and broken out sections.
6-6
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6.2) BASIC SECTIONS
Many types of sectioning techniques are availabl e to use. The type chosen depends
on the situation and what information needs to be conveyed.
6.2.1) Full Section
To create a full section, the cutting plane passes full y through the object. The half of
the object that is between the observer and the cutti ng plane is menially removed
exposing the cut surface and visible background lines of the remaining portion. Full
sections are used in many cases to avoid havi ng to dimension hidden lines as shown in
Figure 6.2- 1,
View Video Exercise 6.2-1 and Try Exercise 6.2-2
-
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-
6.2.2) Half Section
-,
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Incorrect
Figure 6.2-1: Full sect ion.
1.
50
Correct
A haff section has the advantage of exposing the interior of one half of an obj ect
while retaining the exterior of the other half. Half sections are used mainly for
symmetric, nearly symmetric objects or assembly drawings. The half section i s obtained
by passing two cutting planes through the obj ect, at right angles to each other, such that
the intersection of the two planes coincides wi th the axis of symmetry Therefore, only a
Quarter of the object is mentall y removed. On the sectional view, a centerline is used to
separate the sectioned and unsectioned halves. Hidden fines should not be shown on
ei lher half. Figure 6.2-2 shows an example of a half section.
View Video Exercise 6.2-3 and Try Exercise 6.2-4
6 7
Chapter 6: Sectioning
!-}----
A center line
divides the
halves.
No hidden
-r-
'$' \ ---i-
\ I
, 1
..... ..J_ ....
,
lines on this f-j---
half.
This arrow may
be left off.
Figure 6.2-2: Half section.
6 - 8
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6.2.3) Offset Section
An offset section is produced by bendi ng the cutting plane to show features that don't
lie in the same plane. The section is drawn as if the offsets in the cutting plane were in
one plane. Figure 6.23 shows an offset section.
Try Exercise 6.25
1
---4----1r--
-
L
/' ....L.\
t
j
\",T
I
Figure 6.23: Offset section.
6 9
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Video Exercise 6.2-1: Ful! Section
The following video exercise wi ll take you through creating a full section of the
objects shown.
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6 10
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Chapter 6: Sectioning
Instructor Led Exercise 6.2-2: Full section
Given the top and right side views, sketch the front view as a full section. The
material used is steel.
-
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6 . 11
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Video Exercise 6.2-3: Half Section
The following video exercise will take you through creating a half section of the
objeclS shown.
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6 ~ 12
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Instructor led Exercise 6.2-4: Half section
Given the front and right side views, sketch the top view as a full section and
create a half sectioned front view. The materi a! is brass.
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6 - 13
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 14
Chapter 6: Sectioning
In Class Student Exercise 6.25: Offset section
Given the front and top views, sketch the three missing section views in their
appropriate places. The material is cast iron.

0
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6 - 15
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 16
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6.3) ADVANCED SECTIONS
6.3.1) Aligned Section
In order to include angled elements in a section, the culli ng plane may be bent so
that it passes through those features. The plane and features are then revolved,
accordi ng to the convention of revolution, into the original plane.
o Convention of Revolution: Features are revolved into the projection plane, usually a
vertical or horizontal plane, and then projected. The purpose of this is to show a true
distance from a center or to show features that would otherwise not be seen. Figure
6.3-1 shows an aligned secti on employing the conventi on of revolution.
View Video Exercise 6.3-1 and Try Exercise 6.3-2

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.......... /: .. ... .. .. ./ .............. .
[Link]-.: ... _." ..... ,:::
. . . ,,'
........ ,., ..
,:::: ... ...
Figure 6.3-1: Aligned section.
6 - 17
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6.3.2) Rib and Web Sections
To avoid a false impression of thicklless and solidity. ribs and webs and other similar
features are not sectioned even though the cutting plane passes along the center plane
of the rib or web. However, if the cutting plane passes crosswi se through the rib or web,
the member is shown in section as indicated in Figure 6.3-2.
SECTION 8-B
-,A
----
Web
I
I
B B
r
--
-1
I
I
SECTION A-A
Figure 6.3-2: Rib and web sections.
6 - 18
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6.3.3) Broken Section
Sometimes only a portion of the object needs to be sectioned to show a single
feature of the part. In this case, the sectional area is bound on one side by a break line.
Hidden lines are shown in the unsectioned area of a broken section. Figure 6.3-3 shows
an example of a broken section.
n r - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - -
u L - - - - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
Figure 6.3-3: Broken section.
6.3.4) Removed Section
A removed section is one that is not in direct projection of the view containing the
cutting plane (Figure 6.3-4). Removed sections should be labeled (e.g. SECTION A-A)
according to the letters placed at the ends of the cutting plane line. They should be
arranged in alphabetical order from left to right. Frequenlly, removed sections are drawn
to an enlarged scale, which is indicated beneath the section tiUe.
A
View not in I - - - ~ ~ A
projection path
SECTION AA
SCALE 3:2
B c
I
-$-
B c
SECTION BB
SCALE 3:2
SECTI ON CC
SCALE 3:2
I Each removed section is labeled I
Figure 6.3-4: Removed section.
6 19
Chapter 6: Sectioning
6,3,5) Revolved Section
The cross sectional shape of a bar, arm, spoke or other elongated objects may be
shown in the longitudinal view by means of a revolved section. The visible lines
adjacent to a revolved section may be broken out if desired. The super imposition of the
revolved section requires the removal of all original lines covered by the section as
shown in Figure 6.3-5. The true shape of a revolved section should be retained after the
revolution regardless of the direction of the lines In the view.
/: ::..... J
\
+
- -
"
\. .J
: I :
') [ :
J
I
Figure 6.3-5: Revolved section.
6.3.6) NonSectioned Parts
It is common practice to show standard parts like nuts, bolts. rivets, shafts and
screws 'in the round' or unsectioned. This is done because they have no intemal
features. Other non-sectioned parts include bearings, gear teeth. dowels. and pins.
6.3.7) Thi n Secti ons
For extremely thin parts of less than 4 mm thickness. such as sheet metal. washers,
and gaskets, section lines are ineffective; therefore, the parts should be shown in sol id
black or without section lines.
6 - 20
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Video Exercise 6.3-1: Aligned Section
The following video exercise will take you through creating an aligned section of the
object shown.
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/
/
- - ~ - - - <
\
,
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,
,
,
,
/
/
/
,
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--
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,
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6 21
Chapter 6: SectiOfling
Instructor Led Exercise 6.3-2: Align&d section
Given the front and unrevolved right side views, sketch the right side vi ew as an
aligned section using the conventions of revolution. The material is cast iron.
I
I
6 - 22
Chapter 6: Sectioning
SECTIONING CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Name: ____________ _ Date: _____ _
CP6-1)
re-
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i-
,
I
,
l- i-
r I I
i- i-
l-
i-
,-
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L-
i- i-

l-
i-
i-
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Across
2. A cutting plane li ne indicates where the part is being.
5. Is it permissible to show hidden lines on some portion of a hal f section?
6. A full section removes one .... of the object .
8. The convention of revolution is used when creating an aligned section so thai the
angled features may be shown ...
10. The sectioned and non-sectioned halves of a half section are separated by a .
line.
Down
1. Section lines are used to indicate.
3. The purpose of a section view is to see what is on the .... of a part.
4. A half section removes one .... of the object.
7. Section line symbols or pattems depend on a part 's.
9. The arrows al the end of a cutting plane line poi nt 10 the part of the obj ecl that is
being .
6 - 23
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
624
Chapter 6: Sectioning
SECTIONING PROBLEMS
Name: ________________________ ___
Date: __________ __
P 6 ~ 1 Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Steel.
...L
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,
,
,
,
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P6-2) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The malerial of the part is Aluminum.
~
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if
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I II
I
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I II
I
,
II
I
..1
II
I
6 - 25
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 26
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name: ______________ _ Date: _____ _
P6-3) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Rubber.
!
------J-------------L--
, '
- - --r
l
- ' - ----
, '
~
I
+
P6-4) Sketch the sectional view as indi cated. The material of the part is Brass.
6 - 27
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 28
Chapter 6: Sectioni ng
Name: ____________ _ Date: _____ _
P6-5) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Aluminum.
,
,
,
,
,

, ,
,
-----
, j-

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-----
, ,

,
,
,
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P6-6) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Casll ron.
,
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rl

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,
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629
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 30
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name: ___________ _ Date: _____ _
P6.7) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Cast Iron.
,
I
"----1
I I
I I
r----,---
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L ____ J __ _
i :
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P68) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Brass.
-, ,-
,
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-
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-
f- -
--- -
- -----
,
I
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I
6 31
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 32
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name:
-----------------
Date: _ _ _ __ _
P6-9) Sketch the secti onal view as indicated. The malerial of the part is Rubber.
- - f- - f- + +
'---
H - T - - - ~ - T
-
+ +
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
P6-10) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Steel.
I
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633
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 34
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name: ____________ _ Date: _____ _
P6-11) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Steel.
.... --
- - r-
I
, ,
I
. ,
j .J !!:
I I I I I
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P6-12) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Aluminum.
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6 - 35
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 36
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name: ________________________ ___
Date: __________ _
P6-13) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is cast Iron .
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6 - 37
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
6 - 38
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name: ________________________ ___
Date: __________ _
P6-14) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Steel.

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P6-15) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Cast Iron .

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6 - 39
Chapter 6: Sectioning
NOTES:
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name:
-----------------
Date: _____ _
P6-16} Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Steel.

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P6-17) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The malenal of the part is Aluminum.
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6 - 41
Chapter 6: Secti oning
NOTES:
6 -42
Chapter 6: Sectioning
Name: ________________________ ___
Date: __________ _
P6.18) Sketch an aligned section view using the conventions of revolution. The
unsectioned right side view is shown true shape. The material of the part is Cast Iron.
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P6-19) Sketch an al igned section view using the conventions of revolution. The
unsectioned right side view is shown true shape. The material of the part is Cast Iron.
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6 - 43
Chapter 6: Sectioni ng
NOTES:
6 44
Chapter 6: Sectioning
SP6-1} Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The matenal of the part is Steel. The
answer to this problem is given on the Independent Leaming DVD.
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SP6-2) Sketch the sectional view as indicated. The material of the part is Rubber. The
answer to this problem is given on the Independent Learning DVO.
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6 - 45
Chapter 6: Sectioning
SP6.3) Draw the following object converting the light side view into an aligned section
using the conventions of revolution. Draw the appropriate culli ng plane line. It is not
necessary to include the dimensions. The material of the part is Steel. The answer to
this problem is given on the Independent Learning OVO.
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