TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATION
Foundation is a structural part of a building on
which a building stands. Foundation transmits
and distributes its own load and imposed loads
to the soil in such a way that the load-bearing
capacity of the foundation bed is not exceeded.
The solid ground on which the foundation rests
is called foundation bed.
WHY A FOUNDATION IS PROVIDED?
Distribute the weight of the structure over a
large area of soil.
Avoid unequal settlement.
Prevent the lateral movement of the structure.
Increase structural stability.
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
Shallow Foundation
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers
loads to the very near the surface. Shallow foundations
typically have a depth to width ratio of less than 1.
Deep Foundation
Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the
finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be
affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths of 3
meter below finished ground-level. Deep foundations can be
used to transfer the load to a deeper, more competent strata
at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
1. Isolated column or Column Footing
2. Wall Footing
3. Combined Footing
4. Cantilever (Strap) Footing
5. Mat (Raft) Foundation
ISOLATED COLUMN OR COLUMN FOOTING
Isolated footing type foundation consists of footing at the base
of the column. This type of foundations is independent footings.
Usually, each column has its own footing. The footing directly
transfers the loads form the column to the soil. The footings
may be rectangular, square or circular in shape. The size of the
footing can be roughly calculated by dividing the total load at
the column base by the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.
Isolated Spread Footing is economical when:
The load of the structure is relatively low.
Columns are not closely placed.
Bearing capacity of the soil is high at a shallow depth.
ISOLATED COLUMN OR COLUMN FOOTING
ISOLATED COLUMN OR COLUMN FOOTING
ISOLATED COLUMN OR COLUMN FOOTING
WALL FOOTING
This type of foundation runs continuous along the
direction of the wall and helps to transmit the
load of the wall into the ground. Wall footing are
suitable where loads to be transmitted are small
and are economical in dense sands and gravels.
In this type of foundation the width is 2-3 times
the width of the wall at ground level. Wall footing
may be constructed through stone, brick, plain or
reinforced cement concrete.
WALL FOOTING
WALL FOOTING
WALL FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
Combined footings are those foundations that are
made common for two or more columns in a row.
It is used when the footing for a column may
extend beyond the property line. It is also
suitable when the two columns are closely spaced
and the soil on which the structure resist is of low
bearing capacity. It may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in shape.
COMBINED FOOTING
Combined foundations are economic when:
The columns are placed close to each other.
When the column is close to the property line
and the isolated footing would cross the
property line or become eccentric.
Dimensions of one side of the footing are
restricted to some lower value.
COMBINED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
STRAP FOOTING
When an edge footing cannot be extended
beyond the property line the edge footing is
linked up with the other interior footing by
means of a strap beam. Such footings are
called as strap footing. It is also know as
cantilever footing.
STRAP FOOTING
STRAP FOOTING
RAFT FOOTING
A mat or raft foundation is a combined footing
which covers the entire area beneath of a
structure and supports all the walls and columns.
It is also known as raft foundation. Mat
foundation is applicable when:
Allowable bearing pressure is low.
The structure is heavy.
The site is with highly compressible layer.
RAFT FOOTING
Raft foundations are economic when:
The soil is weak and the load has to be
spread over a large area.
The structure includes a basement.
Columns are closely placed.
Other kinds of foundations are not
feasible.
Differential settlement is to be prevented.
RAFT FOOTING
RAFT FOOTING
TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATION
The mat foundation can be further classified
into following types:
Flat slab type.
Flat Slab thickened under column.
Two way beam and slab type.
Flat slab with pedestals.
Piled mat.
RAFT FOOTING
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Pile Foundation
Pier Foundation
Well (Caissons) Foundation
PILE FOUNDATION
Pile is a slender member with a small cross-
sectional area compared to its length. It is
used to transmit foundation loads to a
deeper soil or rock strata when the bearing
capacity of soil near the surface is relatively
low. Pile transmits load either by skin friction
or bearing. Piles are also used for resist
structures against uplift and provide
structures stability against lateral and
overturning forces.
PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundations are economic using pile foundation when
Soil with great bearing capacity is at a greater depth.
When there are chances of construction of irrigation
canals in the nearby area.
When it is very expensive to provide raft or grillage
foundations.
When the foundation is subjected to a heavy concentrated
load.
In marshy places.
When the topsoil layer is compressible in nature. • In case
of bridges when the scouring is more in the river bed.
PILE FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATION
PIER FOUNDATION
Pier foundation are underground cylindrical structural
member that support heavier load of the structure
which shallow foundations cannot resist. Unlike pile
foundation, pier foundation can only transfer load by
bearing. Pier foundation are shallower in depth than
the pile foundation. Pier foundation are used when:
The top strata is a decomposed rock underlying as
sound rock strata.
The soil is a stiff clay that occurs large resistance
for driving the bearing pile.
PIER FOUNDATION
PIER FOOTING
PIER FOUNDATION
WELL OR CAISSON FOUNDATION
The term caisson refers to box or a case. These are
hollow inside and are usually constructed at the site
and sunk in place into a hard bearing strata. As
they are expensive in construction, they are usually
restricted to major foundation works. Well
foundation are suitable when the soil contains large
boulders obstructing the penetration during
installation of pier or pile foundations. Caissons are
used for bridge piers, abutments in rivers and lakes
and other shore protection works. They are used to
resist heavy vertical and horizontal loads and are
used in the construction of large water front
structures as pump houses.
WELL OR CAISSON FOUNDATION
WELL OR CAISSON FOUNDATION
WELL OR CAISSON FOUNDATION
WELL OR CAISSON FOUNDATION
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF
FOUNDATION:
On the basis of ground/soil condition
Shallow foundations are preferred where soil close to
the surface is capable of supporting structure loads.
Where the ground close to the surface is not
capable of supporting structural loads, hard strata is
searched for and deep foundation is required.
Uniform stable ground requires relatively shallow
foundation whereas filled up ground has low bearing
capacity thus requires deep foundation.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF
FOUNDATION:
On the basis of Loads from Building:
In the case of low-rise building in a larger area,
the extent of loading is relatively low, so shallow
foundation can resist the load from the structures.
In the case of the high-rise building built within
less area have high loads. Therefore, the deep
foundation is required as shallow foundation may
not be able to resist such loads of greater intensity.
