Engineering Graphics & Design (3110013)

Engineering drawing is the language of engineers! A drawing communicates an idea or design and
the best way to learn this course is through practice. Engineering graphics is a set of rules and
guidelines that help you create an engineering drawing. An engineering drawing is a drawing or a
set of drawings that communicates an idea, design, schematic, or model. Each engineering field
has its own type of engineering drawings. For example, computer, electrical, EC & IT engineers
draw circuit schematics and circuit board layouts. Civil engineers draw plans for bridges and road
layouts. Mechanical engineers draw parts and assemblies that need to be manufactured.

Major outcomes of the engineering graphics & engineering design are mentioned as below:

 Provide knowledge of the conventions and the methods of engineering drawing.

 Interpret engineering drawings using fundamental technical mathematics.
 Construct basic and intermediate geometry and comprehend the theory of projection.
 Improve their visualization skills so that they can apply these skills in developing new
products.
 Improve their technical communication skill in the form of communicative drawings.
 Use of computer software AutoCAD for engineering drawing.

The lab manual work is designed to provide you enough practice for learning this subject course.
The following guidelines will enhance the quality of drawings and help in completing the drawing
work in a timely and tidy manner.
 General Instructions :

 Attend all lab regularly & bring all necessary instruments and materials for drawing as:
Drawing Book, Mini drafter, Roller scale, Clutch Pencil, Eraser, Drawing Sheets, Protector,
Compass, Divider, 45̊ & 30̊ - 60̊ Set-squares, Stencils, Sheet clamping clips, French curves,
Circle Template, Cloth etc.
 Students have to keep individual drawing book for lecture and laboratory work.
 Before starting the work in a lab session, it is a good idea to plan the placement and
arrangement of various problems/ part thereof carefully to fit within the drawing sheet. This
would avoid duplication of work and save time.
 All the problems of Drawing Sheet No. 1 to 9 must be drawn in the drawing book.
 Sheet of “Loci of Points” should be only drawn in drawing book only as mentioned in the
syllabus.
 Select an appropriate scale for a problem and clearly mention it below the drawing (e.g.
Scale 1:2). The scale should be such that all the details are clearly visible in all the views. A
drawing may be scaled but always write the actual dimensions and do not scale the
dimensions while dimensioning.
 Prepare any one orthographic drawing (three views) in drawing sheet no. 10, with first angle
or third angle method by using various AutoCAD commands & take print of it.

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 Lecture-Lab Drawing Books & Drawing sheets must be completed within timeframe given as
below:
Sheet No. Time duration to be signed Problems to be drawn in Sheet
1,2 Before MSE 1. All
3,4,7 Before MSE 1. As per Table-1
5,6,8,9 Before MSE 2. As per Table-1
10 Before MSE 2. Print of any one prepared in AutoCAD

Table – 1 Distribution of Problems for Drawing Sheet Work

Last One, Two or Three digits of Student’s Enrollment No.

Problem No. For Ex., last two digits of your Enrollment No. is 10, then problem
No. 1, 4, 7 should be drawn in sheet.)
1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70
1, 4, 7
,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97,100,103,106,109,112,115,118…

2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71
2, 5, 8
,74,77,80,83,86,89,92,95,98,101,104,107,110,113,116,119…

3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72
3, 6, 9
,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120…

Title Block

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 Practice Sheet

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Line type and line weight provide valuable information to the print reader. For example, the type
and weight of a line can answer the following questions: Is the feature visible or hidden from
view? Is the line part of the object or part of a dimension? Is the line indicating symmetry?
There are four commonly used line types: continuous, hidden, center and phantom.

Problems:
1. Write the sentence with the help of stencil :
“SUBJECT CODE OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN IS 3110013.”
(Use 8 mm stencil)
“ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM” (Use 6 mm stencil)
2. Draw different types of line with its symbol and application.
(Reference: Engineering Graphics by P.J.Shah, Fig 2.2, Types of lines)
3. Bisect the 75 mm long straight line AB.
4. Divide a line PQ 100 mm long into six equal parts.
5. Bisect the 55º angle.
6. Trisect the right angle.
7. Construct a regular pentagon and hexagon having 40 mm side length (separately).
8. Which is the Difference between 1st angle projection Method and 3rd angle Projection
Method? In orthographic projection why second and fourth angle projection method are not
used? (Jan-2016)
9. Draw following object having dimensions with two dimensioning methods.

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 Figure.1.1 Different Methods of Dimensioning.

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 Plain scale and diagonal scale

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing sheet.
This reduction creates a scale of that reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction. Such a scale
is called reducing scale and that ratio is called representation factor (R.F.).
R.F. = Dimension of Drawing/ Dimension of Object

Problems:
1. Construct a plain scale of R.F. = 1:40 to show meters and decimetres and long enough up to
10 meter. Indicate 7.4 m distance on scale. (Jan-2019)
2. Construct a plain scale to show metres when 1 centimetre represents 5 metres and long
enough to measure up to 50 metres. Mark a distance of 32 metres on the scale. (June-2017)
3. Construct a plain scale of R.F. = 1:50 to show meters and decimeters and long enough up to 8
meter. Indicate 6.7 m, 7.5 m & 2.3 m distance on scale. (May-2016)
4. Construct a diagonal scale of representative fraction = (1/36) showing yard, foot and inch.
Scale should be long enough to measure 5 yard. Measure 3 yard, 2 foot, and 9 inch. (May-
2015, Jan-2016)
5. Construct a scale of 1cm = 1 m to read meters and decimeters and long enough to measure up
to 14 meters. Show on this scale a distance equal to 12.4 meters.
6. Construct the plain scale of R.F. 1:50 to show metres and decimeters and long enough to
measure the length of 4 metres and 9 decimeters (Take 4.9 = 5 metre). Mark on the scale
following distances (1) 2.5 metres, (2) 4 metres and 2 decimeters. (Feb-2017)
7. Construct a plain scale of 1 cm = 1 kilometre, to show hectometres and kilometres. Scale
should be long enough to measure distance between GIT and Gota cross road, which is 14
kms. Indicate on the scale the distance between Vadsar Air Force Station and Gota cross road
which is 8 km 3 hm or say 8.3 km.
8. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. = 1/4000 to show 374 meters and long enough to measure
up to 500 meters. (May-2018)
9. Draw a diagonal scale of R.F, 1:5 showing decimeters, centimeters and millimeters and long
enough to measure up to 8 decimeters. Show a distance of 5.35 dm. (June-2019)

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD
 Loci of Points

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Locus is a path traced out by the point moving either in a plane or in the space following
few set laws. When we talk about the path traced out by more than one point, the word
loci is to be used.

Problems:
1. A circular disc of diameter AB = 90 mm, rotates with uniform angular velocity. The point P
which is at A, moves with uniform linear velocity and reaches the point B, when the disc
completes one revolution. trace the locus of point P moving from A to B. (Sep-2009)
2. OAB is the slider crank mechanism in which the crank OA is of 250 mm and the connecting
rod AB is of 1000mm. The slider B is sliding on a straight path passing through point O.
Draw the loci of the points M, N and B for one complete revolution of the crank. The point M
is on the crank. Take OM=200 mm, the point N is on the connecting rod. Take AN=600 mm.
Also find the travel of the slider.

Figure. 3.1
3. In the mechanism shown in figure 3.2, the connecting rod is constrained to pass through the
trunnion at D. Trace the locus of the end C and a point P on BC for one complete revolution
of the crank. In Fig. 3.2 consider AB as 30 mm. (June-2019)

Figure. 3.2
4. An athlete was asked to slide down a rope tied to a beam at a height of 8 meters above the
ground. He takes 5 seconds to slide down with uniform velocity. The rope oscillates in a
vertical plane, through an angle of 20̊ on either side of the plumb line and takes 5 seconds for
one complete oscillation. Draw the path traced out by athlete (assumed as a point). (Jan-2010)
5. In a four bar chain mechanism O1O2 is a fixed link. O1A is the driving crank and O2B is the
driven crank. The cranks are connected by the link AB. The cranks rotate in opposite
direction as shown in the figure 3.3. Draw the locus of point P for one complete revolution of
the driving crank. Take O1O2=100mm, O1A 25mm, O2B=25 mm, AB=100 mm, AP=50 mm.

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 Figure. 3.3
6. In a four-bar chain mechanism O1O2 is a fixed link. The driver crank O1A can move around
the circular path while the driven O2B can oscillate on an arced path as shown in the figure
3.4. The cranks are connected by the link AB. Draw the locus of point P on AB, 400 mm
from A, for one complete revolution of the driver crank. Take O1O2=1600mm, O1A = 400
mm, O2B = 1000 mm, AB = 1300 mm.

Figure. 3.4
7. A circular disc of diameter AB=80 mm, rotates about its centre O for one revolution. The
point P, which is initially at A, moves to the centre when the disc completes the half
revolution and then comes back to A in remaining half revolution. Trace the locus of point P
assuming the rotation of the disc and the movement of the point to be uniform. (May-2013)
8. As seen in the plan, AD and DB are two equal size portions of a folding door hinged joint or
pinned joint at D. Span CB of the door is 150 mm. The end B is fixed, and the end A is
constrained to move along line BC. Draw locus of the midpoint P of AD for a complete
movement of the folding door.

Figure. 3.5
9. Link OC, hinged at O, is 100 mm long. It carries a circular disc at C of radius 25 mm capable
of rotating about center point C. Link OC, initially vertical, turns uniformly towards the right
side by an angle of 45 degree and then towards the left side by the total angle of 90 degree
and then to the initial vertical position and during the same time the disc revolves uniformly
in the clockwise sense through one complete revolution. Draw locus of the point P on the
disc, initially at the lowest position.

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 Engineering Curves

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Engineering curves are generally used to define the shape or the profile of the objects. The
different engineering curves are: conic, cycloid curve, involute, spiral, helix etc.
The knowledge of the curve is very useful in all the branches of engineering for the different
requirements like buildings, bridges, water tanks, dams construction, to carry out the force
analysis of the mechanisms, to decide the shape of the object to be manufactured, to understand
the nature of electrical parameters, to represent the path of the space vehicles, to draw the nature
of the graph, to develop the part modelling and analysis software etc.

Problems:

1. The foci of an ellipse are 110 mm apart. The minor axis is 70 mm long. Determine the
length of major axis and draw half ellipse by arc of circle method and other half by
concentric circle method. (Dec-2014, Jan-2018)
2. Draw a hyperbola passing from point P (35,55).
3. Construct the parabola if the base is 105 mm and the axis length is 98 mm using rectangle
method. Locate focus, vertex Construct and directrix of the parabola. (Dec-2013)
4. A Fishpond of elliptical shape is to be inscribed inside a rectangular plot of size 100 m X
80 m. Draw the boundary line of fishpond. (use suitable scale) (June-2015)
5. A fixed point is 54 mm away from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving
in such a way that the ratio of its distance from the fixed point to the fixed straight line is
5:4. Name the curve. (Jan-2019)
6. A disc in the form of a semicircle radius 20 mm and a semi-regular hexagon of side 20
mm. A disc is firmly fixed at point O. An inelastic string of length 160 mm is fixed at point
A 20 mm below that disc and the free end B of string is wound round the disc in
anticlockwise direction. Draw the locus of B.
7. Draw an epicycloid with rolling circle diameter 50 mm and directing circle diameter 150 mm.
Draw tangent and normal at a point on the curve 110 mm from the centre of the directing
circle. (June-2019)
8. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the curve
traced out by point P on the periphery of the circle. Take the initial position of the point at
the bottom on the vertical center line of the circle. Name the curve and also draw the
normal and the tangent to the curve at suitable point on curve. (Jan-2016)
9. Draw an Archimedean spiral of 1.5 convolutions, the greatest and least radii being 125 mm
and 35 mm respectively. Draw tangent and normal to the spiral at any point on the curve.
(June-2014, Jan-2019)

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Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD
 Projection of Points & Lines

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

In engineering drawing practice, the representation of an object on the two dimensional plane of
paper is called projection. An object is projected by drawing straight lines which are called
projection lines or projectors from the specified points on the profile of an object. Three planes
which are mutually perpendicular to each other, called principal planes are horizontal, vertical
and profile planes.

Problems:

A. Draw projection of following points. (Attend compulsory in Drawing Sheet)

1) Point P is 20 mm behind VP and 15 mm below HP.
2) Point Q is 10 mm below HP and 20 mm in front of VP.
3) Point R is 10 mm behind VP & 20 mm above HP.
4) Point S is in HP & 22 mm in front of VP.
5) Point T is 15 mm in front of VP & 25 mm below HP.

1. A straight line AB is 60 mm long. It is inclined to HP and VP by an angle of 30º and 45º

respectively. Point A is 30 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Draw the projection
of straight line AB.
2. Plan and elevation of a line AB, 80 mm long, measure 60 mm and 72 mm respectively.
End A of the line is in HP and end B is in VP. Draw its projections, assuming the line to lie
in first quadrant. (Jan-2020)
3. A line PQ 60 mm long its end P on VP and end Q on HP. Line is inclined to HP by 60º and
VP by 30º and it is 20 mm away from the profile plane. Draw the projections of the line.
(Feb-2017)
4. A line PQ, 100 mm long, is inclined at 30⁰ to the HP and 45⁰ to the VP. Its mid-point M is
in the VP and 20 mm above the HP. Draw its projections, when its end P is in the first
quadrant and Q is in the third quadrant. (Jan-2019)
5. A line AB is having its end A 10 mm above the HP and 30 mm in front of the VP. It is
inclined at 45̊ to HP and 30̊ to VP. The end B is below the HP and behind the VP. The plan
length of line is 80 mm. Draw projections of the line AB. Find True length and elevation
length. (May-2018)
6. The front view of a line AB, 90mm long, measures 65mm. Front view is inclined to XY
line by 45°. Point A is 20mm below HP and on VP. Point B is in third quadrant. Draw the
projections and find inclinations of line with HP. and VP. (Jan-2016)
7. The distance between end projectors of the straight line KL is 48 mm. The end K is 20 mm
below HP and 25 mm behind VP. The end L is 12 mm above HP. and 40 mm in front of
VP. Draw the projections and finds the true length of the line. (Jan-2016)
8. A line PQ, 65 mm long, is inclined to HP by 30˚ and inclined to VP by 45˚. The end P is
20 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP. Point Q is in fourth quadrant. Draw its
projections and find the position of the point Q. (Dec-2014)

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 9 The front view and top view of a line MN is inclined at an angle of 30˚ and 40˚
respectively. The front view of line MN measures 50 mm. Point M is 15 mm above HP and
10 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of line MN and find the true length of line
MN. (Dec-2014)

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 Projection of Planes

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

A surface which has negligible thickness but having the other two dimensions like the length
and the breadth can be called a plane surface. Different types of planes are circular, semi-
circular, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal etc.

Problems:

1. A regular hexagonal plate 50 mm side is resting on one of its corners in HP. The diagonal
through that corner is inclined at 40 degree to HP and 30 degree to VP. Draw the projections
of plane.
2. ABCDE is a regular pentagonal plate of 40 mm sides, has its corner A on the HP. The plate is
inclined to the HP such that the plan length of the edges AB and AE is each 35 mm. The side CD
is parallel to both the reference planes. Draw the projections of the plate and find its inclination
with the HP. (June-2019)
3. A regular pentagonal plane ABCDE, of 30 mm sides has its side AB in the VP and inclined at
an angle of 30 degree to HP. The corner A is 15 mm above HP and its corner D is 20 mm in-
front of VP. Draw the projections of plane and find its inclination with VP.
4. A circular plate of negligible thickness and 46 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the top
view, having its major axis 46 mm long and minor axis 28 mm long. Draw its front view
when the major axis of ellipse makes an angle of 60º to V.P.
5. A hexagonal plane of 30 mm side has one of its sides on the HP and inclined at 45° to the VP.
The surface of the plane is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw its projections. (Jan-2019)
6. A thin 30º-60º set square has its shortest side 50 mm long and is in the HP. The top view of
the set square is an isosceles triangle and the hypotenuse of the set square is inclined at an
angle of 40 degree with the VP. Draw the projections of the set square and find its inclination
with HP.
7. A thin rectangular plate of 60 x 30 mm has its shorter side in the VP and inclined at 30º to the
HP. Project its top view & front view, if its front view is a square of 30 mm long sides.
8. An isosceles triangular plate of 50 mm base and 75 mm altitude, appears as an equilateral triangle
of 50 mm in top view. Draw the projections of a plate if its 50 mm long edge is on the HP and
inclined at 45° to the VP. What is the inclination of the plate with the HP? (June-2019)
9. ABCD is a rhombus of diagonals AC=100 mm and BD= 70 mm. Its corner A is in the HP
and the plane is inclined to the HP such that its plan appears to be a square and the plan of the
diagonal AC makes an angle of 20º to the VP. Draw the projections of the plane and find its
inclination with HP. (Jan-2011)

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD
 Projections of Solids, Section of Solids and Development of Surfaces

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

A solid is defined as an object having three dimensions like length, breadth and height or
thickness measured along with three mutually perpendicular axis. Different solids are prisms,
pyramids, cylinder and cone etc.

If all the surfaces of the solid are opened out in a plane surface, the figure which is obtained,
called the development of the surfaces.

Problems:
1. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm rest in the VP, has its inclination to 30º
to the VP and front view of the axis is inclined at 30º to the ground line XY. Draw the
projection of the cylinder. (Feb-2017)
2. A frustum of hexagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and height 60 mm, is cutting from a
pyramid of height 80 mm, is standing upright with base on HP. and axis parallel to VP. It is
cut by section plane making an angle of 50º to VP. and remaining 20 mm away from the axis.
Draw top view, sectional front view, sectional left hand side view and true shape of section.
(Dec-2014)
3. A square prism, base 40mm side, axis 80mm long has its base on the HP and its faces equally
inclined to the VP. It is cut by a plane, perpendicular to the VP inclined at 60˚ to the HP and
passing through a point on the axis, 55mm above the HP. Draw its front view, sectional top
view and another top view on AIP. parallel to the section plane (Jan-2016)
4. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25mm side and axis 55mm long, has one of its slant edges on the
ground. A plane containing that edge and the axis is perpendicular to the HP. and inclined at
45˚ to the V.P. draw its projections when the apex is nearer the VP than the base. (Jan-2016)
5. A cube of 50 mm long edges has its vertical faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to VP so that the true shape of the section is a regular hexagon.
Determine the inclination of the cutting plane with the HP and draw the sectional top view
and true shape of the section. (June-2014, Feb-2017)
6. Draw the development of lateral surface of a right circular cone having base diameter 40 mm
and length of axis 60 mm, when it is resting on HP and cut by an AIP inclined at 45̊ to the HP
and bisecting the axis. (Jan-2019)
7. A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 70 mm height is resting on its base on HP. It is cut by plane
passing through a point 50 mm from the base and inclined at 40̊̊ to HP. A through hole of 20
mm diameter is drill at 30 mm above the base. Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder.
(June-2009)
8. A right regular pentagonal prism, edge of base 20 mm and height 50 mm rests on its base with
one of its base edges perpendicular to VP. An AIP inclined to HP at 30̊ and perpendicular to
the VP cuts its axis at a distance of 30 mm from the base. Develop the lateral surface of the
truncated prism. (Jan-2010)
9. Fig. shows the front view of a cut hexagonal pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral
surface of the remaining portion of the pyramid. (June-2019)

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 Figure. 7.1

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 Orthographic Projections

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the parallel lines of sight are
perpendicular to the projection plane.

Problems:
1. Draw Front View from the direction shown with arrow, Left hand side view and Top View
using the first angle projection method for the object shown in figure. Use unidirectional
dimensioning method.

Figure. 8.1

2. Draw the Front view, Top view and Left Hand Side View of the following figure using 1st
angle projection system (Jan-2018)

Figure. 8.2

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3. Using the third angle projection method, draw the following view. (i) Front view (ii) Top
view (iii) Right Hand Side End View using the aligned dimensioning method. (June-2015)

Figure. 8.3
4. Figure shows the pictorial view of the object. Draw the following views: Sectional Front
View, Left Hand Side View and Top View using first angle projection method. (June-2010,
Jan-2019)

Figure. 8.4

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5. Isometric view of an object is given in Figure. Draw the top view, left hand side view and
sectional front view along with A-A using first angle projection. (Jun’17)

Figure. 8.5
6. Figure shows an object. Draw sectional front view along section P-Q looking in the direction
of arrow X, top view and sectional left hand side view along section R-S using first angle
projection method. (Jun’ 14)

Figure. 8.6

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7. Using third angle projection method draw front view, top view and right hand side view for
the object shown in Fig. (June-2019)

Figure. 8.7

8. Figure shows the pictorial view of an object. Draw the following views: (i) Sectional front
view from A-A, (ii) R.H.S. view and (iii) Top view using 1st angle projection method. (Jun’
13)

Figure. 8.8

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9. Following fig. shows the pictorial view of the object. Draw the sectional Front view, Top
view and left hand side view using first angle method of projection.(Dec’16, Jun’ 12)

Figure. 8.9

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Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD
 Isometric Projections

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Isometric drawing is a type of pictorial projection in which the three dimensions of the solids are
not only shown in one view, but their actual shape and size can be measured directly from it.

Problems:
1. Draw Isometric View of the Following Object.(May-2016)

Figure. 9.1
2. The orthographic views of an object using the third angle projection method are shown. Draw
the isometric projection (Jan-2016)

Figure. 9.2

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3. Figure shows the F.V. and LHSV of an object. Draw the Isometric view. (June-2017).

Figure. 9.3

4. The orthographic views of an object using the first angle projection method are shown in the
Figure. Draw the isometric projection. (June-2015).

Figure. 9.4

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5. Draw isometric view from the orthographic projection shown in Fig. (June-2019).

Figure. 9.5

6. Draw isometric view of the Fig. given below. (Jan-2019).

Figure. 9.6

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7. Figure shows the Front view and top view of the object. Draw the isometric Projection (June-
2013).

Figure. 9.7

8. Draw the Isometric view of the following figure (Jan-2013)

Figure. 9.8

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9. Fig. shows two views of an object. Using isometric scale, draw the isometric projection
indication dimensions on it. (Jan-2018)

Figure. 9.9

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Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD
 Orthographic drawing view using AutoCAD commands

Drawing Sheet No: ____ Date: __________

Engineering graphics has a well-defined set of standards by which technical drawings are
produced. This practice teaches the language of engineering graphics from basic sketching
through 3-D solid modeling using computer aided design (CAD) software AutoCAD with
different commands.

Problems:
1. Prepare any one orthographic drawing (three views) from the given figures with first angle or
third angle method by using various AutoCAD commands & take print of it.

Figure. 10.1

Figure. 10.2

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 Figure. 10.3

Figure. 10.4

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD

 Figure. 10.5

Figure. 10.6

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology 3110013 EGD