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Understanding Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) that maintains phase continuity and improves noise performance at the cost of increased system complexity. In MSK, two frequencies are used to represent binary symbols, with a specific deviation ratio that allows for coherent orthogonality between the signals. The generation and detection of MSK signals involve sinusoidal waves and coherent detection techniques, resulting in a defined bit error rate (BER).

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21 views36 pages

Understanding Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) that maintains phase continuity and improves noise performance at the cost of increased system complexity. In MSK, two frequencies are used to represent binary symbols, with a specific deviation ratio that allows for coherent orthogonality between the signals. The generation and detection of MSK signals involve sinusoidal waves and coherent detection techniques, resulting in a defined bit error rate (BER).

Uploaded by

ajithasin861
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Minimum Shift Keying

Sunde’s FSK: It is a continuous-phase signal, in the sense


that phase continuity is always maintained, including the
inter-bit switching times.
In MSK, by proper use of the continuous-phase property
when performing detection it is possible to improve the
noise performance of the receiver significantly with
increased system complexity.
Minimum Shift Keying
Consider a continuous-phase frequency-shift
keying (CPFSK) signal, which is defined for
the signaling interval 0 ≤t ≤ Tb as follows:
Ɵ(0) sums up the past history of the FM
process up to time t = 0.
f1 and f2 are sent in response to binary
symbols 1 and 0, respectively
In conventional angle-modulated signal form,
ɵ(t) is the phase of s(t) at time t.
Modulated signal s(t) is itself also continuous at all times,
including the inter-bit switching times if the phase ɵ (t) is
a continuous function of time.
The phase ɵ (t) of a CPFSK signal increases or decreases
linearly with time during each bit duration of Tb seconds

Plus sign corresponds to sending symbol ‘1’ and the


minus sign corresponds to sending symbol ‘0’.
Insert page 1
Nominal carrier frequency fc is, therefore, the arithmetic
mean of the transmitted frequencies f1 and f2.
Deviation ratio: Difference between the frequencies f1
and f2, normalized with respect to the bit rate 1/Tb, defines
the dimensionless parameter h.
Phase Trellis
Substituting time t = Tb in ɵ(t),

Sending symbol 1 increases the phase of a CPFSK signal


s(t) by πh radians, whereas sending symbol 0 reduces it by
an equal amount.
Phase of a CPFSK signal is an odd or even multiple of πh
radians at odd or even multiples of the bit duration Tb,
respectively.
The variation of phase ɵ(t) with time t follows a path
consisting of a sequence of straight lines, the slopes of
which represent frequency changes
Phase tree
Sunde’s FSK: Deviation ratio ‘h’ is exactly unity
Phase change over one bit interval is ±π radians.
change of + π radians is exactly the same as a change of
–π radians, modulo 2π.
It follows, therefore, that in the case of Sunde’s FSK there
is no memory;
that is, knowing which particular change occurred in the
previous signaling interval provides no help in the current
signaling interval
Deviation ratio h = (1/2)
Phase can take on only the two values ±(π/2) at odd
multiples of Tb
Only the two values 0 and π at even multiples of Tb
Trellis: Treelike structure with re-emerging branches
Each path from left to right through the trellis
corresponds to a specific binary sequence at the
transmitter input.
Phase trellis; boldfaced path
represents the sequence 1101000
with ɵ(0) = 0
The frequency deviation h = 1/2 is the minimum
frequency spacing that allows the two FSK signals
representing symbols 1 and 0 to be coherently orthogonal
Symbols 1 and 0 do not interfere with one another in the
process of detection.
It is for this reason that a CPFSK signal with a deviation
ratio of one-half is commonly referred to as minimum
shift-keying (MSK).
Signal-Space Diagram of MSK
In phase: Half-cycle cosine pulse
Plus sign corresponds to ɵ(0) = 0 and the minus sign
corresponds to ɵ(0) = π.
Half-cycle sine pulse
plus sign corresponds to ɵ(Tb) =π/2 and the
minus sign corresponds to ɵ(Tb) = -π/2 .
In-phase and quadrature components of the MSK signal
differ from each other in two important respects:
(i) they are in phase quadrature with respect to each other
and
(ii) the polarity of the in-phase component sI(t) depends
on ɵ(0), whereas the polarity of the quadrature
component sQ(t) depends on ɵ(Tb).
Signal-Space Diagram
Two orthonormal basis functions: Pair of
sinusoidally modulated quadrature carriers
Moving in a counterclockwise direction, the
coordinates of the message points are as
follows
QPSK, moving from one message point to an adjacent
one, is produced by sending a two-bit symbol (i.e., dibit).
MSK, on the other hand, moving from one message point
to an adjacent one, is produced by sending a binary
symbol, 0 or 1. However, each symbol shows up in two
opposite quadrants, depending on the value of the phase-
pair: ɵ(0) and ɵ(Tb).
The coordinates of the message points, s1
and s2, have opposite signs when symbol 1 is
sent in this interval, but the same sign when
symbol 0 is sent
binary sequence 1101000
The two modulation frequencies are f1 =
5/4Tb and
f2 = 3/4Tb
Generation of MSK Signals
Two input sinusoidal waves,
 one of frequency fc = nc/4Tb for some fixed integer nc
frequency 1/4Tb,
are first applied to a product modulator.
This modulator produces two phase-coherent sinusoidal
waves at frequencies f1 and f2, which are related to the
carrier frequency fc and the bit rate 1/Tb
 t  1   t   t  
cos2f c t cos    cos 2f c t    cos 2f c t   
 2Tb  2   2Tb   2Tb  
t t
2f1t 2f c t  ;2f 2 t 2f c t 
2Tb 2Tb
cos2f1t  cos2f 2 t  cosA  B  cosA  B 
 t 
cosA cosB  cos2f c t cos  1 t 
 2Tb 
cos2f 2 t  cos2f1t  cosA  B  cosA  B 
 t 
sin A sin B  sin 2f c t sin    2 t 
 2Tb 
Coherent Detection of MSK Signals
Error Probability of MSK
BER for the coherent detection of MSK
signals is given by

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