JDBC Java Database Connectivity

Modified slides from Dr. Yehoshua Sagiv

Introduction to JDBC
JDBC is used for accessing databases from Java applications Information is transferred from relations to objects and vice-versa
- databases optimized for searching/indexing - objects optimized for engineering/flexibility

JDBC Architecture
Oracle

Driver

Oracle

Java Application

JDBC
Network

DB2
Driver

DB2
MySQL

We will use this one

Driver

MySQL
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JDBC Architecture (cont.)

Application JDBC Driver

Java code calls JDBC library

JDBC loads a driver

Driver talks to a particular database An application can work with several databases by using all corresponding drivers Ideal: can change database engines without changing any application code (not always in practice)

JDBC Driver for MySQL (Connector/J)

Download Connector/J using binary distribution from : http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/5.0.html To install simply unzip (or untar) and put mysqlconnector-java-[version]-bin.jar (I have installed mysql-

connector-java-5.0.4-bin.jar) in the class path

For online documentation, see : http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/connectorj.html
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Seven Steps
Load the driver

Define the connection URL

Establish the connection Create a Statement object Execute a query using the Statement Process the result Close the connection
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Loading the Driver

We can register the driver indirectly using the statement
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Class.forName loads the specified class

When mysqlDriver is loaded, it automatically

- creates an instance of itself
- registers this instance with the DriverManager

Hence, the driver class can be given as an argument of the application

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An Example
// A driver for imaginary1 Class.forName("ORG.img.imgSQL1.imaginary1Driver");

// A driver for imaginary2

Driver driver = new ORG.img.imgSQL2.imaginary2Driver(); DriverManager.registerDriver(driver); //A driver for MySQL Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

imaginary1 imaginary2

MySQL
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Registered Drivers

Connecting to the Database

Every database is identified by a URL

Given a URL, DriverManager looks for the driver

that can talk to the corresponding database
DriverManager tries all registered drivers, until a

suitable one is found

Connecting to the Database

Connection con = DriverManager. getConnection("jdbc:imaginaryDB1");
acceptsURL("jdbc:imaginaryDB1")?

imaginary1 imaginary2

r
Oracle

Registered Drivers

We Use: DriverManager.getConnection(<URL>, <user>, <pwd>); Where <UR>L is : jdbc:mysql://coe-cognac.engineering.mu.edu:3306/<db_name>

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Interaction with the Database

We use Statement objects in order to
- Query the database - Update the database

Three different interfaces are used:

Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement

All are interfaces, hence cannot be instantiated They are created by the Connection

Querying with Statement

String queryStr = "SELECT * FROM employee " + "WHERE lname = Wong'"; Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(queryStr);

The executeQuery method returns a ResultSet object representing the query result.

Will be discussed later

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Changing DB with Statement

String deleteStr = "DELETE FROM employee " + "WHERE lname = Wong'"; Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); int delnum = stmt.executeUpdate(deleteStr); executeUpdate is used for data manipulation: insert, delete,

update, create table, etc. (anything other than querying!)

executeUpdate returns the number of rows modified
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About Prepared Statements

Prepared Statements are used for queries that are executed many times They are parsed (compiled) by the DBMS only once Column values can be set after compilation Instead of values, use ? Hence, Prepared Statements can be though of as statements that contain placeholders to be substituted later with actual values
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Querying with PreparedStatement

String queryStr = "SELECT * FROM employee " + "WHERE superssn= ? and salary > ?"; PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement(queryStr); pstmt.setString(1, "333445555"); pstmt.setInt(2, 26000); ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
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Updating with PreparedStatement

String deleteStr = DELETE FROM employee " + "WHERE superssn = ? and salary > ?";

PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement(deleteStr);

pstmt.setString(1, "333445555"); pstmt.setDouble(2, 26000); int delnum = pstmt.executeUpdate();
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Statements vs. PreparedStatements: Be Careful!

Are these the same? What do they do?
String val = "abc"; PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("select * from R where A=?"); pstmt.setString(1, val); ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery(); String val = "abc"; Statement stmt = con.createStatement( ); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from R where A=" + val);
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Statements vs. PreparedStatements: Be Careful!

Will this work?
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("select * from ?"); pstmt.setString(1, myFavoriteTableString);

No!!! A ? can only be used to represent a column value

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Timeout
Use setQueryTimeOut(int seconds) of Statement

to set a timeout for the driver to wait for a

statement to be completed If the operation is not completed in the given time, an SQLException is thrown What is it good for?
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ResultSet
ResultSet objects provide access to the tables generated

as results of executing a Statement queries

Only one ResultSet per Statement can be open at the same time! The table rows are retrieved in sequence
- A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row - The next() method moves the cursor to the next row

ResultSet Methods
boolean next()
- activates the next row
- the first call to next() activates the first row - returns false if there are no more rows

void close()
- disposes of the ResultSet - allows you to re-use the Statement that created it - automatically called by most Statement methods

ResultSet Methods
Type getType(int columnIndex)

- returns the given field as the given type

- indices start at 1 and not 0! Type getType(String columnName)

- same, but uses name of field

- less efficient

For example: getString(columnIndex), getInt(columnName),

getTime, getBoolean, getType,...

int findColumn(String columnName) - looks up column index given column name

ResultSet Methods
JDBC 2.0 includes scrollable result sets.

Additional methods included are : first, last,

previous, and other methods.

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ResultSet Example
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt. executeQuery("select lname,salary from Employees");

// Print the result

while(rs.next()) { System.out.print(rs.getString(1) + ":"); System.out.println(rs.getDouble(salary")); }

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Mapping Java Types to SQL Types

SQL type CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR NUMERIC, DECIMAL BIT TINYINT SMALLINT INTEGER BIGINT REAL FLOAT, DOUBLE BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY DATE TIME TIMESTAMP Java Type String java.math.BigDecimal boolean byte short int long float double byte[] java.sql.Date java.sql.Time java.sql.Timestamp

Null Values
In SQL, NULL means the field is empty Not the same as 0 or "" In JDBC, you must explicitly ask if the last-read field was null
- ResultSet.wasNull(column)

For example, getInt(column) will return 0 if the

value is either 0 or NULL!

Null Values
When inserting null values into placeholders of

Prepared Statements:
- Use the method setNull(index, Types.sqlType) for primitive types (e.g. INTEGER, REAL); - You may also use the setType(index, null) for object types (e.g. STRING, DATE).

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ResultSet Meta-Data
A ResultSetMetaData is an object that can be used to get information about the properties of the columns in a ResultSet object
An example: write the columns of the result set ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData(); int numcols = rsmd.getColumnCount(); for (int i = 1 ; i <= numcols; i++) { System.out.print(rsmd.getColumnLabel(i)+" "); }
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Database Time
Times in SQL are notoriously non-standard Java defines three classes to help java.sql.Date
- year, month, day

java.sql.Time
- hours, minutes, seconds

java.sql.Timestamp
- year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, nanoseconds - usually use this one

Cleaning Up After Yourself

Remember to close the Connections, Statements, Prepared Statements and Result Sets
con.close(); stmt.close(); pstmt.close(); rs.close()

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Dealing With Exceptions

An SQLException is actually a list of exceptions
catch (SQLException e) { while (e != null) { System.out.println(e.getSQLState()); System.out.println(e.getMessage()); System.out.println(e.getErrorCode()); e = e.getNextException(); } }
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Transactions and JDBC

Transaction: more than one statement that must all succeed (or all fail) together
- e.g., updating several tables due to customer purchase

If one fails, the system must reverse all previous actions

Also cant leave DB in inconsistent state halfway

through a transaction COMMIT = complete transaction ROLLBACK = cancel all actions
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Example
Suppose we want to transfer money from bank account 13 to account 72:
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("update BankAccount set amount = amount + ? where accountId = ?"); pstmt.setInt(1,-100); pstmt.setInt(2, 13); pstmt.executeUpdate(); What happens if this pstmt.setInt(1, 100); update fails? pstmt.setInt(2, 72); pstmt.executeUpdate();

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Transaction Management
Transactions are not explicitly opened and closed The connection has a state called AutoCommit mode if AutoCommit is true, then every statement is automatically committed

if AutoCommit is false, then every statement is added to an ongoing transaction

Default: true

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AutoCommit
setAutoCommit(boolean val)
If you set AutoCommit to false, you must explicitly commit or rollback the transaction using Connection.commit() and
Connection.rollback()

Note: DDL statements (e.g., creating/deleting tables) in a transaction may be ignored or may cause a commit to occur - The behavior is DBMS dependent

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Scrollable ResultSet
Statement createStatement( int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY

resultSetType:

-default; same as in JDBC 1.0

-allows only forward movement of the cursor -when rset.next() returns false, the data is no longer available and the result set is closed.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE
-backwards, forwards, random cursor movement. -changes made in the database are not seen in the result set object in Java memory. ResultSetTYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE

-backwards, forwards, random cursor movement.

-changes made in the database are seen in the result set object in Java memory.
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Scrollable ResultSet (contd)

resultSetConcurrency:
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY This is the default (and same as in JDBC 1.0) and allows only data to be read from the database. ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE This option allows for the Java program to make changes to the database based on new methods and positioning ability of the cursor. Example:
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement( ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

ResultSetrset= stmt.executeQuery( SHOW TABLES);

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Scrollable ResultSet (contd)

public boolean absolute(int row) throws SQLException

-If the given row number is positive, this method moves the cursor to the given row number (with the first row numbered 1).

-If the row number is negative, the cursor moves to a relative position from the last row.
-If the row number is 0, an SQLException will be raised. This method call moves the cursor a relative number of rows, either positive or negative. An attempt to move beyond the last row (or before the first row) in the result set positions the cursor after the last row (or before the first row).

public boolean relative(int row) throws SQLException

public boolean first() throws SQLException

public boolean last() throws SQLException

public boolean previous() throws SQLException public boolean next() throws SQLException
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Scrollable ResultSet (contd)

public void beforeFirst() throws SQLException public void afterLast() throws SQLException public boolean isFirst() throws SQLException public boolean isLast() throws SQLException public boolean isAfterLast() throws SQLException public boolean isBeforeFirst() throws SQLException public int getRow() throws SQLException

getRow() method retrieves the current row number: The first row is number 1, the second number 2, and so on.
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JDBC Usage in Industry

Apace DbUtils (http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/dbutils/)

ORM (Object Relational Mappers):

- Hibernate (http://www.hibernate.org/),

- JDO (http://java.sun.com/products/jdo/),
- TopLink (http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/ias/toplink /index.html)
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