2/20/2023

ENGINEERING DRAWINGS &

PLANS

Prepared By:
Engr. RALPH S. REYES

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UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE
DESIGN PROCESS

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Impossible to describe the details of the

building

GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE

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Effectiveness of Graphics Language

1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.

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Composition of Graphic Language

Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.

Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

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Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example

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Engineering
Drawing

Elements of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.

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Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering

Drawing
Describing any object/ information diagrammatically

Engineering Drawing

Graphical means of expression of technical

details without the barrier of a language.
Universal language for engineers

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Diagrams/sketches/pictures – communication skills

• We grasp information easily if it is illustrated with
diagrams, sketches, pictures, etc.

LCA - the world's smallest, light weight, multi-role

supersonic combat aircraft of the world

Source: http://img.stern.de/_content/53/96/539645/A380_500_artikel_500.jpg
AIRBUS A380

Details: largest passenger jet. 80m wingspan and a tail that stands as high
as a seven-storey building, carries more than 550 passengers.

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It would just be impossible to communicate all

necessary details about the LCA/ Airbus A380
verbally or in writing – Illustration
(picture/drawing) is useful.
• A picture/drawing is worth a thousand words..
• The LCA/Airbus A380 would be impossible to
create without computer graphics and drawing
models.
•Drawings are the road maps which show how to
manufacture products and structures.

Difficult to describe the details of the machine

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Chemical reactor

Electrical circuit

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Drawing is important for all branches of

engineering.

Graphical representation of an object – Drawing

• Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object
that contains all information
-like actual shape, accurate size,manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction.

-No construction/manufacturing of any (man -

made) engineering objects is possible without
engineering drawing.

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What will you learn in this course?

You will learn - How industry communicates technical
information.
• Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual
information.
• Graphics theory – geometry and projection techniques.
• Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are made and
technical drawings are represented.
• Conventions – commonly accepted practices and methods
used for technical drawings.
• Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and
models.
• Applications – the various uses for technical drawings.

Engineering drawing is completely different

from artistic drawing, which are used to
express aesthetic, philosophical, and
abstract ideas.

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Engineering Drawing

Manual Drawing CADD

Computer has a major impact on the methods used to design and

create technical drawings.
Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less time consuming.
Why we go for manual drawing?

Why we go for manual drawing?

Computer cannot replace the drafting board and
equipment as a learning tool.
Once you have learned the basics of mathematics, now
after class 12, you are allowed the use of calculator
and computer.
If basic fundamentals are clear, better use can be
made of the power of the software.
To be an expert in technical drawing, this first course
on Engineering (manual) Drawing is the first step.

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Items required for drawing Items required for drawing

Drawing board
Drawing sheet
Mini-drafter/drafting machine/ T- square
Instrument box containing compass, divider, etc.
Scales
Protractor
French curves
Drawing pencils
Eraser
Drawing clip/pin/adhesive tape
Sharpener
Duster

Working edge

Drawing board must be placed on the table with working edge

always to be at the left side.

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Last two sizes are normally used for student drawing

Mini-drafter – a miniature version of the drafting machine

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Mini-drafter fixed on drawing board

Clamping mini drafter

Set the protractor

head with reference
mark indexing zero
degree.
Fix the clamp of the
mini-drafter at the top
left corner either along
the top horizontal edge
of the board or along
the left vertical edge of
the board.
….contd

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Clamping mini drafter….. contd

•Place the drawing sheet underneath the scales

of the mini-drafter,
•Fix the drawing sheet to the drawing board
with the scales of the mini-drafter aligned
either with the vertical or the horizontal
borderlines of the drawing sheet.

Another tool…

T- square

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Some drawing instruments

Standard sizes of drawing sheets as per BIS

A2 size

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Layout of drawing sheets

• Standard form of arrangement
• Important particulars are included
• Facilitate quick reading of important particulars – quick references
are located easily – drawings are prepared at various locations and
shared
Grids along the horizontal edges – Numerals
• Grids along vertical edges – Capital letters
• 25 mm < Length of the grid < 75 mm
•

Numbering and lettering start from the corner of

the sheet opposite to the title box and are repeated
on the opposite sides
Numbers and letters are written upright
• Repetition of letters or numbers like AA, BB, etc.,
if they exceed that of the alphabets.

Borders – space left all around in between the

trimmed edges of the sheet- A minimum of 10 mm

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Grid reference system –

For all sizes of drawing sheets for easy location of
drawing within the frame. The length and the width
of the frames are divided into even number of
divisions.
Number of divisions for a particular sheet depends
on complexity of the drawing – Not to be followed in
this course.

Title box – An important feature – a must in every drawing

sheet – for technical and administrative details
• Location - Bottom right corner – 185 mm x 65 mm (BIS)
• Divided into two zones
• Identification zone
• Registration or identification number
• Drawing title
• Name of the legal owner of the drawing, i.e., name of the
firm or the company

Contd…

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Title box….. contd

Additional information zone

• Indicative items –symbol indicating the system of
projection, main scale of drawing, etc.
• Technical items – method of indicating surface
texture, geometric tolerances, etc.
• Administrative items

Lay out of a drawing sheet

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Layout of the title box to be adopted in this course

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR 20

15
TITLE:

SCALE:
10

ID NO / SET:
NAME: 10

PLATE NO:
EVALUATED BY 10

110 75

Drawing sheets – paper sizes

Usually based on 'A' series
A2
Drawing sheets material - paper,
linen, plastic film A1

A4
Drawing sheet layout
A3
Sheet frames or border A4

Usually 20mm for A0 & A1, 10mm for

others A0 : 1189x841
Title block or title frame A1 : 841 x 594

Represents general information A2 : 594 x 420

source for a drawing A3 : 420 X 297
A4 : 297 X 210

 Usually at bottom right- hand A5 : 210 X 148

corner A6 : 148 X 105

All in mm

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Drawing layout components

Revision Table
A revision table is normally located in
the upper right of the drawing frame,
or at the bottom on the left side of the
title block.
All modifications to the drawing should
be documented here.
Material or Parts List
If the drawing contains a number of
parts, or if it is an assembly drawing, a
tabulated parts list is attached to the
bottom right of the drawing frame, just
above the title block.
The parts list should give the following
information:
the part number the part name
the quantity required material
specifications
the drawing number of each individual
part
other applicable information When the
parts list is very large a
separate drawing sheet may be used
for the parts list alone.

Zoning Title Block

A drawing may be divided up into a The title block is normally placed in the bottom right of the drawing
grid using letters and numbers. When frame, and it should contain the following information:
zoning is used it is located inside the - the name of the company or organization
drawing frame. - the title of the drawing
Zoning allows easy references to - the drawing number, which is generally a unique filing identifier
various parts of the drawing by - the scale
referencing a coordinate such as C7. - the angle of projection used, either first or third, generally shown
symbolically
- the signature or initials of the draftsman, checker, approving officer,
and issuing officer, with the respective dates
http://www.metrication.com/drafting/layout.htm -other information as required

Drawing layout – title block

 A title block is the form on which the actual
drawing is a section. The title block includes the
border and the various sections for providing
quality, administrative and technical
information. The importance of the title block
cannot be minimised as it includes all the
information which enables the drawing to be
intepreted, identified and archived.
 E.g.

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Our layout
regular paper size
drawing frame

10mm
Paper Size : A2 (594mm x 420mm)
Border width : 10mm all round
10mm 10mm
Lettering height : 7mm

150 150
30 30 45

10 UNIVERSTI TENAGA NASIONAL COURSE NO.

TITLE DATE SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm NAME SID SECTION

UNLESS STATED DRAWN BY

OTHERWISE ALL MY FULL NAME IS VERY LONG UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
DIMENSIONS IN mm ME 000000 SEC 01A
MATERIAL CAST DATE: 04/07/2005
TOLERANCES
STEEL DRAWING TITLE
CHECKED BY
LINEAR: ANGULAR FINISH
AS MACHINE SCALE 1:1 DWG NO. 001 SHEET 1 OF 1

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
USE & CARE

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Drawing Standard

Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

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Standard Code
Country Code Full name

Thailand มอก. สํานักงานมาตรฐานผลิ ตภัณฑ์อตุ สาหกรรม

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

Partial List of Drawing Standards

Code number Contents

JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings

JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning

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Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0

Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c

d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25

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Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.

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Basic Line Types

Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing

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Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing

Traditional Drawing
Tools

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DRAWING TOOLS

DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles

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DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass

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DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield

DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

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DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

This chapter introduces the pencils and pens

necessary for inscribing lines, the instrument
available for guiding the eye and the hand while
drawing, and the surfaces suitable for receiving the
drawn lines. While digital technology continuous to
further augment and enhance this traditional drawing
toolkit, the kinesthetic act of drawing with a hand-held
pencil or pen remains the most direct and versatile
means of learning the language of architectural
graphics.

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Drawing Pencils

Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters

Mechanical clutch pencils – Not allowed
• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H
and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.

Wood-Encased pencils

Wooden drawing pencils are typically used for freehand drawing and

sketching. If used for drafting, the wood must be shaved back to expose
¾” of the lead shaft so that it can be sharpened with sandpaper or a
lead pointer.

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Grades and designation of wooden pencils

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F and H
These are general-purpose grades of lead suitable for layouts,
finish drawings, and handletterin

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Pencil drawing –
In finished drawing, all lines (except construction lines- used to
construct the drawing) should be dense, clean and uniform.
Construction line should be drawn very thin and should be hardly
visible in the finished drawing ( they should not be erased).

Drawing Guides

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Triangles are drafting aids used to guide the drawing of vertical

lines and lines at specified angles. They have a right angle and
either 45° angles or one 30° and one 60° angle.

• 8” to 10” lengths are recommended. 4” to 24” lengths are available.

•Small triangles are useful for crosshatching small areas and as a guide in hand
lettering. Larger triangles are useful in constructing perspectives.
•Triangles are made of clear, scratch-resistant, non-yellowing acrylic to allow a
transparent, undistorted view through to the work below. Fluorescent orange
acrylic triangles are also available for greater visibility on the drafting surface.
•Machined edges should be polished for precision and to facilitate drawing. Some

triangles have raised edges for inking with technical pens.

•Inner edges may be beveled to serve as finger lifts.

•Keep triangles clean by washing with mild soap and water.

•Triangles should not be used as a straightedge for cutting materials.

Compasses
The compass is essential for drawing a large
circles as well as circles of indeterminate radii.
• It is difficult to apply pressure when using a
compass. Using too a hard grade of lead can therefore
result in too light of a line. A softer grade of lead,
sharpened to a chisel point, will usually produce the
sharpest line without undue pressure.

• An attachment allows technical pens to be used

with a compass.

• Even larger circles can be drawn by appending an

extension arm or using a beam compass.

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FRENCH CURVES
• A variety of French curves are manufactured
to guide the drawing of irregular curves.
• Adjustable curves are shaped by hand and
held in position to draw a fair curve through a series
of points.

PROTRACTOR
• Protractors are semicircular instruments for
measuring and plotting angles

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TEMPLATE
• Templates have cutouts to guide the drawing
of predetermined shapes.
Circle templates provide a graduated series
of circles commonly based on fractions and
multiples of an inch. Metric sizes are also
available.
The actual size of cutout differs from the
drawn size due to the thickness of the lead
shaft or pen tip.
Some templates have dimples to raise them
off of the drawing surface while inking.

TEMPLATE

Templates are available for drawing other

geometric shapes, such as ellipse and
polygons, as well as symbols for plumbing
fixtures and furnishings at various scales.

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DRAWING AIDS
Erasers
One of the advantages of drawing with a pencil is the ability to
easily erase pencil marks. Always use the softest eraser compatible
with the medium and the drawing surfaces. Avoid using abrasive
ink eraser.
• Vinyl or PVC plastic erasers are nonabrasive and will not
smear or mark the drawing surface.
• Some erasers are saturated with erasing fluid to erase ink
lines from the paper and drafting films.
• Liquid erasing fluid removes pencil and ink markings from
drafting film.
• Electric erasers are very convenient for erasing large areas
and ink lines. Compact, battery-operated models are easily handy.

DRAWING AIDS
Erasing Shields
Erasing shield have cutouts of various shapes and sizes to confine
the area of a drawing to be erased. These thin, stainless steel
shields are especially effective in protecting the drawing surface
while using an electric eraser. Ones that have square- cut holes
allow the erasure of precise areas of a drawing.

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DRAWING SCALE
In drawing. “scale” refers to a proportion determining the relation of a representation to
the full size of that which is represented. The term also applies to any of various
instruments having one or more sets of precisely graduated and numbered spaces for
measuring, reading, or transferring dimensions and distances in drawing.

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DRAWING SURFACES
TRACING PAPER
The transparency of tracing papers and films makes them effective for overlay work,
allowing us to copy or work on a drawing while seeing through to an underlying
drawing.
• Tracing papers are characterized by transparency,
whiteness and tooth or surface grain.

• Fine- tooth papers are more suitable for pencil work

• Inexpensive, lightweight tissue is available in white, cream

and yellow or buff colors in rolls 12”, 18”, 24”, 30” and 34”
wide.
• Lightweight trace is used for freehand sketching, overlays,
and studies. Use only soft leads or markers; hard leads can
tear the easily.

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DRAWING SURFACES
VELLUM
• Vellum is available in rolls, pads, and individual sheets in 16, 20 and 24 lb. weights.
• While medium weight 16 lb. vellum is used for general layouts and preliminary
drawings.
• 20 lb. vellum with 100% rag content is more stable and erasable paper used for
finished drawings.
• Vellum is available with nonreproducible blue square grids, subdivided into 4x4, 5x5,
8x8, or 10x10 parts to the inch.

DRAWING SURFACES
Illustration Boards
• Illustration boards have a paper facing laminated to a cardboard backing.
Illustration boards are available in single (1/16”) and double (3/32”) thickness.
• 100% rag paper facings are recommended for final presentations.

• Coldpress boards have a degree of texture for pencil work; hotpress boards have
relatively smooth surface more suitable for inking.

• Some brands of illustration boards have white facing papers bonded to a middle
core of white stock.

• Cut edges are therefore consistently white in color, making them useful for
constructing architectural models.

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How to Keep Your Drawing Clean

Do Don’t

Drawing Sheet Size

Assembly
Drawing
Working Drawing

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LINES

Types of lines and their applications

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Types of lines and their applications

Line types

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Line types….CONTD

Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing

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Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing

Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing

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Examples of good and poor drawing techniques for

lines and arcs

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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
EF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
EF

Lettering
 Text is an important part of a technical drawing. Not
all info required on technical dwg can be
communicate graphically such as dimensions.
 One method of creating text is by freehand lettering.
The standard style for freehand lettering is single-
stroke Gothic lettering.

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Lettering
 Characteristic of good lettering
 Should be neat, not sloppy
 Should be uniform and consistent
i.e. same height, proportion &
inclination – use guidelines
 Should have proper spacing of
letters and words
 Should not contain unnecessary frills
 Should use capital letters except for
standard abbreviation e.g. mm, kg
 Recommended minimum height
2.5mm
 Recommended height 5mm to 7mm
 Underlining of lettering should be
avoided

Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness

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Example Placement of the text on drawing

Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block

Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course
Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title
text height. block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines N/A.
of text is at least 1/3 Follows ANSI rule.
of text height.

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Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2

Suggested Strokes Sequence

Upper-case letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals

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Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.

Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H

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Stroke Sequence

V X W

Stroke Sequence
N M K Z

Y A 4

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Stroke Sequence
O Q C G

Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2

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Stroke Sequence

5 7

Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9

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Stroke Sequence

l i

Stroke Sequence
v w x k

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Stroke Sequence
j y f t

Stroke Sequence
c o a b

d p q e

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Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s

Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing

JIR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?

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Word Composition

Spacing
JIRAPONG
\/ \
Contour |||| | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.

Space between Letters

1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

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Space between Letters

5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡
slant slant

≡ slant
straight

Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

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Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALLODIMENSIONSOAREOIN
MILLIMETERSOUNLESS
OTHERWISEOSPECIFIED.

Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales and other details

on a drawing
• Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity, ease, rapidity, and
suitability for microfilming/ photocopying/any other photographic processes
• No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
Plain letters and numerals which are clearly distinguishable from each other
in order to avoid any confusion even in case of slight mutilations

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Lettering – BIS: 9609

• Single stroke lettering for use in engineering drawing – width of the

stem of the letters and numerals will be uniformly thick equal to
thickness of lines produced by the tip of the pencil.
• Single stroke does not mean – entire letter written without lifting
the pencil/pen

Lettering types
• Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts
• Lettering B – Height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts

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Heights of Letters and Numerals

• Height of the capital letters is equal to the height of the numerals
used in dimensioning
• Height of letters and numerals – different for different purposes

Specifications of A -Type Lettering

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Specifications of B -Type Lettering

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