249
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CHARTS
Table 14-1 DUCT MATERIAL ROUGHNESS FACTORS Roughness Category Smooth Absolute Roughness E, mm ft 0.0001 0.03
Duct Material Uncoated carbon steel, clean (Moody 1944) (0.00015 ft) (0.05 mm) PVC plastic pipe (Swim 1982) (0.0003 to 0.00015 ft) (0.01 to 0.05 mm) Aluminum (Hutchinson 1953) (0.00015 to 0.0002 ft) (0.04 to 0.06 mm)
Galvanized steel, longitudinal seams, 4 ft (1200 mm) joints (Griggs 1987) (0.00016 to 0.00032 ft) (0.05 to 0.1 mm) Galvanized steel, spiral seam with 1, 2, and 3 ribs, 12 ft (3600 mm) joints (Jones 1979, Griggs 1987) (0.00018 to 0.00038 ft) (0.05 to 0.12 mm)
Medium Smooth
0.0003
0.09
(New Duct Friction Loss Chart)
Hot-dipped galvanized steel, longitudinal seams, 2.5 ft (760 mm) joints (Wright 1945) (0.0005 ft) (0.15 mm) Fibrous glass duct, rigid Fibrous glass duct liner, air side with facing material (Swim 1978) (0.005 ft) (1.5 mm) Fibrous glass duct liner, air side spray coated (Swim 1978) (0.015 ft) (4.5 mm) Flexible duct, metallic, (0.004 to 0.007 ft (1.2 to 2.1 mm) when fully extended) Flexible duct, all types of fabric and wire (0.0035 to 0.015 ft (1.0 to 4.6 mm) when fully extended) Concrete (Moody 1944) (0.001 to 0.01 ft) (0.3 to 3.0 mm)
Old Average
0.0005
0.15
Medium rough
0.003
0.9
Rough
0.01
3.0
14.8
CHAPTER 14
Figure 14-3 DUCT FRICTION LOSS CORRECTION FACTORS
14.9
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-3 CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS FOR EQUAL FRICTION AND CAPACITY (Metric Units) (2)
Dimensions in mm
14.12
CHAPTER 14
Cont. Table 14-3 CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS FOR EQUAL FRICTION AND CAPACITY (Metric Units) (2)
Dimensions in mm
Equation for Circular Equivalent of a Rectangular Duct:
De = 1.30 [(ab)0.625/(a + b)0.250]
where a = length of one side of rectangular duct, mm. b = length of adjacent side of rectangular duct, mm. De = circular equivalent of rectangular duct for equal friction and capacity, mm.
14.13
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-5 SPIRAL FLAT-OVAL DUCT (Nominal Sizes-Metric Units) (Diameter of round duct which will have the capacity and friction equivalent to the actual duct size.)
14.15
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-7 VELOCITIESNELOCITY PRESSURES (Metric Units)
Table 14-8 ANGULAR CONVERSION
Degrees 10 20o 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 135 Radians 0.175 0.349 0.524 0.698 0.873 1.05 1.22 1.40 1.57 ( /2) 2.36
180
360
3.14 (
6.28 (2 ) 14.17
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-9 LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR STRAIGHT-THROUGH FLOW
Figure 14-5 AIR DENSITY FRICTION CHART CORRECTION FACTORS When an air distribution system is designed to operate above 2000 feet (610 m) altitude, below 32F
(OC), or above 120F (49C) temperature, the duct
friction loss obtained must be corrected for the air
density. The actual airflow (cfm or I/s) is used to find the duct friction loss which is multiplied by the correction factor or factors from the above chart to obtain the actual friction loss.
14.18
CHAPTER 14
B FITTING LOSS TABLES COEFFICIENT
Duct Cross Section to which Coefficient "C" is referenced is at the top of each table. Negative numbers indicate that the static regain exceeds the dynamic pressure loss of the fitting.
Table 14-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Elbow, Smooth Radius (Die Stamped), Round(2)
B. Elbow, Round, 3 to 5 pc--90o(2)
C. Elbow, Round, Mitered (15)
U.S. Units For Standard Air:
Re = 8.56 DV
(Metric Units)
(Re = 66.4 DV)
where: D = duct diameter, inches (mm) V = duct velocity, fpm (m/s) For Rectangular Ducts:
14.19
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp D. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered (15)
E. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Converging or Diverging Flow (15)
F. Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius without Vanes (15)
U.S. Units For Standard Air: Re = 8.56 DV
(Metric Units) (Re = 66.4 DV)
where: D = duct diameter, inches (mm) V = duct velocity, fpm (m/s) For Rectangular Ducts:
14.20
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp)of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp G. Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius with Splitter Vanes (2)
NOTES FOR THIS FIGURE ONLY: A) See Page 5.14 to calculate splitter vane spacing.
B) CR = Curve Ratio
C) Use correction factors in Note 1 on Page 14.19 for elbows other than 90.
14.21
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp H. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Turning Vanes (See Chapter 5, Sections E and H for additional information and data.)
I. Elbows, 90o,Rectangular, Z-Shaped (15)
U.S. Units For Standard Air: (Metric Units) Re = 8.56 D V (Re = 66.4 DV) where: D = duct diameter, inches (mm) V = duct velocity, fpm (m/s) For Rectangular Ducts:
14.22
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp)of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
J. Elbows, 90o,Rectangular in Different Planes (15)
(See Chapter 5, Section Hfor new data on spin-in fittings)
K. Elbows, 30o,Round, Offset (15)
L. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular Wye or Tee Shape
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-11 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, TRANSITIONS (Diverging Flow) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Transition, Round, Conical (15)
U.S. Units = 8.56 DV where: D = Upstream Diameter, inches (mm) V = Upstream Velocity, fpm (m/s) (Metric Units) (Re = 66.4 DV)
Re
B. Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidal (15)
Note 6: A = Area (Entering airstream), A1 = Area (Leaving airstream)
14.24
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-11 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, TRANSITIONS (Diverging Flow) (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp C. Transition, Round to Rectangular (15)
D. Transition, Rectangular to Round (15)
For Figures C and D, compute 0 using the equations and find the coefficient C from Table 14-11B, Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidal.
E. Transition, Rectangular, Sides Straight (15)
F. Transition, Symmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Straight (15)
Note 6: A = Area (Entering airstream), A1 = Area (Leaving airstream)
14.25
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-11 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, TRANSITIONS (Diverging Flow) (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp G. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Straight, Top Level (15)
H. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Straight, Top 10 Down (15)
I. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Straight, Top 10 Up (15)
J. Transition, Pyramidal at Fan With Duct (15)
Note 6: A = Area (Entering airstream), A, = Area (Leaving airstream)
14.26
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-12 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, TRANSITIONS (Converging Flow) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Contraction, Round and Rectangular, Gradual to Abrupt (15)
Coefficient C (See Note 7)
10 15-40 AA st0 100 15'-40' 50'-60' 2 4 6 10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 120
900
150
1200 1500
180
1800
0.12 0.17 0.18 0.19
0.18 0.27 0.28 0.29
0.24 0.35 0.36 0.37
0.26 0.41 0.42 0.43
When O = 180
B. Contraction, Conical, Round and Rectangular (15)
Coefficient C = K Co
0 is major angle for rectangular transition
Note 7: Al = Area (Entering airstream), A = Area (Leaving airstream)
14.27
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-12 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, TRANSITIONS (Converging Flow) (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp C. Contraction, Rectangular Slot to Round (15)
Table 14-13 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Converging Wye, Round(2)
Note 7: Al = Area (Entering airstream), A = Area (Leaving airstream) Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.28
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-13 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
B. Converging Tee, 90, Round (15)
C. Converging Tee, Round Branch to Rectangular Main
D. Converging Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.29
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-13 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp E. Converging Wye, Conical, Round (2
F. Converging Tee, 45o Entry Branch to Rectangular Main
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.30
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-13 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp)of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
G. Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (15)
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.31
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-13 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp)of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp H. Converging Wye, Rectangular(15)
I. Wye, Rectangular and Round (15)
When:
Alb = A2b Ac = Alb + A2b
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.32
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp Round (15) A. Tee or Wye, 30o to 90o,
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.33
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp B. 90o Conical Tee, Round(2)
C. 45o Conical Wye, Round (2)
D. 90 Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 45o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main(2)
E. 90 Tee, Round, with 90 Elbow, Branch 90 to Main (2)
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.34
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp F. 90o Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main(2)
G. 90o Conical Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 45o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main(2)
H. 90o Conical Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main(2)
I. 45 Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main(2)
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.35
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp J. 45o Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 90 to Main(2)
K. 45o Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 30o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main(2)
L. 45o Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 30o Elbow, Branch 45 to Main(2)
Note 8: A = Area, Q = Airflow, V = Velocity
14.36
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
M. 45o Wye, Conical Main and Branch with 45o Elbow, Branch 90 to Main (15)
N. Tee, 45 Entry, Rectangular Main and Branch
P. Tee, 45o Entry, Rectangular Main and Branch with Damper
14.37
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp Q. Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch
R. Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch with Damper
S. Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch with Extractor
14.38
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp T. Tee, Rectangular Main to Round Branch
U. Wye, Rectangular (15)
14.39
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp V. Tee Rectangular Main to Conical Branch (2)
W. Wye, Rectangular (15)
X. Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (15)
14.40
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-14 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Cont.)
Use the velocity pressure (VP) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
Y. Wye, Rectangular and Round (15)
Z. Tee, Rectangular Reducing, 45 Entry Branch(2)
Table 14-15 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ENTRIES
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A. Duct Mounted in Wall, Round and Rectangular (15)
14.41
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-15 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ENTRIES (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp B. Smooth Converging Bellmouth, Round, without End Wall (15)
C. Smooth Converging Bellmouth, Round, with End Wall (15)
D. Conical, Converging Bellmouth, Round and Rectangular without End Wall (15)
14.42
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-15 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ENTRIES (Cont.)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp E. Conical, Converging Bellmouth, Round and Rectangular, with End Wall (15)
F. Intake Hood (15)
G. Hood, Tapered, Flanged or Unflanged(2)
Note 9: With screen in opening at Ds, Cs = C (from table) + C (Screen coef. Table 14-17) As)2 where: A= Area at D; As = Area at Ds
14.43
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-15 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ENTRIES (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp H. Hood, Canopy Island or Range
I.
Hood, Slot (Dishwasher)
Table 14-16 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, EXITS Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Exhaust Hood (15)
14.44
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-16 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, EXITS (Cont.).
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp B. Exit, Conical, Round, with or without a Wall (15)
C. Exit, Plane Diffuser, Rectangular, with or without a Wall (15)
D. Exit, Pyramidal Diffuser, Rectangular, with or without a Wall (15)
14.45
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-16 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, EXITS (Cont.)
Use the velocity pressure (VP) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp E. Exit, Discharge to Atmosphere from a 90o Elbow, Round and Rectangular (15)
A
RECTANGULAR: Coefficient C (See Note 11) R/W Note: In loss coefficient. 0 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.5 L/W 0 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.5 3.1 2.2 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 3.2 2.1 1,4 1.1 1.1 1.5 3.0 1.8 1,4 1.1 1.0 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 3.0 2.4 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 4.0 2.2 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 6.0 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 8.0 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 12.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0
ROUND: Coefficient C (See Note 10) L/D C 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.4 When: R/D = 1.0 (Round)
F. Exit, Duct Flush with Wall, Flow along Wall (15)
14.46
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-16 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, EXITS (Cont.)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
G. Plane Asymmetric Diffuser at Fan Outlet without Ductwork (15)
H. Pyramidal Diffuser at Fan Outlet without Ductwork (15)
I. Fan, Free Discharge, Plenum
J. Exit, Abrupt, Round and Rectangular, with or without a Wall (15)
14.47
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-17 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, SCREENS AND PLATES Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Screen in Duct, Round and Rectangular (15)
B. Perforated Plate in Duct, Thick, Round and Rectangular (15)
14.48
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-18 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, OBSTRUCTIONS (Constant Velocities) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp A. Damper, Butterfly, Thin Plate, Round(15)
B. Damper, Butterfly, Thin Plate, Rectangular(15)
C. Damper, Gate, Round(15)
14.49
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-18 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, OBSTRUCTIONS (Constant Velocities) (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp D. Damper, Gate, Rectangular(15)
E. Damper, Rectangular, Parallel Blades (2)
F. Damper, Rectangular, Opposed Blades (2)
14.50
CHAPTER 14
Table 14-18 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, OBSTRUCTIONS (Constant Velocities) (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp)of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp G. Damper, Butterfly, Airfoil Blade, Rectangular(15)
H. Obstruction, Smooth Cylinder in Round and Rectangular Ducts(15)
I. Round Duct, Depressed to Avoid an Obstruction
14.51
DUCT
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
CHARTS
Table 14-18 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, OBSTRUCTIONS (Constant Velocities) (Cont.) Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp J. Rectangular Duct, Depressed to Avoid an Obstruction
K. Rectangular Duct with 4-45 Smooth Radius Ells to Avoid an Obstruction
L. Rectangular Duct with 4-90 Mitered Ells to Avoid an Obstruction
14.52
