A

Technical Report
On

POLLUTION ARRESTER
Submitted to partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree

Of
Bachelor of Technology
in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Vijay Kumar (1524040068)

Mayank Kumar (1524040032)
Rupendra (1524040053)
Naman Giri (1524040039)

B. Tech – IVth Year

Under The guidance of

Mr. NIKHIL YTAGI
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sunder Deep Engineering College

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 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that project progress report entitled “ POLLUTION ARRESTER” which is
submitted by Vijay Kumar, Mayank Kumar, Rupendra, & Naman Giri in partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech in department of Mechanical Engineering at
the Sunder Deep Engineering College Ghaziabad, is an authentic work carried out by them under
my supervision and guidance to the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the project
has been submitted to any other university/institute for the award of the degree.

Prof. B. P. SRIVASTAVA
HOD (Mechanical Engineering)
Sunder deep engineering college, Ghaziabad Sign...................

Prof. NIKHIL TYAGI

Project Guide
Sunder deep engineering college, Ghaziabad Sign...................

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank to the HOD, Prof. B.P. Srivastava and our project guide prof. NIKHIL
TYAGI for his continuous support and precious guidance throughout this study. I sincerely thank
the faculty members of WORKSHOP for their helpful comments and on this topic. Last but not
the least, my deepest thank goes to my family and friends for their support and encouragement.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………..
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………..
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..1
2. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM…………………...…………………………...12
3. METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT………………………...………………………..19
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS……………………………………………………...…38
5. SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………41
6. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………42

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 FINE WOVEN CLOTH FILTER……………………………………………………1
Figure 1.2 HEPA FILTER……………………………………………………………………….2
Figure 1.3 WORKING OF FILTER……………………………………………………………..3
Figure 1.4 HEPA FILTER……………………………………………………………………….5
Figure 1.5 UV LIGHT…………………………………………………………………………...6
Figure 1.6 ACTIVATED CHARCOAL…………………………………………………………10
Figure 1.7 IONIZER……………………………………………………………………………..11

Figure 2.1 COMPOSITION OF GASES…………………………………………………………12

Figure 2.2 HARMFUL GASES SOURCES……………………………………………………..15
Figure 2.3 POLLUTED CITIES IN INDIA………………………………………………………16
Figure 2.4 SAVING OF EARTH…………………………………………………………………18

Figure 3.1 AERODYNAMICS…………………………………………………………………..20

Figure 3.2 SHEET METAL………………………………………………………………………22
Figure 3.3 IRON ROD……………………………………………………………………………23
Figure 3.4 EXHAUST FAN……………………...………………………………………………24
Figure 3.5 UV TUBELIGHT…………………………………………………………………….24
Figure 3.6 CIRCUIT……………………………………………………………………………..25
Figure 3.7 HEPA FILTER……………………………………………………………………….27
Figure 3.8 TITANIUM OXIDE………………………………………………………………….28
Figure 3.9 ACTIVATED CHARCOAL………………………………………………………….29
Figure 3.10 SHAPING OF SHEET………………………………………………………………30
Figure 3.11 SHAPING OF FRAME……………………..………………………………………31
Figure 3.12 BACK OF FRAME…………………………………………………………………32

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Figure 3.13 FRONT OF FRAME………………………………………………………………..32
Figure 3.14 WELDING…… ………………………………………………………………...…..33
Figure 3.15 INSTALLATION OF FAN…………………………………………………………34
Figure 3.16 WINDOW FOR INSTALLATION…………………………………………………34
Figure 3.17 FILTER INSTALLATION………………………………………………………….35
Figure 3.18 TUBELIGHT STAND………………………………………………………………35
Figure 3.19 PACKETS OF TIO………………………………………………………………….36
Figure 3.20 TESTING……………………………………………………………………………36
Figure 3.21 FINAL……………………………………………………………………………….37
Figure 3.22 STAND……………...………………………………………………………………37

Figure 4.1 AQI STANDARD…………………………………………………………………….40

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 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Air Purifiers

A device that removes contaminating particles (such as dust, pollen, and dander) from the air,
air purifiers that draw air through fabric filters are among those that do the best job of removing
dust and smoke from the air without producing any ozone.

1.1.1 History4

The first concept of an air-purifier-type of product began as a protective air respirator that
was worn over a person’s mouth and nose. Its purpose was to filter air breathed through
the unit, thereby protecting the wearer from inhaling any gases, fumes, vapors or harmful
dusts particles. This concept was developed as far back as the 16th century. Leonardo da
Vinci had an idea that water-dipped, fine woven cloth materials could protect sailors from
breathing in any toxic powders used as weapons. In 1799, Alexander von Humboldt came
up with a primitive sort of respirator that he used while he was a mining engineer. In fact,
the very first air-purifying respirator developed by Lewis P. Haslett, received its patent in
1848. His “Haslett's Lung Protector” used moistened wool or a similar material, along with
a one-way clapper valve, to filter dust from the air. The purpose of an air purifier is to
remove various types of irritating and harmful contaminants from the air. These
contaminants can be in the form of dust, pollen, pet dander, dust mites, mold spores or
smoke. The main users of air purifiers are allergy sufferers and people with respiratory
problems, such as asthma.

Fig. 1.1 Fine woven cloth Filter

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As time progressed, development of more effective types of air filtering devices became
more prominent. During the late 1940s, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps and the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission developed the first HEPA filters to aid in the protection
against radioactive chemical warfare agents. These “collective protector filters,” as they
were initially called, were later renamed “HEPA filters,” which was an acronym for “High-
Efficiency Particulate Air” filter units.

These HEPA filters were designed with rigid frames and had a 99.97 percent “minimum
particle removal efficiency” rate, while maintaining a maximum resistance of “one inches
water gauge” when operated at a specific rate of airflow capacity. They were being used
during the development of the atomic bomb as part of the “Manhattan Project.” After
World War II, the government declassified the HEPA filter technology, allowing it to be
used for commercial and residential use.

Fig. 1.2 Hepa Filter

HEPA filters originally contained Bolivian or African asbestos components, which were
imported into the United States. Due to the concern of the future availability of these
asbestos papers, the U.S. government contacted Arthur D. Little, Inc. to develop a
domestically available filter paper with equal or better filtration performance. They
developed the first noncombustible “absolute filter” which was completely fire resistant.

As time went on, there was growing concern over the toxicity of inhaled asbestos fibers.
Eventually, the commercial use of asbestos-containing filters was abandoned. Arthur D.
Little, Inc. then created a new type of filter that was a noncombustible absolute filter. This
filter was promising; however, it was not in existence for too long. It was heavy, produced

8
 air leaks and its cement adhesive made the filter paper brittle. By 1957, three different
companies were producing absolute filters.

After the Atomic Energy Commission began receiving complaints from its own facilities
that defective filters were being delivered, they started inspecting and testing randomly
selected filters. It was found that most of the selected filters had defects right out of the
box. In the 1960s, this led to the Atomic Energy Commission introducing quality assurance
testing of these products.

1.1.2 The Emergence of the First Air Purifier

In 1963, Klaus Hammes, a German mechanical engineer, along with his brother, Manfred,
created a “simple filter system” for German residential users. This system was comprised
of a filter pad that used magnets to attach it to the air outlet of residential coal ovens. The
filter was designed to trap the dust found in the cold air as it heated and rose through the
oven. It helped reduce the “black dust build-up” found on the walls of the ovens. This
became the first air purifier system of its kind that could be used inside consumer
households. Over time, consumers noticed that the filter system also reduced asthma flare-
ups and relieved allergy symptoms.

Throughout the rest of the 1960s and into the 1970s, Klaus Hammes developed upon his
initial filter system. He adapted it further to work with other heating systems, radiators and
“forced air heating and cooling systems.” With the help of his son Frank, they introduced
a cabin air filter to Mercedes-Benz in North America to be used in their automobiles. Later,
Frank focused on room air cleaners powered by fans. In 1994, Frank worked intensely with
a team of engineers from Switzerland and Germany, taking four years to research and build
the first, highly effective consumer compact air purifiers in the world. In the spring of 1998,
the first “IQAir HealthPro Plus” room air purifier left its European production line. The
IQAir HealthPro Plus had beat out it competitors and instantly became a successful product
for relieving asthma and allergy symptoms. By the year 2000, it was officially released in
the United States.

Fig. 1.3 Working of Filter

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1.2 Purifying Techniques

There are two types of air purifying technologies, active and passive. Active air purifiers
use ionisation for cleaning the air, while passive air purification units, on the other hand,
use air filters to remove pollutants. They are more efficient, since all dust and particulate
matter is permanently removed from the air and collected in the filters.

Several different processes of varying effectiveness can be used to purify air. As of 2005,
the most common methods were high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI).

1.2.1 Filtration

Air filter purification traps airborne particles by size exclusion. Air is forced through a
filter and particles are physically captured by the filter. Various filters exist notably
including:

High-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filters remove at least 99.97% of 0.3-

micrometer particles and are usually more effective at removing larger particles. HEPA
purifiers, which filter all the air going into a clean room, must be arranged so that no air
bypasses the HEPA filter. In dusty environments, a HEPA filter may follow an easily
cleaned conventional filter (prefilter) which removes coarser impurities so that the HEPA
filter needs cleaning or replacing less frequently. HEPA filters do not generate ozone or
harmful byproducts in course of operation.

Filter HVAC at MERV 14 or above are rated to remove airborne particles of 0.3
micrometers or larger. A high efficiency MERV 14 filter has a capture rate of at least 75%
for particles between 0.3 to 1.0 micrometers. Although the capture rate of a MERV filter
is lower than that of a HEPA filter, a central air system can move significantly more air in
the same period of time. Using a high-grade MERV filter can be more effective than using
a high-powered HEPA machine at a fraction of the initial capital expenditure.
Unfortunately, most furnace filters are slid in place without an airtight seal, which allows
air to pass around the filters. This problem is worse for the higher-efficiency MERV filters
because of the increase in air resistance. Higher-efficiency MERV filters are usually denser
and increase air resistance in the central system, requiring a greater air pressure drop and
consequently increasing energy costs.

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 Today, a HEPA filter rating is applicable to any highly efficient air filter that can attain the
same filter efficiency performance standards as a minimum and is equivalent to the more
recent National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health N100 rating for respirator
filters. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has specific requirements for
HEPA filters in DOE regulated applications. In addition, some companies using a
marketing term known as "True HEPA" to give consumers assurance that their air filters
meet the HEPA standard, although this term has no legal or scientific meaning.

Products that claim to be "HEPA-type", "HEPA-like", "HEPA-style" or "99% HEPA" do

not satisfy these requirements and may not have been tested in independent laboratories.
Some of these sub-par quality filters may come reasonably close to HEPA filtration, while
others will fall significantly short, making them truly inferior.

Fig. 1.4 HEPA Filter

1.2.2 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation3

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses short-

wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by destroying
nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular
functions. UVGI is used in a variety of applications, such as food, air, and water
purification.

UV-C light is weak at the Earth's surface as the ozone layer of the atmosphere blocks it.
UVGI devices can produce strong enough UV-C light in circulating air or water systems
to make them inhospitable environments to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,

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 molds and other pathogens. UVGI can be coupled with a filtration system to sanitize air
and water.

The application of UVGI to disinfection has been an accepted practice since the mid-20th
century. It has been used primarily in medical sanitation and sterile work facilities.
Increasingly it has been employed to sterilize drinking and wastewater, as the holding
facilities are enclosed and can be circulated to ensure a higher exposure to the UV. In recent
years UVGI has found renewed application in air purifiers. UV light is electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light. UV can be separated into various
ranges, with short-wavelength UV (UVC) considered "germicidal UV". At certain
wavelengths, UV is mutagenic to bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. Particularly
at wavelengths around 260 nm–270 nm, UV breaks molecular bonds within
microorganismal DNA, producing thymine dimers that can kill or disable the organisms.

A UVGI system is designed to expose environments such as water tanks, sealed rooms and
forced air systems to germicidal UV. Exposure comes from germicidal lamps that emit
germicidal UV at the correct wavelength, thus irradiating the environment. The forced flow
of air or water through this environment ensures exposure.

1.2.2.1 Effectiveness

The effectiveness of germicidal UV depends on the length of time a microorganism is

exposed to UV, the intensity and wavelength of the UV radiation, the presence of particles
that can protect the microorganisms from UV, and a microorganism’s ability to withstand
UV during its exposure.

In many systems, redundancy in exposing microorganisms to UV is achieved by circulating

the air or water repeatedly. This ensures multiple passes so that the UV is effective against
the highest number of microorganisms and will irradiate resistant microorganisms more
than once to break them down.

"Sterilization" is often misquoted as being achievable. While it is theoretically possible in

a controlled environment, it is very difficult to prove and the term "disinfection" is
generally used by companies offering this service as to avoid legal reprimand.

Fig. 1.5 UV light

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The effectiveness of this form of disinfection depends on line-of-sight exposure of the
microorganisms to the UV light. Environments where design creates obstacles that block
the UV light are not as effective. In such an environment, the effectiveness is then reliant
on the placement of the UVGI system so that line of sight is optimum for disinfection.Dust
and films coating the bulb lower UV output. Therefore, bulbs require periodic cleaning and
replacement to ensure effectiveness. The lifetime of germicidal UV bulbs varies depending
on design. Also, the material that the bulb is made of can absorb some of the germicidal
rays.

Lamp cooling under airflow can also lower UV output; thus, care should be taken to shield
lamps from direct airflow, or to add additional lamps to compensate for the cooling effect.
Increases in effectiveness and UV intensity can be achieved by using reflection. Aluminum
has the highest reflectivity rate versus other metals and is recommended when using UV.

One method for gauging UV effectiveness in water disinfection applications is to compute

UV dose. The U.S. EPA publishes UV dosage guidelines for water treatment applications.
UV dose cannot be measured directly but can be inferred based on the known or estimated
inputs to the process:

 Flow rate (contact time)

 Transmittance (light reaching the target)
 Turbidity (cloudiness)
 Lamp age or fouling or outages (reduction in UV intensity)

In air and surface disinfection applications the UV effectiveness is estimated by calculating

the UV dose which will be delivered to the microbial population. The UV dose is calculated
as follows:

UV dose µWs/cm² = UV intensity µW/cm² x Exposure time (seconds)

The UV intensity is specified for each lamp at a distance of 1 meter. UV intensity is

inversely proportional to the square of the distance so it decreases at longer distances.
Alternatively, it rapidly increases at distances shorter than 1m. In the above formula the
UV intensity must always be adjusted for distance unless the UV dose is calculated at
exactly 1m from the lamp. Also, to ensure effectiveness the UV dose must be calculated at
the end of lamp life (EOL is specified in number of hours when the lamp is expected to
reach 80% of its initial UV output) and at the furthest distance from the lamp on the
periphery of the target area. Some shatter-proof lamps are coated with a fluorated ethylene
polymer to contain glass shards and mercury in case of breakage; this coating reduces UV
output by as much as 20%.

To accurately predict what UV dose will be delivered to the target the UV intensity,
adjusted for distance, coating and end of lamp life, will be multiplied by the exposure time.

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 In static applications the exposure time can be as long as needed for an effective UV dose
to be reached. In case of rapidly moving air, in AC air ducts for example, the exposure time
is short so the UV intensity must be increased by introducing multiple UV lamps or even
banks of lamps. Also, the UV installation must be located in a long straight duct section
with the lamps perpendicular to the air flow to maximize the exposure time.

These calculations actually predict the UV fluence and it is assumed that the UV fluence
will be equal to the UV dose. The UV dose is the amount of germicidal UV energy absorbed
by a microbial population over a period of time. If the microorganisms are planktonic (free
floating) the UV fluence will be equal the UV dose. However, if the microorganisms are
protected by mechanical particles, such as dust and dirt, or have formed biofilm a much
higher UV fluence will be needed for an effective UV dose to be introduced to the microbial
population.

1.2.2.2 Advantages

UV water treatment devices can be used for well water and surface water disinfection. UV
treatment compares favorably with other water disinfection systems in terms of cost, labor,
and the need for technically trained personnel for operation. Water chlorination treats larger
organisms and offers residual disinfection, but these systems are expensive because they
need special operator training and a steady supply of a potentially hazardous material.
Finally, boiling of water is the most reliable treatment method but it demands labor, and
imposes a high economic cost. UV treatment is rapid and, in terms of primary energy use,
approximately 20,000 times more efficient than boiling.

1.2.2.3 Disadvantages

UV disinfection is most effective for treating high-clarity, purified reverse osmosis distilled
water. Suspended particles are a problem because microorganisms buried within particles
are shielded from the UV light and pass through the unit unaffected. However, UV systems
can be coupled with a pre-filter to remove those larger organisms that would otherwise
pass through the UV system unaffected. The pre-filter also clarifies the water to improve
light transmittance and therefore UV dose throughout the entire water column. Another
key factor of UV water treatment is the flow rate—if the flow is too high, water will pass
through without sufficient UV exposure. If the flow is too low, heat may build up and
damage the UV lamp.

A disadvantage of UVGI is that while water treated by chlorination is resistant to

reinfection (until the chlorine off-gasses), UVGI water is not resistant to reinfection. UVGI
water must be transported or delivered in such a way as to avoid reinfection.

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1.2.2.4 Safety

In UVGI systems the lamps are shielded or are in environments that limit exposure, such
as a closed water tank or closed air circulation system, often with interlocks that
automatically shut off the UV lamps if the system is opened for access by humans.For
human beings, skin exposure to germicidal wavelengths of UV light can produce rapid
sunburn and skin cancer [citation needed]. Exposure of the eyes to this UV radiation can
produce extremely painful inflammation of the cornea and temporary or permanent vision
impairment, up to and including blindness in some cases. UV can damage the retina of the
eye.

Another potential danger is the UV production of ozone, which can be harmful to health.
The US Environmental Protection Agency designated 0.05 parts per million (ppm) of
ozone to be a safe level. Lamps designed to release UVC and higher frequencies are doped
so that any UV light below 254 nm wavelengths will not be released, to minimize ozone
production. A full-spectrum lamp will release all UV wavelengths, and will produce ozone
when UVC hits oxygen (O2) molecules.

UV-C radiation is able to break down chemical bonds. This leads to rapid aging of plastics,
insulation, gaskets, and other materials. Note that plastics sold to be "UV-resistant" are
tested only for UV-B, as UV-C doesn't normally reach the surface of the Earth. When UV
is used near plastic, rubber, or insulation, care should be taken to shield these items; metal
tape or aluminum foil will suffice.

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Committee on

Physical Agents has established a TLV for UV-C exposure to avoid such skin and eye
injuries among those most susceptible. For 254 nm UV, this TLV is 6 mJ/cm² over an
eight-hour period. The TLV function differs by wavelengths because of variable energy
and potential for cell damage. This TLV is supported by the International Commission on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and is used in setting lamp safety standards by the
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. When TUSS was planned, and until
quite recently, this TLV was interpreted as if eye exposure in rooms was continuous over
eight hours and at the highest eye-level irradiance found in the room. In those highly
unlikely conditions, a 6.0 mJ/cm² dose is reached under the ACGIH TLV after just eight
hours of continuous exposure to an irradiance of 0.2 μW/cm². Thus, 0.2 μW/cm² was
widely interpreted as the upper permissible limit of irradiance at eye height.

1.2.3 Activated Carbon

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have
small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical
reactions. Activated is sometimes substituted with active.

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 Due to its high degree of microporosity, one gram of activated carbon has a surface area in
excess of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft) as determined by gas adsorption. An activation level
sufficient for useful application may be obtained solely from high surface area. Further
chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.

Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is sometimes used as biochar. When
derived from coal or corn it is referred to as activated coal. Activated coke is derived from
coke.

Fig. 1.6 Activated Charcoal

1.2.4 Air ionizer

An air ioniser (or negative ion generator or Chizhevsky's chandelier) is a device that uses
high voltage to ionise (electrically charge) air molecules. Negative ions, or anions, are
particles with one or more extra electron, conferring a net negative charge to the particle.
Cations are positive ions missing one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge.
Some commercial air purifiers are designed to generate negative ions. Another type of air
ioniser is the electrostatic discharge (ESD) ioniser (balanced ion generator) used to
neutralise static charge. In 2002, in an obituary in The Independent newspaper, Cecil
Alfred 'Coppy' Laws was credited with being the inventor of the domestic air ioniser.

Air ionisers have been used to eliminate the occurrence of air-borne bacterial infections
and to reduce static electricity buildup in electronics. Air ionisers are used in air purifiers
to remove particles from air.[1] Airborne particles become charged as they attract charged

16
ions from the ioniser by electrostatic attraction. The particles in turn are then attracted to
any nearby earthed (grounded) conductors, either deliberate plates within an air cleaner, or
simply the nearest walls and ceilings. The frequency of nosocomial infections in British
hospitals prompted the National Health Service (NHS) to research the effectiveness of
anions for air purification, finding that repeated airborne acinetobacter infections in a ward
were eliminated by the installation of a negative air ioniser—the infection rate fell to zero,
an unexpected result. Positive and negative ions produced by air conditioning systems have
also been found by a manufacturer to inactivate viruses including influenza.

However, a 2013 comprehensive review of 80 years of research into air ions and respiratory
function outcomes found that there was no clear support for any beneficial role in
respiratory function, nor evidence for significant detrimental effect. In conclusion,
"exposure to negative or positive air ions does not appear to play an appreciable role in
respiratory function."

The SARS epidemic fueled the desire for personal ionisers in East Asia, including Japan
(where many products have been specialised to contain negative ion generators, including
toothbrushes, refrigerators, air conditioners, air cleaners, and washing machines). There
are no specific standards for these devices.

There are two types of Ionic Air Purifiers, The fanless and fan base ionizers. The fan base
Ionizers uses its fan to circulate air around the room rapidly but it is noisier and consumes
more energy, while the fanless types distribute air slowly hence take a longer time to purify
air but are noiseless and energy efficient.

Fig. 1.7 Ionizer

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 CHAPTER 2
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
2.1 Earth Atmosphere7

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the
planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on
Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface,
absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention
(greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal
temperature variation).

By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon
dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water
vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content
and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis
by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere
and in artificial atmospheres.

The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15×1018 kg, three quarters of which is within about
11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with
increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.
The Kármán line, at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border
between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during
atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers
can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and
composition.

Fig. 2.1 Composition of Gas

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 2.2 Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases,
particles, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause
diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living
organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built
environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic
pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.
According to the 2014 World Health Organization report, air pollution in 2012 caused the
deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, an estimate roughly echoed by one from the
International Energy Agency.
2.2 Pollutants8
An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and
the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant
can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary.
Primary pollutants are usually produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption.
Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts or sulphur
dioxide released from the factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather,
they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a
prominent example of secondary pollutants. Some pollutants may be both primary and
secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.Before
flue-gas desulphurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New
Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulphur dioxide.
Thermal oxidisers are air pollution abatement options for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odorous emissions.
Substances emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include:
2.2.1 Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described
as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollution". Carbon dioxide is a natural
component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human
respiratory system. This question of terminology has practical effects, for example as
determining whether the U.S. Clean Air Act is deemed to regulate CO2emissions.CO2
currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about
280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO2 are emitted annually
by burning of fossil fuels.CO2 increase in earth's atmosphere has been accelerating.

19
2.2.2 Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sox particularly sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is
produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often
contain sulphur compounds, and their combustion generates sulphur dioxide. Further
oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and
thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the
use of these fuels as power sources.

2.2.3 Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature
combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge. They can
be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a
chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the
most prominent air pollutants, this reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp,
biting odor.
2.2.4 Carbon monoxide (CO)
CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-irritating gas. It is a product of combustion of
fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust contributes to the majority of
carbon monoxide let into our atmosphere. It creates a smog type formation in the air that
has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and
animals. In 2013, more than half of the carbon monoxide emitted into our atmosphere was
from vehicle traffic and burning one gallon of gas will often emit over 20 pounds of carbon
monoxide into the air.
2.2.5 Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
VOCs are a well-known outdoor air pollutant. They are categorized as either methane
(CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas
which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also
significant greenhouse gases because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the life
of methane in the atmosphere. This effect varies depending on local air quality. The
aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead
to leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1, 3-butadiene is another dangerous compound often
associated with industrial use.
2.2.6 Particulate matter
Alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter, or fine
particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers
to combined particles and gas. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from

20
 volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human
activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial
processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged worldwide,
anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for
approximately 10 percent of our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are
linked to health hazards such as heart disease,altered lung function and lung cancer.
Particulates are related to respiratory infections and can be particularly harmful to those
already suffering from conditions like asthma.
2.2.7 Ammonia
Ammonia emitted mainly by agricultural waste. Ammonia is a compound with the
formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor.
Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by
serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly,
is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use,
ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of
nitrogen and sulphur to form secondary particles.

Fig. 2.2 Harmful Gases Sources

21
2.3 Source of Problem in Ghaziabad
Siting fossil fuel power stations in mainly rural areas and distributing the pollution
produced more evenly via tall chimneys has resulted in improved urban air quality, though
they still remain a major source of pollution, mainly sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides.Better dispersion of pollutants emitted by tall chimneys leads to better dilution in
the air and thus lower local concentrations of pollutants. This has however led to pollution
being dispersed more widely and to transboundary air pollution.

Stricter operating practices and the use of modern abatement techniques have resulted in a
considerable reduction in the amount of pollutants emitted from power stations; high
concentrations do however occur in many eastern European countries, particularly from
older power stations and from the use of high sulphur lignite or brown coal. Exceptional
concentrations may also occur on a very local basis if a plume of smoke from, for example,
an industrial chimney falls to the ground due to local atmospheric conditions.
According to a recent analysis presented by the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board
(UPPCB) at a workshop on Saturday, dust is the most significant pollution source in most
districts of the national capital region (NCR), followed by industrial emissions.

Fig 2.3 Polluted cities of India

22
 “The state government is working on a biofuel policy, massive plantation drives and is
also organising a hackathon to promote startups that can provide solutions for tackling air
pollution. We are also actively looking at introducing more public transport with cleaner
fuel,” Anup Chandra Pandey, the chief secretary of UP, said.

According to an August 2018 report, PM10 is the most prominent pollutant in NCR cities.
In Noida, during the summer months, 47% of the PM10 in the atmosphere was because of
dust, 22% was contributed by industries, 13% by vehicles, 12% by biomass and 6% by
others. During winters, 29% of the PM10 was caused by dust, 25% each by industries and
vehicles, 12% by biomass and 9% by others.
A similar sectoral share of pollutant sources can be seen in Ghaziabad, Gurugram,
Faridabad, Bahadurgarh and Panipat. The report mentions that several NCR cities outside
Delhi contribute majorly to the high concentration of PM2.5 in the atmosphere.

As per the report, efforts are being made to monitor ambient air quality in UP’s NCR cities
to gather data on sources of pollution and devise a mitigation plan. It mentions that in 2017,
just one Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (CAAQMS) each was
installed in Noida and Ghaziabad and just one, among all seven UP districts of the NCR,
is functional as of now. However, three new CAAQMS each in Noida Ghaziabad and
Meerut are to be installed in the next three months.

“More realistic data will be available after the installation of nine new CAAQMS in NCR
districts,” states the report.Talking about the need for better data to monitor air quality, the
Noida authority’s chief executive officer Alok Tandon said that having more centres to
monitor air quality was essential for Noida, so that steps could be taken accordingly.

“We need data to find the source of pollution in NCR so that we can work out solutions to
fight the exact cause and type of pollutant, be it vehicular, industrial or due to construction,”
Tandon said. A residents’ association in Ghaziabad has asked IIT-Delhi to conduct a
detailed study of air polluting sources in this Delhi suburb in view of the deteriorating air
quality in the National Capital Region.

In a letter to IIT-Delhi, Col. Tejendra Pal Singh Tyagi (retd), president of the Apartment
Owners’ Association Federation, said PM1 (particulate matter of size less than 1 micro
metre) has been found in the NCR.

23
 A letter to the IIT from the member secretary of the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board
was written on May 11 to conduct a study, and the residents’ association wrote to the
institute to reiterate the UPPCB request.Col. Tyagi said the World Health Organisation had
in a study in 2010 said that Ghaziabad was among the top five places in India where the air
was heavily polluted.He said particulate matter was carcinogenic and it gets deposited in
the lower portion of the lungs, thereby reducing lung capacity which was an irreversible
problem. He said the association had asked IIT-Delhi in July to conduct a study, but five
months have passed and there has been no response.“We have been given to understand
that diesel emissions, burning of biomass, polluting air discharge from factories, dust from
the construction industry etc. contribute to PM2.5 and PM1. Therefore, you are requested
to carry out a study and give us an idea of the approximate percentage contribution of these
sources towards the formation of PM2.5 and PM1,” he said, quoting from the letter.

He said there were over 300 polluting industries and about 100 brick kilns in Ghaziabad,
and none of them conformed to the Pollution Control Board standards. “Effluent treatment
plants are said to be installed in all industries, but we have our doubts if they are in
operation round-the-clock,” he said. He again requested IIT-Delhi to conduct a detailed
study and suggest remedial measures.—IANS
2.4 Choosing Of This Project
We all know that human health is the most precious health is the world, but in the era of
Development we forged to take care of our health, we are so much busy in our work that we are
not focusing about our own health. In the era of modern power the use of Fossils Fuels, automobile
pollution and many other factor leading to pollution. The people who are rich they can effort an
heavy brand air purifier, but the poor for whom there are no body to talk about there health. Our
constitution provide us the right to pure Air, so we the students of B.Tech Final Year has choose
this topic so that it might help to mankind, with less cost and better efficiency.

Fig 2.4 Saving Of Earth

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT
3.1 Idea of Design
The idea of design come with having in mind the knowledge of Aerodynamics.
Aerodynamics, from Greek aer (air) + δυναμική (dynamics), is the study of motion of air,
particularly as interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It is a sub-field of
fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common
to these fields.
The term aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, the difference
being that "gas dynamics" applies to the study of the motion of all gases, and is not limited
to air. The formal study of aerodynamics began in the modern sense in the eighteenth
century, although observations of fundamental concepts such as aerodynamic drag were
recorded much earlier. Most of the early efforts in aerodynamics were directed toward
achieving heavier-than-air flight, which was first demonstrated by Otto Lilienthal in 1891.
Since then, the use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical
approximations, wind tunnel experimentation, and computer simulations has formed a
rational basis for the development of heavier-than-air flight and a number of other
technologies. Recent work in aerodynamics has focused on issues related to compressible
flow, turbulence, and boundary layers and has become increasingly computational in
nature.
3.1.1 Concept of Aerodynamics
Understanding the motion of air around an object (often called a flow field) enables the
calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. In many aerodynamics problems,
the forces of interest are the fundamental forces of flight: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Of
these, lift and drag are aerodynamic forces, i.e. forces due to air flow over a solid body.
Calculation of these quantities is often founded upon the assumption that the flow field
behaves as a continuum. Continuum flow fields are characterized by properties such as
flow velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, which may be functions of position and
time. These properties may be directly or indirectly measured in aerodynamics experiments
or calculated starting with the equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy
in air flows. Density, flow velocity, and an additional property, viscosity, are used to
classify flow fields. The dynamic pressure, along with the static pressure and the pressure
due to elevation, is used in Bernoulli's principle as an energy balance on a closed system.
The three terms are used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible,
constant-density fluid.When the dynamic pressure is divided by the product of fluid density
and acceleration due to gravity, g, the result is called velocity head, which is used in head
equations like the one used for pressure head and hydraulic head. In a venturi flow meter,
the differential pressure head can be used to calculate the differential velocity head, which
are equivalent in the adjacent picture. An alternative to velocity head is dynamic head.

25
 Fig. 3.1 Aerodynamics Lift
We have make the design such that, there will be best use of air for inlet and outlet of it,
there will be less power required by the exhaust fan to suck the air from the atmosphere.
3.2 Design of Project
We have make the design in both 2D and 3D, with the help of software available in the
market like for 2D we have use AUTOCAD and for 3D we have use SolidWorks.
3.2.1 AutoCAD10
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software
application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on
mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a
separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app
as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.

AutoCAD is used in the industry, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic

designers, city planners and other professionals. It was supported by 750 training centers
worldwide in 1994.
3.2.2 SolidWorks11
SolidWorks is a solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided
engineering (CAE) computer program that runs on Microsoft Windows. SolidWorks is
published by Dassault Systems ,According to the publisher, over two million engineers and

26
designers at more than 165,000 companies were using SolidWorks as of 2013.Also
according to the company, fiscal year 2011–12 revenue for SolidWorks totalled $483
million. SolidWorks is a solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based approach
which was initially developed by PTC (Creo/Pro-Engineer) to create models and
assemblies. The software is written on Parasolid-kernel.

Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the
model or assembly. Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or
circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal
or vertical, etc. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use of
relations, which allows them to capture design intent.

Design intent is how the creator of the part wants it to respond to changes and updates.
For example, you would want the hole at the top of a beverage can to stay at the top surface,
regardless of the height or size of the can. SolidWorks allows the user to specify that the
hole is a feature on the top surface, and will then honor their design intent no matter what
height they later assign to the can.

Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that
construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes
such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material
from the part. Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as
fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc.
Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are
available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs,
conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define
the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as
tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity. The parametric nature of
SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way
around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships
to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch.

In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define
conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to sketch
geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts
or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies. SolidWorks also includes
additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates.

27
3.3 Items Required
3.3.1 Sheet metal
Firstly we have taken a galvanized sheet and make out the sheet according to the Design,
we have choose this sheet because Galvanizing is a surface treatment, so the bulk property
of the material is not affected by galvanizing. Galvanizing is process of applying zinc on
the surface to improve corrosion resistance. Zn is more electronegative than iron/ steel
hence when kept in corrosive environment Zn acts as anode and get corroded preferentially.
Such a type of corrosion protection is called Cathodic protection and because the coating
gets preferentially corroded it is called Sacrificial Cathodic protection.

Other properties like tensile strength, yield point, heat capacity, refractive index etc are
bulk property, do not depend upon coating, If the galvanized coat introduces compressive
strength on surface then it increases the fatigue life. Galvanized steel and aluminum – more
commonly known as sheet metal, metal ductwork is very strong.

Fig. 3.2 sheet metal

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3.3.2 Iron Tube

Fig. 3.3 Iron Rod

We have use the hollow rectangular section rod as we want a strong frame as well as, a
section where we can bolt our other items. Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-gray
metal (group VIII of the periodic table). It is known to exist in four distinct crystalline
forms. Iron rusts in damp air, but not in dry air. It dissolves readily in dilute acids. Iron is
chemically active and forms two major series of chemical compounds, the bivalent iron
(II), or ferrous, compounds and the trivalent iron (III), or ferric, compounds. Iron is
believed to be the tenth most abundant element in the universe. Iron is also the most
abundant (by mass, 34.6%) element making up the Earth; the concentration of iron in the
various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer crust.
Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite,
and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel
alloyIron is essential to almost living things, from micro-organisms to humans.
World production of new iron is over 500 million tonnes a year, and recycled iron add other
300 million tonnes. Economically workable reserves of iron ores exceed 100 billion tonnes.
The main mining areas are China, Brazil, Australia, Russia and Ukraine, with sizeable
amounts mined in the USA, Canada, Venezuela, Sweeden and India
3.3.3 Exaust Fan
This is used for sucking air form the surrounds, to make it entry to the air purifier. Exhaust
fans work by sucking hot or humid air out of a small, localised area, allowing fresh air to
enter from elsewhere (perhaps a doorway or vent) in order to replace it. The warm air that's
drawn out using an exhaust fan is then pulled through a ducting system and expelled
outside. . The fan uses a motor to turn its blades, which function to pull air out of the space.
The stale, humid, or contaminated air is propelled through the exhaust vent, exiting the
home. The specifications of the exhaust fan is it is having speed of 2600 RPM, It is of
dimensions 300mm (12”).

29
 Fig. 3.4 Exaust Fan
3.3.4 UV tubelight and Holders
We have taken 2 15w UV light Tubelight of lenth 45cm each whivh are made from Poland.
Ultraviolet light is the electromagnectic radiation in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm. The
UV light spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than those
that humans can identify as the violet in colour. These frequencies are invisible to most
humans except those with aphakia (the absence of the lens of the eye). There are two
sources of UV light; natural and artifical sources. The sunlight is the main source of the
natural UV ligth. On the other hand, the artifical source could be generated by florescent
lamp, gas-discharge lamp, laser, and LED. In this paper, the spectrum of the common
ultraviolet light in the market such as the black light lamp, germicidal lamp, aquarium lamp
and insect lamp will be discussed.

Fig. 3.5 UV tubelight

30
It all has to do with the UV-C light’s ability to destroy cells. UV light harms cells by
destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, which either kills them or leaves them
incapacitated. After prolonged exposure to UV light, cells are unable to perform their vital
functions.

With an air purifier with UV-light technology, air is pulled into the appliance and passes
through a fine filter, such as a HEPA filter. The air then passes through a small internal
chamber where it is exposed to UV light. The UV-C light is not released into the room, so
you won’t see it nor will you be exposed to it. Depending on the model, the air will then
go through another filter before being released into the room.
Various air purifiers serve different purposes and achieve different goals.While many are
versatile, removing multiple types of contaminants, some are specialized for dust, pollen,
pet dander, or even odors.
So, what about UV light?
Because UV light is effective in killing cells, it is therefore effective at eliminating living
airborne organisms. Namely, mold and mildew. Mold reproduces through spores that are
released into the air, much like pollen from a flower. The mold spores float in the air and
eventually land in places where they can grow into new mold. With the use of germicidal
UV-C light in air purifiers, you not only trap mold spores, you effectively destroy them,
keeping the spores from forming new mold. UV light is extremely effective at destroying
airborne contaminants such as mold spores, but if mold has already taken hold, it will need
to be cleaned by direct methods.
Air purifiers can only eliminate the spores floating through the air, they can’t do anything
about the mold hiding in walls or underneath carpet. Another use for UV light is the
elimination of viruses and bacteria. While more research and development is needed, it is
clear that UV light, when properly utilized, can reduce the amount of viruses and bacteria
in the air.

Fig. 3.5 Circuit Arrangements of Tubelighgt

31
3.3.5 HEPA Filter9
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA),originally called high-efficiency particulate
absorber but also sometimes called high-efficiency particulate arresting or high-efficiency
particulate arrestance, is a type of air filter. Filters meeting the HEPA standard have many
applications, including use in clean rooms for IC fabrication, medical facilities,
automobiles, aircraft and homes. The filter must satisfy certain standards of efficiency such
as those set by the United States Department of Energy (DOE).Varying standards define
what qualifies as a HEPA filter. The two most common standards require that an air filter
must remove (from the air that passes through) 99.95% (European Standard) or 99.97%
(ASME standard) of particles that have a size greater than or equal to 0.3 µm. See the
Specifications section for more information.

HEPA was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered
trademark and later a generic term for highly efficient filters. HEPA filters are composed
of a mat of randomly arranged fibres.[6] The fibers are typically composed of fiberglass
and possess diameters between 0.5 and 2.0 micrometers. Key factors affecting its functions
are fibre diameter, filter thickness, and face velocity. The air space between HEPA filter
fibers is typically much greater than 0.3 μm. The common assumption that a HEPA filter
acts like a sieve where particles smaller than the largest opening can pass through is
incorrect and impractical. Unlike membrane filters at this pore size, where particles as wide
as the largest opening or distance between fibers can not pass in between them at all, HEPA
filters are designed to target much smaller pollutants and particles. These particles are
trapped (they stick to a fiber) through a combination of the following three mechanisms:

Diffusion
an enhancing mechanism that is a result of the collision with gas molecules by the smallest
particles, especially those below 0.1 µm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and
delayed in their path through the filter; this behavior is similar to Brownian motion and
raises the probability that a particle will be stopped by either interception or impaction; this
mechanism becomes dominant at lower air flow velocities.
Interception
where particles following a line of flow in the air stream come within one radius of a fiber
and adhere to it.
Impaction
where larger particles are unable to avoid fibers by following the curving contours of the
air stream and are forced to embed in one of them directly; this effect increases with
diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity.

32
 Diffusion predominates below the 0.1 μm diameter particle size, whilst impaction and
interception predominate above 0.4 μm.[7] In between, near the most penetrating particle
size (MPPS) 0.21 μm, both diffusion and interception are comparatively inefficient.[8]
Because this is the weakest point in the filter's performance, the HEPA specifications use
the retention of particles near this size (0.3 μm) to classify the filter.[7] However it is
possible for particles smaller than the MPPS to not have filtering efficiency greater than
that of the MPPS. This is due to the fact that these particles can act as nucleation sites for
mostly condensation and form particles near the MPPS.

Fig. 3.6 HEPA Filter

3.3.6 Titanium Oxide5
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of
titanium, chemical formula TiO.
When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891.
Generally, it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications,
including paint, sunscreen and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171.
World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. It has been estimated that titanium
dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide has been valued at
$13.2 billion. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the well-known minerals rutile, anatase and
brookite, and additionally as two high pressure forms, a monoclinic baddeleyite-like form and an
orthorhombic α-PbO2-like form, both found recently at the Ries crater in Bavaria. One of these is
known as akaogiite is an extremely rare mineral.[8][9][10] It is mainly sourced from ilmenite ore.
This is the most widespread form of titanium dioxide-bearing ore around the world. Rutile is the
next most abundant and contains around 98% titanium dioxide in the ore. The metastable anatase

33
.and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above
temperatures in the range 600–800 °C (1,112–1,472 °F).

Titanium dioxide has eight modifications – in addition to rutile, anatase, and brookite, three
metastable phases can be produced synthetically (monoclinic, tetragonal and orthorombic), and
five high-pressure forms (α-PbO2-like, baddeleyite-like, cotunnite-like, orthorhombic OI, and
cubic phases) also exist, Titanium dioxide is incompatible with strong reducing agents and strong
acids. Violent or incandescent reactions occur with molten metals that are electropositive, e.g.
aluminium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and lithium.

Many sunscreens use nanoparticle titanium dioxide (along with nanoparticle zinc oxide) which,
despite reports of potential health risks, is not actually absorbed through the skin. Other effects of
titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human health are not well understood.

Titanium dioxide dust, when inhaled, has been classified by the International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, meaning it is possibly carcinogenic to
humans.The findings of the IARC are based on the discovery that high concentrations of pigment-
grade (powdered) and ultrafine titanium dioxide dust caused respiratory tract cancer in rats
exposed by inhalation and intratracheal instillation. The series of biological events or steps that
produce the rat lung cancers (e.g. particle deposition, impaired lung clearance, cell injury, fibrosis,
mutations and ultimately cancer) have also been seen in people working in dusty environments.
Therefore, the observations of cancer in animals were considered, by IARC, as relevant to people
doing jobs with exposures to titanium dioxide dust. For example, titanium dioxide production
workers may be exposed to high dust concentrations during packing, milling, site cleaning and
maintenance, if there are insufficient dust control measures in place. However, the human studies
conducted so far do not suggest an association between occupational exposure to titanium dioxide
and an increased risk for cancer. The safety of the use of nano-particle sized titanium dioxide,
which can penetrate the body and reach internal organs, has been criticized.

Fig. 3.7 TiO

34
3.3.7 Activated Charcoal
Activated charcoal is most known for its capability to facilitate a chemical process called
adsorption. This means it can trap harmful chemicals and toxins in the bloodstream in its
pores.9 According to a 2000 British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology article, activated
charcoal's beneficial effects may be at their best when taken at least an hour after toxic
substance intake.
Mold may cause health issues like depression, reduced brain function, kidney and liver
failure, eye irritation and weakened immune system function. Activated charcoal may help
combat these effects. Prior to using activated charcoal, consult a physician first to fully
check for symptoms of mold exposure. Talk to a professional to check for the presence of
mold at home so that the situation can be properly dealt with
• Help prevent premature aging — Activated charcoal may aid in supporting adrenal gland
health and preventing cellular damage to your kidneys13 (when taken alongside a low-
protein diet14) and liver.15

• Help relieve gastrointestinal issues — Activated charcoal may be useful for people
dealing with bloating, diarrhea and other related issues, since it can bind with gas-causing
byproducts in foods.16 In fact, the U.K.'s National Health Service (NHS) has promoted the
use of over-the-counter charcoal tablets as a potential method to address flatulence.17

• Assist in treating bug and/or snake bites — If you or someone you know is suffering from
the effects of bee stings or mosquito, fire ant, or spider bites, a combination of activated
charcoal and coconut oil may help address the condition.
They are designed to filter gases through a bed of activated carbon (also called activated
charcoal) and are usually used to combat volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released
from common household products. They are also often used to remove odors from the air,
such as the smell of tobacco smoke.

Fig. 3.8 Activated carbon

35
3.4 Making of Project
Firstly, cutting the sheet metal and forming the required shape, the figure shown below tell us
about the upcoming shape of the project.

Fig. 3.9 shaping of sheet

The S shape of the sheet has been done to best use of aerodynamics. Here we can see that the
upward portion is the inlet while the bottom portion is the outlet.
Secondly, We have use the Rivet to give the layout of th project and we have make use of the
frame made from the iron rods. A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed,
a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to the head
is called the tail. On installation, the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is
upset, or bucked (i.e., deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter,
holding the rivet in place. In other words, pounding creates a new "head" on the other end by
smashing the "tail" material flatter, resulting in a rivet that is roughly a dumbbell shape. To
distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the
deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail.

36
Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support tension loads.
However, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft).
The picture shown below shows the our team members are using rivet to give a structure to our
project.

Fig. 3.10 shaping of frame

Now,with the help of rivets, iron rods we have make the frame of the our project, Frame of project
is always required to view an idea about the project, the picture shown below will give a idea of
shaping of the project, where we can clearly see that the S shape of the project is for the best use
of aerodynamics.We have use rivet for framing because we want firslty to make the frame then
installing the materials inside the project.Then the focus will be Airtighht of the shape, for which
we have decided to make the Gas welding to the sides of project.

37
 Fig. 3.11 Backward portion of project
Now, the below picture will show about the front portion of the project where all the items
will be assembled, the above portion ia the inlet where there will be three layers of
purification, the first layer will be of normal aluminium made net following by packets of
Titanium oxide mixed will the activated charcoal then there is 2 UV light tubelight. The
combination putted is such that we know that Titanium oxide in present of activated
charcoal along with UV light will change the Carbon Monoxide to the carbon Dioxide
whichis less harmful to the CO. Now the carbon dioxide will then pass through the HEPA
filter then in the outcome we will get the pure air to breathe. The technology used is very
simple in which we have just maintain the perfect use of science for purification of air.we
mainly focus to the making the cost as low as possible.

Fig. 3.12 Front portion of the frame

38
Now we have done the welding inside the frame so that we can make the arrangement of
installation of the items.we have done the electric arc welding in the iron rod and gas
welding to the sheet metal.

Fig. 3.13 Electric arc welding

We have installed the exhaust fan in the bottom of the frame with the help of Nut and
Bolt,firstly we have take an iron strip,then we have make an 10mm drill on the strip, then
we have weld the strip to the frame in the iron rod portion.
We have taken the help of the Nut and Bolt because we want to make it less possible
efforts to the maintainance of the purifier. So that in future if there is any damage to the
fan,then we can simply open the bolt and change it.

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 Fig. 3.14 Installation of the exhaust fan
Now, we have installed the HEPA in the area between the UV tubelight and before the
exhaust fan.we have arranged the format such that we can make the maintaince as when
we required.The next photo in the line shown that how we have make the project to ease
the maintanice of the project

Fig. 3.15 window for installation

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Now the next picture will show that how the filter and the exhaust fan is installed together and we
have make it adjustable for the maintainance.we have use the filter of size 14” perfectly installed
in the air fiilter.It is so to convert the co2 to non harmful gases.

Fig.3.16 HEPA filter installation

Now the next portion is focus to the inlet part of the filter,As there is three layer portion on the
inlet part.The Third one is the UV tubelight part.For which we have itself make Tubelight holder
although we have make the Choke itself,as we are working on the 15w tubelight for which we
required the 15w choke, as in market there is no choke availabe of 15w so we have use the circuit
of the LED Light.

Fig. 3.17 Holders stand for tubelight

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Now, we will talk about the 2nd layer of almunium net,in which we are placing the Titanium oxide
along with the activated charcoal together.we are making the packets of the titanium oxide as
shown in the picture below,then we are hanging the packets in the almuniun net.

Fig. 3.18 Packets of TiO

Now, we are Testing the project,whether it is working perfectly or not.we are happy by our project
performance as it start working in the very first attemp.the next figure will show the testing of the
project and our team member happy face.

Fig. 3.19 Testing of Air purifier

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At, last we can see that our project is final and painted also.we have painted the purifier in the
Green colour because we want our project to give tribute to the Mother Nature.

Fig. 3.20 Final touchup

Now finally we have make the stand for the project.

Fig. 3.21 Stand

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 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Air Pollutants
Air pollutant emission factors are reported representative values that attempt to relate the
quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air with an activity associated with the
release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant
divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant
(e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per tonne of coal burned). Such factors facilitate
estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. In most cases, these factors
are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed
to be representative of long-term averages.

There are 12 compounds in the list of persistent organic pollutants. Dioxins and furans are
two of them and intentionally created by combustion of organics, like open burning of
plastics. These compound 'Criteria air pollutants' is a term used internationally to describe
air pollutants that have been regulated and are used as indicators of air quality. The
regulations or standards are based on criteria that relate to health and/or environmental
effects. One key feature of criteria air pollutants is that they are generally widely distributed
across the country.

Australia has set national standards for six criteria air pollutants in outdoor (or ambient)
air: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particles and sulfur dioxide. A
Factsheet is available for each of these air pollutants:

Carbon monoxide
Lead
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Particles
Sulfur dioxides are also endocrine disruptors and can mutate the human genes.
We check the quality of the air with the help of AQI (Air Quality Index)

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4.2 AQI (Air Quality Index)1
An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to the public how
polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. Public health risks increase
as the AQI rises. Different countries have their own air quality indices, corresponding to different
national air quality standards. Some of these are the Air Quality Health Index (Canada), the Air
Pollution Index (Malaysia), and the Pollutant Standards Index (Singapore).

Computation of the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period,
obtained from an air monitor or model. Taken together, concentration and time represent the dose
of the air pollutant. Health effects corresponding to a given dose are established by epidemiological
research.Air pollutants vary in potency, and the function used to convert from air pollutant
concentration to AQI varies by pollutant. Its air quality index values are typically grouped into
ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a color code, and a standardized public health advisory.

The AQI can increase due to an increase of air emissions (for example, during rush hour traffic or
when there is an upwind forest fire) or from a lack of dilution of air pollutants. Stagnant air, often
caused by an anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind speeds lets air pollution remain in a
local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants, chemical reactions between air
contaminants and hazy conditions.Signboard in Gulfton, Houston indicating an ozone watcOn a
day when the AQI is predicted to be elevated due to fine particle pollution, an agency or public
health organization might:

Advise sensitive groups, such as the elderly, children, and those with respiratory or cardiovascular
problems to avoid outdoor exertion.
declare an "action day" to encourage voluntary measures to reduce air emissions, such as using
public transportation.
recommend the use of masks to keep fine particles from entering the lungs.
During a period of very poor air quality, such as an air pollution episode, when the AQI indicates
that acute exposure may cause significant harm to the public health, agencies may invoke
emergency plans that allow them to order major emitters (such as coal burning industries) to curtail
emissions until the hazardous conditions abate.

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 Fig. 4.1 AQI Standard
4.3 AQI of Ghaziabad
Average AQI of Dasna,Ghaziabad is 340 ( very poor )

NO2 195.5 µg/m³, AQI 215 Poor

O3 56.27 µg/m³, AQI 56 Satisfactory
PM2.5 132.0 µg/m³, AQI 300 Severe
SO2 49.9 µg/m³, AQI 59 Satisfactory
PM10 390.0 µg/m³, AQI 340 Poor
CO 1240.0 µg/m³, AQI 62 Severe
Humidity 24.0 %
Barometric Pressure 1004.0 hPa
4.4. Final Result
After using our purifier the AQI reduces to ……………

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 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY
we finnaly reach to the summary part where we will tell the whole process in a very short manner.
Firstly, we have study about the pollution in our city and find that pollution in ghaziabad is very
top amongst the cities of world. It is a very serious problem but no body is taking serious steps
towards it.we see that air purifier present in the market is very costly,so we take the chance to
make the purifier so that it could help the mankind.
So we do the research and find that there are many thinf thata can purify the air so we have selected
the items like, UV tubelight,Titanium Oxide,Activated charcoal and put them together and find
that TiO along with the activated charcoal in the presence of UV light will change CO to the CO2.
So we have have the inlet same only, Then we have see that to reduce the effect of CO2 the HEPA
filter will be the pefect choice. so we installed the same.
Now at final we can say that we have make an step to a better world,so its time for all of us to take
part in it and to help in mankind.

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 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1. https://app.cpcbccr.com/AQI_India/
2. http://www.neeri.res.in/
3. https://www.oransi.com/page/uv-light
4. http://www.airpurifierguide.org/tech/the-history-of-air-purifiers
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957582016301525
6. https://molekule.com/blog/activated-carbon-air-filter/
7. https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/overview.html
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant
9. https://www.cowaymega.com/what-is-a-hepa-filter/
10. https://www.autodesk.com/products/autocad/overview
11. https://www.solidworks.com/

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