INTRODUCTION

“Scientists study the world as it is!

Engineers create the world that never has been!!”

 “விஞ்ஞானிகள் உலகத்தை அது உள்ளபடி
படிக்கிறார்கள்!

பொறியாளர்கள் இதுவரை இல்லாத உலகை

உருவாக்குகிறார்கள்”
IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
AS A GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
Graphic Communication: Communication of ideas through sketches is probably the oldest form of
communication among humans. Pre-historic man used a stick as equipment to scratch out a
message in the sand. Early Egyptians used pictures as a form of communication with the equipment
of paint and brush. Whether the tools are a simple pencil and sketch pad or a computer controlled
plotting device — the basic need to draw pictures is still present.
Language of Engineers: “A neat drawing is worth pages of explanation.” We easily grasp the
information about an object, if it is illustrated with drawings. -F or example, by drawing one or two
sketches of a building, the details such as shapes and sizes of various rooms, etc., can be conveyed
precisely.
Engineering Drawing is the Language of Engineers: Engineering Drawing is the drawing of an object
containing all necessary information like actual shape, size, etc., required for the manufacturing of an
engineering component. It is drawn well before it is manufactured. Therefore, the person who draws
the drawing should have a clear picture of the shape and size of the component in his / her mind.
Universal Language of Engineers: This is an era of globalization and establishment of Multi National
Companies (MNCs). Technological development of a country is the deciding factor for its export
potential. Engineering drawings prepared in a country are adopted in other countries. So,
engineering drawing is called the Universal Language of Engineers.

Visualization Concept: Engineering Graphics is the graphic language, from which an engineer can
visualize the object and then effectively communicate his/her ideas and designs to others in the form
of pictorial drawings. Reading, understanding and-interpreting an engineering drawing requires a lot
of skill of imagination and the ability of visualization of the actual object.

Communication Skill: The engineer must have perfect knowledge and communication skill in
drawing. As the bad language is unpleasant to read and communicate, so also a wrong drawing will
worry a trained eye. It is doubtful if any engineer can fulfill his / her functions completely and
efficiently without the ability to read or to prepare, i.e., to communicate others in the form of
drawings. Yes! Many good technical ideas of yours may get rejected because of poor communication
skill in the graphic language.
 CLASSIFICATIONS

• Plane Geometry: Plane Geometry is the art of representation of geometrical

objects having Two Dimensions (2D), i.e., length and breadth on a Two
Dimensional (2D) drawing sheet. Chapters 3 — 6 deal with the concept of
Plane Geometry, where the constructions of the geometrical figures having
only two dimensions (2D) are discussed.
• (ii) Solid Geometry: | Solid Geometry is the representation of geometrical
objects of Three Dimensions (3D), i.e., Length, Breadth/Width and Height on a
Two Dimensional (2D — Length and Breadth/Width) drawing sheet. Chapters 7
— 24 deal with the concept of Solid Geometry. Solid Geometry deals with the
representation of Points, Lines, Plane Surfaces and Solids in the form of
projections on your 2D drawing sheet.
 APPLICATIONS
Engineering Drawing and Graphics is a core subject for all the branches of engineering. It is used in different engineering disciplines to design and draw:

(i) Machine components, Transmission systems, CNC machine tools, Mechanics of solids, Robotics, etc., in
Mechanical and Production Engineering.
(ii) Structures, Plan of buildings, Multi-storied complex, Bridges, Stadium, etc., Town planning, Mapping,
Contour plotting in Civil and Architectural Engineering. c
(iii) Circuit layouts, Electrical-wiring diagrams, Panel design, Control schematics, etc., in Electrical Engineering.
(iv) Measuring instruments, Sensors, etc., in Instrumentation Engineering.
(v) Schematic diagrams of Printed circuits, Microprocessors, Integrated circuits, etc., in Electronics including
Computer Science Engineering.
(vi) Communication network, Satellite transmitting pictures, etc., in Communication Engineering.
vii) I.C. Engines, Kinematics, Steering, Hydraulic circuits, etc., in Automobile Engineering.
viii) Spacecraft, Jet propulsion, Flight simulator, Lofting, etc., in Aeronautical Engineering.
(ix) Fashion design of garments in Textile Technology
(x) Metallurgical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Marine Engineering, etc.
CAN COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CADr) REPLACE THE MANUAL
DRAFTING TOOLS FOR THE LEARNING PROCESS?
Compared to Manual Drafting, Computer Aided Drafting is faster as well as accurate. No doubt, much
time can be saved by using the computer to make even complicated engineering drawings.
However, remember, the learning process is accomplished through the traditional manual drafting
tools only. The computer cannot replace the drafting board and equipment as a learning tool.
Yes!
Computer Aided Drafting is not a substitute for Manual Drafting. It is only a tool that can be used to
supplement traditional drafting tools.
The underlying basic concepts of construction of 2D and 3D drawings remain the same regardless of
the tools chosen to create the graphics. It is ideal to first master the fundamentals of engineering
drawings.
Having grasped the fundamentals and acquired sufficient practice on the drawing board, then try
your hands on your user- friendly computer. The computer would then come handy in doing the task.
Parallel Example: A somewhat parallel example is the usefulness of calculators. Calculators are used
to solve math(s) problems, but knowledge of math(s) is still required by the user to solve problems.
What is eliminated is the tedious task of performing longhand mathematical manipulations!
 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS [DRAFTING TOOLS]
“Plan your work and Work your plan!”
Drawing Instruments are used to prepare neat and scaled drawings. They are listed below:
• Drawing Board
• Protractor-cum-Procircle
• Drawing Sheets
• Drawing Pencils (HB, H and 2H )
• Standard Set-Scales
• Sharpener and Emery Paper
• Mini-Drafter
• Adhesive Tape (Cello-Tape) / Clips
• Instrument Box
• Pencil Eraser are Set-Squares (45° & 30° - 60°) . French Curves
 DRAWING BOARD (IS 1444: 1989 )
• Drawing board is of standard size 650 mm x 470 mm as recommended
by IS 1444 : 1989
• DRAWING SHEETS (IS 10711: 2001 )
MINI- DRAFTER

• A Drafting Machine is used by professional draftsman to prepare drawings. It combines the functions of T-Square,
Set-Squares, Scales, Clinograph and Protractor.
• A miniature version of the drafting machine known as Mini-Drafter is used for drafting by students.
• It is used for different drafting operations, viz., to draw horizontal, vertical and inclined lines, parallel and
perpendicular lines and also for measuring lines and angles.
DRAWING PENCILS
• HB - (Soft grade) _ ... Used for drawing Border Lines, Lettering and
Freehand sketching.
• H - (Medium grade)... Used for drawing Visible outlines and Visible
edges.
• 2H - (Hard grade) ... Used for Construction lines, Dimension lines,
Leader lines, Extension lines, Centre lines, Hatching lines and Hidden
lines.
 HOW TO BEGIN YOUR DRAWING ?
1. Clean the drawing board and all your drawing instruments using handkerchief.
2. Fix your drawing sheet over a padding sheet on the drawing board.
3. Clamping the Mini-drafter : Set the reference mark on the protractor head to_read 0° and
tighten the knob. Then, clamp the drafter to the left-side top edge of the drawing board using
the clamping screw, such that the horizontal scale is parallel to the horizontal edge of the
Drawing Sheet (D.S.).
4. Check that scales and protractor head of mini-drafter move to any position on drawing sheet.
5. Draw the Border Lines and the Title Block on the drawing sheet using HB pencil.
6. Print the Problem Number on the left top side of the figure. Enclose the number in a small
circle of about 10 mm diameter. Then commence your drawing work.
7. Captions like the Name of the Object, Views, etc., should be written below the drawing.
8. Spacing of drawings between two problems / views is to be planned before the
commencement of the
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
Always clean hands are the first necessity; ( “Neatness is a personal habit” ).
Always begin the work after wiping-off the drawing board.
Always use appropriate drawing pencils / leads. (The grade of the pencil / lead is decided
by the amount of graphite mixed with clay.) .
Always maintain the sharpness of the pencil lead by periodically sharpening it. (Micro-tip
pencils are recommended for fast drafting.)
Always keep a padding sheet under the drawing sheet in use.
Always keep your handkerchief at hand to clean any dirt on the drawing sheet.
Always use the divider for transferring measurements from the set-scale to the drawing for
getting dimensional accuracy.
Always remember that you are NOT writing, but you are printing the text on your drawing sheet
Always remember: “Small things make perfection, but perfection is no small thing.”
Always remember: “Time is money in industries.” You should not only draw your
drawings accurately, but also swiftly to save time.
 DON’Ts
• Never use cheap quality pencil / lead and eraser on the drawing sheet.
• Never use set-scale as a ruler for drawing lines or for taking
measurements directly.
• Never sharpen the pencil over the drawing board or drawing sheet.
• Never forget to clean every time, the sliding instruments (mini-drafter,
set-squares and protractor) placed on the drawing sheet.
• Sliding of the instruments on the drawing sheet should be reduced to a
minimum.
‘BIS’ specifications and rules of Engineering Drawing
“ SP 46 : 2003 — Engineering Drawing Practice for
Colleges”
LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEET [IS 10711 : 2001]
TITLE BLOCK FOR CLASS WORK:
FOLDING OF DRAWING SHEETS
LINES’ [IS 10714 (Part 20): 2001 and SP 46: 2003
LINE WIDTHS (IS 10714 : 2001)
• Line Width means line thickness. Note that the ratio of successive line
widths is 1:
• Choose Line Widths according to the size of the drawing from the
following range: 0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7 and 1mm.
• BIS recommends two Line Widths on a drawing. Ratio between the
thin (narrow) and thick (wide) lines on a drawing shall not be less
than 1 : 2.
DIMENSIONING OF TYPE B LETTERS
HEIGHT OF LETTERS (h)
VERTICAL CAPITAL & Lower-case LETTERS AND NUMERALS OF TYPE B
DIMENSIONING [IS 11669:1986 and
SP 46: 2003] • Dimension Line (D.L.) is a continuous narrow line, drawn parallel to
the edge or surface whose measurement should be shown.
Dimension line is placed at least 6 to 10 mm away from the outline
of the drawing. It is terminated by arrowheads at its ends.
• Extension Line (E.L.) or Projection Line (P.L.) is a continuous narrow
line drawn perpendicular to tlie outline to be dimensioned and
without leaving a gap from the outline. It is drawn extending slightly
beyond the dimension line by about 2 mm.
• Leader Line (L.L.) is a continuous narrow line,
connecting a dimensional value or a NOTE .It is
drawn at 30° or 45° or 60° to the horizontal or to
the line it touches. When pointing to a circle or
an arc, leader line is drawn radially.
• If the leader line ends on the outline of a
drawing, it shall have an arrowhead
• If it ends within the outline of the drawing, it
shall have a dot at the end
ARROWHEADS • An arrowhead is placed at each
end of a Preferable dimension
line. The arrowhead may be
open, closed or closed and filled
in.
• Open type arrowhead is
preferable for fast execution.
• Length | of an arrowhead is about
three times the width w. The size of
the arrowheads should be
proportionate to the size of the
drawing.
• Place the dimensional value parallel to and at
the middle of Dimension Line: When the length of the
dimension line is not sufficient, place arrowheads outside
the Extension Line (e.g., dimensional value 5) or place
the
dimensional value (e.g., 3) above the extended portion of
the dimension line beyond the arrowhead.

• Oblique stroke

• Where space is too small for an arrowhead,

• the oblique stroke (drawn as a short line inclined at an
• angle of 45°) or a dot may be substituted as shown.
METHODS OF DIMENSIONING - Method I: Aligned
Method
Method II: Unidirectional
Method
• Dimensional values are indicated so that
they may be read from the bottom of the
drawing.
• Non-horizontal dimension lines are’
interrupted near the middle and the
dimensional values are is inserted.
• This method is used on large drawings of
automobiles, aircrafts, etc., where it may
not be convenient to Fig read the
dimensions from right side.
• Note: Method 1 is preferable. Only one
method should be used on a drawing.
Unit of Dimensioning
All dimensions in one particular drawing should be expressed in one unit only. [Link].
recommended unit is millimeter.
Abbreviation mm_ for millimeter need not be shown on each dimension of the drawing.
Example: A dimension 25 means 25 mm.
A foot note stating ‘ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm’ is written in a prominent place near Title
Block.
If any other unit like m or cm is used, even then only the value is written as dimension.
But, a foot-note like ‘ALL DIMENSIONS IN cm?’ is inserted in a prominent place near Title
Block.
Note:
1. If the dimension is less than I, a zero is placed before the decimal point.
Example: 0.5 and not .5
ii. Decimal point in a dimension should be written in line with the bottom line of the
dimension value. Example: 0.5 and not 0°5
iii. Abbreviation for millimeters is not mms, but mm only. (s denotes seconds). In other
words, s is not added for the plural of any units.
ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS

Chain Dimensioning

Combined Dimensioning

Parallel Dimensioning
SYMBOLS FOR SHAPE INDICATION
• Sphere
• Square
RULES
FOR
DIMEN
SIONI
NG