Web application with database

JDBC programming
Review
 Objectives
 Relational Database Overview
 JDBC and JDBC Drivers
 Steps to code JDBC CRUD task.
 Database connection with data source
 Statements and execution
 JDBC transaction management
 JDBC Enhancement
 Database application design
 Database and DBMS
 Database is a collection of related data which are
stored in secondary mass storage and are used
by some processes concurrently.
 Databases are organized in some ways in order
to reduce redundancies.
 DBMS: Database management system is a
software which manages some databases. It
supports ways to users/processes for creating,
updating, manipulating on databases and
security mechanisms are supported also.
 DBMS libraries (C/C++ codes are usually used)
support APIs for user programs to manipulate
databases.
Relational Database Overview
 Common databases are designed and implemented
based on relational algebra (set theory).
 Relational database is one that presents information
in tables with rows and columns.
 A table is referred to as a relation in the sense that it
is a collection of objects of the same type (rows).
 A Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)- such as MS Access, MS SQL Server,
Oracle- handles the way data is stored, maintained,
and retrieved.
Structure Query Language (SQL)
Data Definition Language
(DDL): 3 languages:
CREATE…/ ALTER…/ DROP…

Data Manipulating
Language (DML):
SELECT…/ INSERT INTO
… / UPDATE … / DELETE

Data Control Language (DCL):

GRANT…/ REVOKE … / DENY…
 Structure Query Language (SQL)
 Common DML queries:

 SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE condition

 UPDATE table SET column=value,… Where condition
 DELETE FROM table WHERE condition
 INSERT INTO table Values ( val1, val2,…)
 INSERT INTO table (col1, col2,…) Values ( val1, val2,…)
 JDBC : Java Database Connectivity
 JDBC is a technology standard consisting of
interfaces and classes that define how a Java
application connects and interacts with a
database..
 The JDBC API is a Java API that can access any
kind of tabular data, especially data stored in a
Relational Database.
 Connect to the database
 Execute queries and update database
 Retrieve the result received from the database.
JDBC Driver
 The JDBC driver is an executable version of
JDBC developed by DBMS vendors that allows
Java applications to work with DBMSs.
 Based on the characteristics of interaction with
DBMS, there are four types of JDBC drivers

Type 1: JDBC ODBC Bridge

Type 2: Native API

Type 3: Open Network Protocol

Type 4: Native Protocol
• Type 1 and Type 4 are populated.
 Type 2-Driver: Native API
 Provides access to the Application
database through C/C++ Java
codes. Application
 Developed using native code
libraries
 Native code libraries provide Type II JDBC
access to the database, and Driver
improve the performance
 Java application sends a SQL Command Result Set
request for database
connectivity as a normal Native Database
JDBC call to the Native API Library
driver
Proprietary
 Establishes the call, and Protocol
translates the call to the
particular database protocol Database
that is forwarded to the
database
 Type 3: Open Network Protocol
Application
 Use a pure Java client and
Java Application
communicate with a
middleware server using a
database-independent Type III JDBC
protocol. Driver
 The middleware server then Result
communicates the client’s Set
Middleware
requests to the data source JDBC
 Manages multiple Java
applications connecting to
different databases Database
 Type 4-Driver: Native Protocol
Application
 Communicates directly with the
Java Application
database using Java sockets
 Improves the performance as
translation is not required
 Converts JDBC queries into native Type IV JDBC
calls used by the particular Driver
RDBMS
 The driver library is required when SQL command Result Set
it is used and attached with the
deployed application (sqlserver
2000: [Link], [Link], use Proprietary protocol
[Link]; sqlserver 2005:
[Link]; jtds: [Link] …) Database
 Independent platform
 Database URL
 Database URL: string representing DBMS and database
addresses - specified by JDBC driver.
 General syntax
jdbc:subprotocol name:other_stuff
 subprotocol name: specified by the driver listed in the driver's
Database
manual. URL

 Other_stuff: driver dependency

 Ex
 [Link](“[Link]”);
String dbURL=“jdbc:sqlserver://ServerName:Port;databaseName=FuLib”;
String user =“dbuserName”, pw=“xxxx”;
Connection con= [Link](dbURL,user, pw);

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 General introduction..
 6 steps for JDBC database programming
 Load JDBC driver
 Create connection with database - DBMS
 Generate SQL statement to perform desired task
 Execute SQL statement
 Processing execution results
 Close connection
 JDBC Driver can config to load by web server
or application server.

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 Loading Driver
 DriverManager is a class that manages JDBC
drivers and creates connections with DBMS
 [Link](String);
 [Link](“[Link]”);
 Equivalent to:
new [Link]();
or
[Link](new [Link]());
 Can load multiple drivers simultaneously to interact with multiple
DBMS
 Using Data Source without the need of loading driver

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 Make a connection
 Depending on the DBMS the connection requires user
authentication
 [Link](dbURL, user, password)
 [Link](dbURL)
 Connections to DBMS server is limited resources
 Open connection when needed.
 Close the connection immediately after finishing the task
 Auto-close connection – use “try with resource” to
prevent leakage of connection resources (Java 8)
 try(Connection con=[Link](…)){…}..
 Connection Pool is a multi-user solution for database
applications with large user loads.
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 Configure Ports, Protocols for SQL Server…

Stop then restart SQL Server and SQL Server Agent for settings are
affected.

Righ
t
click
Review MVC
 Step 3: Create &Execute a SQL statement

String sql1 = “SELECT columns FROM table1, table2, … WHERE condition”;

String sql2 = “UPDATE table SET column = value, … WHERE condition”;
String sql3 = “INSERT INTO table VALUES ( val1, val2, … )” ;
String sql4 = “INSERT INTO table (col1, col2, col3) VALUES ( val1, val2, val3)” ;
String sql5 = “UPDATE table SET col1 = ?, col2=? WHERE condition”;

// Connection con was created

Statement stmt= [Link]();
ResultSet rs= [Link](sql1);
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](sql2);
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](sql3);
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](sql4);

PreparedStatement pStmt = [Link](sql5);

[Link] (index, val); // from 1
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](); // no argument
 Step 4: Process the results
BOF Move the current row:
boolean next(), previous(), first(), last()
Record 1
Default: Result set moves forward only.
Record 2

Record 3 Get data in columns of the current row:

TYPE getTYPE ( int columnIndex) // begin from 1
…..
TYPE getTYPE ( String columnLabel)
…..

….. SELECT desc AS description FROM T_employee

Column name: desc
EOF
Column Label: description
ResultSet

At a time, resultset maintains a current position. When the resultset is

initialized, the position is the BOF position. An exception is thrown
when the current position is out of its scope.
 Step
Opening Order:
5: Close
Connection
the connection
Statement ResultSet

Closing Order: ResultSet Statement Connection

Attention!!!
At a time, a connection can be bound with ONLY ONE result set.
An exception will be thrown if we try binding a connection with another
result set.
EX:
String sql1 =“SELECT…”;
String sql2 =“SELECT…”;
ResultSet rs1= [Link](sql1);
ResultSet rs2= [Link](sql2);  EXCEPTION
You should close the rs1 before trying get the rs2 result set
Solution: Transfer data in the rs1 to ArrayList (or Vector) then close rs1
before get new data to rs2.
 Statement
 Three types of Statement
 Statement: execute arbitrary statements at run time
 PreparedStatement : precompiled SQL statement
 CallableStatement: call procedure on DBMS
 Use the connection to create the statement
 Statement s = [Link]();
 PreparedStatement ps= [Link](String);
 CallableStatement cs= [Link](String);
 The Statement can be used many times for different
tasks, for any SQL
 Statement <- PreparedStatement <- CallableStatement

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 PreparedStatement
 Use PreparedStatement to increase SQL
statement execution efficiency
 The SQL statement will be compiled once before
being called to execute multiple times.
 Change the argument each time it's executed.
 PreparedStatement updateAddr = [Link](
"UPDATE Customers SET Address = ? WHERE CustNo= ?");
[Link](1, “Danang”);
[Link](2,1001);
 After setting the argument values, they are preserved
until a new value is set or a method is called
clearParameters() to clear the value of arguments
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 Execution of Statement
 There are 3 ways of Statement execution.
 executeQuery()
 executeUpdate()
 execute()
 executeQuery()
 used to execute queries
Select.. from ..where
 Returns the query results via the ResultSet object.
 ResultSet rs = [Link](“SELECT * FROM Books”);

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 Execute Statement..
 executeUpdate()
 used for the update data statement,
 Returns the number of records affected by the UPDATE,
INSERT, or DELETE statement.
 returns 0 , which means:

(1) no records are affected

(2) execute the data definition DDL statement.
 execute()
 when it is not clear whether the statement is a query or an
update.
 used for dynamic SQL execution cases.,
 returns true if the statement is a query.

call getResultSet() to get query result

call getUpdatedCount() to get the number of records updated.
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 ResultSet
 ResultSet allows access to data returned from
database query results.
 Retrieve each field of the record with a pointer to the
current position in the ResultSet
 Call next( ) to move the current cursor to the next row
of the ResultSet.

next() returns true means there is data to read, otherwise: no
more row

use the following loop structure to traverse a ResultSet
while ([Link]()){
// manipulate row by row and column by column – forward only
}
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 Handling ResultSet..
 The data at each field of the record is read by
method getType() :
 type getType(int | String)

argument is column order – starting from 1- or column name

type of Type can be int, double, String, Date, .. arbitrary
 String isbn = [Link](1); // Column 1
 float price = [Link](“Price”);
 Note
 ResultSet associated with connection to database
 Forward only by default
 Automatic type conversion by JDBC driver

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 Make connection from DataSource
 Declare data resource reference in [Link]

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 Make connection from DataSource
 For web application, connection can create from Data
Source without loading driver when coding JDBC
 Declare Data source in [Link]

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 Make connection from DataSource
 Static method to create connection from data source

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 Callable Statement
 CallableStatement provides a call to execute
pre-installed procedures on the DBMS.
 Syntax
 {Call procedure_name(arg1, arg2, ...)}
 {?= call procedure-name arg1,arg2, ...}
 Question mark ? substitute for arguments
 The arguments can be input (IN parameters),
output (OUT parameters), or both (INOUT
parameters).

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 CallableStatement
 CallableStatement cstmt = [Link]("{call
proc(?, ?)}");
 Pass the IN argument using the setxxx() function that
inherits from PreparedStatement
 Register the OUT argument before executing the
procedure
 registerOutParameter(1,[Link]);
 INOUT . argument
[Link](1,"00000");
[Link](1,[Link]);
 Stored procedures are not suitable in a complex distributed
environment because they are tied to a particular DBMS

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 Transaction Management
 Transaction: unit of work – all or nothing
 By default, JDBC executes (commit) SQL statements once it is delivered to
the database; called autocommit mode
 Some applications are transactional in nature - requiring execution tasks
either as a whole bundle or as doing nothing when error occur.
 Turn off autocommit mode to perform transaction management

according to application characteristics

 The Connection class provides the setAutoCommit() method to toggle

auto-commit mode on and off

 The first sql statement also starts a transaction, ends with commit() or

rollback()
 [Link](false);
s = [Link](); [Link](SQLString)
[Link]() ; or [Link]();
 Note: Transaction is happening only within 1 connection
to the DBMS

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Loading JDBC Driver - Establish connection to DB
 Create & Execute SQL statement

String sql1 = “SELECT columns FROM table1, table2, … WHERE condition”;

String sql2 = “UPDATE table SET column = value, … WHERE condition”;
String sql3 = “INSERT INTO table VALUES ( val1, val2, … )” ;
String sql4 = “INSERT INTO table (col1, col2, col3) VALUES ( val1, val2, val3)” ;
String sql5 = “UPDATE table SET col1 = ?, col2=? WHERE condition”;

// Connection con was created

Statement stmt= [Link]();
ResultSet rs= [Link](sql1);
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](sql2);
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](sql3);
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](sql4);

PreparedStatement pStmt = [Link](sql5);

[Link] (index, val); // from 1
int numOfInfectedRows = [Link](); // no argument
 Process the results
BOF Move the current row:
boolean next(), previous(), first(), last()
Record 1
Default: ResultSet moves forward only.
Record 2
Record 3 Get data in columns of the current row:
TYPE getTYPE ( int columnIndex) // start from 1
…..
TYPE getTYPE ( String columnLabel)
…..
….. SELECT desc AS description FROM T_employee
Column name: desc
EOF
Column Label: description
ResultSet

At a time, resultset maintains a current position. When the resultset is

initialized, the position is at BOF position. An exception is thrown
when the current position is out of its scope.
 Close connection - Release resource
Opening Order: Connection Statement ResultSet

Closing Order: ResultSet Statement Connection

Attention!!!
At a time, a connection can be bound with ONLY ONE result set.
An exception will be thrown if we try binding a connection with another result set.
EX:
String sql1 =“SELECT…”;
String sql2 =“SELECT…”;
ResultSet rs1= [Link](sql1);
ResultSet rs2= [Link](sql2);  EXCEPTION
You should close the rs1 before trying get the rs2 result set
Solution: Transfer data in the rs1 to ArrayList (or Vector) then close rs1 before
get new data to rs2.
 JDBC Enhancements
 Two parts
 Core Java feature enhancements. Print [Link] package
 Extended features. Print [Link] package. Extra download
 Enhancements
 Scrollable Result Sets(in core API)

 Batch Updates (in core API)

 Advanced Data Types (in core API)

 JNDI for connecting to a database (in extension API)

 Connection pooling (in extension API)

 Rowsets (an additional Result type) (print extension API)

 Distributed transaction support (in extension API)

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 Scrollable Result Sets
 ResultSet: three types of result sets
 methods for moving the cursor to a particular row or to a relative

position (either forward or backward)

 previous(), beforeFirst(), first(), last( ), absolute(),

and relative( ).
 methods for ascertaining the current position of the cursor

 constants indicating the scrollability of a result set

 Connection
 new versions of the methods for creating Statement,

PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement objects that make the

result sets that produce scrollable
 [Link](

ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY, ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
 DatabaseMetaData
 method indicating whether the DBMS and driver support scrollable

result sets

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 Batch Updates
 The new batch update facility provides the ability to send
multiple updates to the database to be executed as a
batch rather than sending each update separately
 Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement have
methods for adding update statements to a batch, clearing all
update statements, and executing a batch .
 Statement s = [Link]();
[Link](“INSERT….“);
[Link](“INSERT….“);
[Link]();
 can queue up SQL and execute in one call, improving efficiency
 BatchUpdateException:
 throw exception when an error occurs in a batch

update
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 Database application design
 Multi-tier application structure allows to separate
the functionality of each layer, speeding up the
application development process
 Creates relative independence of the business
object from the data layer: changing the DBMS or
database does not affect the business layer
 Data Access Object (DAO) pattern is a structural
pattern that isolate the application/business layer
from the persistence layer using an abstract API.
 Account – AccountDAO – AccountDB -> DBMS
(business obj) (interface) (implementation)
 Practical exercise
 Download and use a JDBC Driver from the
internet
 Develop the Account class associated with the
Account table in the [Link] database
follow DAO pattern.
 Pay attention to transaction management in multi-
step business tasks of Account
 Combine error handling using Exception
 Using Predicate and lambda expression for
searching account with different criteria

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 Summary
 Introduction to databases
 Relational Database Overview
 JDBC and JDBC Drivers
 Steps to develop a JDBC code.
 Connection with data source
 Statement and Execution
 Transaction management
 JDBC enhancement
 Database application design