Lenses and Imaging (Part II)
Reminders from Part I Surfaces of positive/negative power Real and virtual images Imaging condition Thick lenses Principal planes
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The power of surfaces
Positive power : exiting rays converge
1 n R>0 1 n R>0 1 1 n R>0 R<0
Bi-convex lens
Simple spherical refractor (positive)
Plano-convex lens
Negative power : exiting rays diverge
R<0 1 n R<0 1 n R<0 1 1 1 n R>0
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Bi-concave lens
Simple spherical refractor (negative)
Plano-concave lens
Thin lens in air
n=1
in x in
n=1 n
P
out x out
out 1 Pthin lens 0 = x 1 out
Pthin lens
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in x in
n 1 1 n 1 1 Lens-makers = P + P = + = (n 1) formula R R R R
Thin lens in air
n=1
in x in
n=1 n
P
out x out
out 1 Pthin lens 0 = x 1 out
in x in
out = in Pthin lens xin
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xout = xin
Ray bending is proportional to the distance from the axis
Positive thin lens in air
object at Ray bending is proportional to the distance from the axis
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Positive thin lens in air
xin , in = 0 xout = xin ,
out = Pthin lens xin
Pthin lens > 0
thin lens as a black box
f
1 Pthin lens
Real image
f =
out
xin
f =
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Focal point = image of an object at Focal length = distance between lens & focal point
Negative thin lens in air
object at
Ray bending is proportional to the distance from the axis
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Negative thin lens in air
object at
Virtual image
f =
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1 Pthin lens
still applies, now with
Pthin lens < 0 f < 0 (to the left)
Imaging condition: ray-tracing
n=1 object 2nd FP 1st FP
chief ray
n=1
image
Image point is located at the common intersection of all rays which emanate from the corresponding object point The two rays passing through the two focal points and the chief ray can be ray-traced directly
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Imaging condition: ray-tracing
B x A
F
M f L f N
F
(ABF)~(FLN) and (FCD)~(MLF) are pairs of similar triangles
(AB) (LN) = (AF) (FL)
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(LM) (CD) = (LF) (FC)
(AF) (FC) = (FL) (LF)
(AB) = (ML)
(LN) = (CD)
xx = f 2
Imaging condition: matrix method
n=1 object 2nd FP 1st FP
chief ray
n=1
image
Location of image point must be independent of ray departure angle at the object
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Imaging condition: matrix method
lens object
s s
image
1 s 1 1 out 1 0 1 1 0 in f f in = f x = s 1 s s s x x 1 s 0 1 in s + s out 1 in f f
=0
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Imaging condition: matrix method
lens object
s s
image
ss s + s =0 f
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1 1 1 + = s s f
Imaging condition (aka Lens Law)
Imaging condition: matrix method
lens object
s s
image
s 1 out f == x out 0
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1 s f in 1 xout = xin s xin f 1 f
Lateral magnification : x M T = out xin s s M T = 1 = f s
Real & virtual images
+
object image 1st FP 2nd FP 1st FP 2nd FP object image
image: real & inverted; MT<0
image object
image: virtual & erect; MT>1
image object
2nd FP
1st FP
2nd FP
1st FP
image: virtual & erect; 0<MT<1
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image: virtual & erect; 0<MT<1
The thick lens
air glass air
Rays bend in two steps
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The thick lens
air glass air
Equivalent to a thin lens placed somewhere within the thick element. The location of this equivalent thin lens is the Principal Plane of the thick element
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The thick lens
n=1
air
in x in
glass
air
out x out
n=1
( ) R
1 n 1 out 1 d = R x out 0 1 n
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n 1 0 1 in R x 1 1 in 0
The thick lens
n=1
air
in x in
glass
air
out x out
n=1
( ) R
n 1 d out 1 + n R x = d out n
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2 1 1 (n 1) d (n 1) + in nRR R R xin n 1 d 1 n R
The thick lens: power
air
in x in
glass
air
out x out
Object at infinity
2 ( ) 1 1 n 1 d (n 1) + x in 0 out nRR R R = = x x x n 1 d in out x 1 n R
out = Pxin
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The thick lens: power
air
in x in
glass
air
out x out
2 1 1 (n 1) d P = (n 1) + R R nR R
2 1 1 1 (n 1) d = (n 1) + f R R nR R
Power
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f: Effective Focal Length
The very thick lens
air glass air
Funny things happening: rays diverge upon exiting from the element, i.e. too much positive power leading to a negative element!
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The thick lens: back focal length
air
in x in
glass
air
z
out x out
1 n 1 d 1 + out 1 0 n R f in = x z 1 d n 1 d xin out 1 n n R
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The thick lens: back focal length
air
in x in
glass
air
z
out x out
n 1 d xout = 0 z = f 1 n R
z: Back Focal Length
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Focal Lengths & Principal Planes
1st PS 2nd PS generalized optical system (e.g. thick lens, multi-element system) 2nd FP EFL
FFL 1st FP EFL
BFL
EFL: Effective Focal Length (or simply focal length) FFL: Front Focal Length BFL: Back Focal Length FP: Focal Point/Plane PS: Principal Surface/Plane
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PSs and FLs for thin lenses
glass, index n n n
P 1
P2
Dl = 0
1 P=P 1+P 2 (EFL)
(BFL) = (EFL) = (FFL)
The principal planes coincide with the (collocated) glass surfaces The rays bend precisely at the thin lens plane (=collocated glass surfaces & PP)
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The significance of principal planes /1
1st PS 2nd FP 1st FP generalized optical system
2nd PS located at the 2nd PS for rays passing through 2nd FP
thin lens of the same power
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The significance of principal planes /2
1st PS 2nd FP 1st FP generalized optical system
2nd PS
thin lens of the same power
located at the 1st PP for rays passing through 1st FP
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