REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CONCRETE

CEMENT AND WATER

CONCRETE  Used in binding aggregates (sand and gravel).

Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein  Water/cement ratio greatly affects the strength of concrete.
the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the
concrete.
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other CURING OF CONCRETE
aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement
and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change  Curing is performed by submerging the specimen
certain characteristics of the concrete, such as its workability, underwater. This is done in order to prevent moisture loss.
durability, and time of hardening. Rapid moisture loss leads to cracking and loss of strength
of the concrete specimen.
REINFORCED CONCRETE Note: Ideally, the maximum strength of concrete is attained
at the 28th day of curing.
ADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE

1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost  fc: Ultimate Compressive Strength.
compared with most other materials.  Break Point.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of  Elastic Limit.
fire and water and, in fact, is the best structural material  Proportionality Limit.
available for situations where water is present.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid. Proportionality Limit: Stress is proportional to strain.
4. It is a low-maintenance material. Elastic Limit: The material returns to its original shape when the
load is removed.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long
Ultimate Compressive Strength: The highest stress on the stress-
service life.
strain curve.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for Break Point/Rupture: Failure occurs. The concrete cracks in
footings, floor slabs, basement walls, piers, and similar tension.
applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an Hooke’s Law:
extraordinary variety of shapes, from simple slabs, beams,
and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive
local materials (sand, gravel, and water).
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as
Where E is the Modulus of Elasticity.
compared with other materials such as structural steel.

DESIGN CODES
DISADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED CONCRETE
Design codes provide detailed technical standards for structural
AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
design requirements.
Example: National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use 2015).
of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms (which are expensive) are required to hold the “The ultimate responsibility for the design lies with the
concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition, structural engineer.”
falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in
place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until ELASTIC MODULUS OF CONCRETE
the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support
themselves.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to
heavy members. This becomes an increasingly important
matter for long-span structures, where concrete’s large
dead weight has a great effect on bending moments.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete
means members will be relatively large, an important
consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of
variations in its proportioning and mixing. Furthermore,
the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
controlled as is the production of other materials, such as (fc’):
structural steel and laminated wood.
 Commercially available fc’fc’fc’:
o 17 MPa (lowest value according to NSCP 2015).
o 21 MPa (3 ksi).
o 28 MPa (4 ksi).
o 34 MPa (5 ksi).
Conversion: MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF STEEL

1 ksi=6.895 MPa1 \text{ ksi} = 6.895 \text{ MPa}1 ksi=6.895 MPa Esteel=200,000 MPaE_{\text{steel}} = 200,000
\text{ MPa}Esteel​ =200,000 MPa
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) METHOD vs.
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD) METHOD
CONCRETE: SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
 WSD: Considers linear elastic behavior up to the
proportionality limit. Shrinkage:
 USD: Considers non-linear elastic behavior up to the
ultimate strength. Contraction of a hardened concrete mixture due to water/moisture
loss. Shrinkage temperature bars are used.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
Creep:
STEEL
Additional deformation under sustained load for a long period.
LONGITUDINAL BARS (Rebars):

 Reinforcing steel bars are strategically placed where

concrete is weak in tension.

PRE-STRESSED STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES

TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT:

1. Plain Bar: Smooth surface.

2. Deformed Bar: Ridges and lugs that anchor the steel to
concrete.
3. High Tension Cable Wires.
4. Structural Steel Shapes: Wide flange, angle bar, C-
section, rectangular, tubular, etc.

LONGITUDINAL BARS:

Nominal Sizes

 Diameter (in mm): 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 36.

Nominal Lengths

 (in meters): 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12.

Yield Points:

 ASTM (ksi): 33, 40, 60.

 PNS (MPa): 230, 275, 415.
 NSCP (MPa): 230, 280, 420.

Stress-Strain Relationship of Steel:

 Proportionality Limit: Stress is proportional to strain.

 Elastic Limit: The material returns to its original shape
when the load is removed.
 Ultimate Tensile Strength: The highest stress on the
stress-strain curve.
 Yield Point: Constant stress with continuous strain
increase.
 Break Point/Rupture: Failure occurs.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS  A negative moment bends a beam concave downward.
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a
load. Important examples related to civil engineering include
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: BEAMS AND GIRDERS
buildings, bridges, and towers.
DETAILS

When designing a structure to serve a specified function for public

use, the engineer must account for its safety, aesthetics, and  Clear Span: L = 4.5 m
serviceability while considering economic and environmental  Splice Zone: L/3
constraints. This often requires several independent studies of  Development Length: 40db40d_b40db​ to
different solutions before making a final judgment as to which 100db100d_b100db​
structural form is most appropriate. This design process is both  Lap Splicing: 40−50db40-50d_b40−50db​
creative and technical and requires a fundamental knowledge of  Hooks for Stirrups: 6db6d_b6db​
material properties and the laws of mechanics governing material
response.
Beam Cross-Section
Once a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the structure
must then be analyzed to ensure that it has the required stiffness and  Dimensions: Verify using NSCP 2015.
strength.  Reinforcements: Follow specified requirements for top,
bottom, and web bars.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: SLABS
Slabs are flat horizontal panels that support the floor. They can be Crack Types
supported by beams/girders on edges or directly by columns. They
carry gravity loads and transfer them to the vertical components
 Flexure Cracks: Originating in maximum moment regions
(columns and/or walls), and also act as horizontal diaphragms by
due to inadequate flexural capacity.
transferring the lateral load to the vertical components of a structure.
 Shear Cracks: Originating near supports due to
inadequate shear capacity.
TYPES
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: COLUMNS
1. One-Way Floor System Columns are generally vertical members designed to resist axial
2. Two-Way Floor System compressive loads.

One-Way Floor System Buckling Effect:

A one-way floor system is a slab or deck supported such that it
delivers its load to the supporting members by one-way action. It is  Caused by instability under compressive force.
often referred to as a one-way slab. s/l<0.50s/l < 0.50s/l<0.50  Ties provide confinement to prevent bar buckling and
maintain vertical alignment.
 “s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span.
 A one-way slab bends in only one direction along the short
span.

Two-Way Floor System

If the support ratio is s/l≥0.50s/l \geq 0.50s/l≥0.50, the load is
assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two
directions. When this is the case, the slab is referred to as a two-way
slab.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to
carry vertical loads. Quite often, they are classified according to the
way they are supported.

Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moments; however, if

they are short and carry large loads, the internal shear force may
become significant, potentially governing their design.

Elastic and Plastic Deformations

 Elastic Deformations: Temporary deformations that

disappear when the load is removed.
 Plastic Deformations: Permanent deformations caused by
loads beyond the elastic limit.

Moment and Deflection

 A positive moment bends a beam concave upward.

LOADS ON STRUCTURES LOADS DISTRIBUTION
Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design
begins with those elements that are subjected to the primary loads the One-Way Slab
structure is intended to carry, and proceeds in sequence to the various For a one-way slab, the loads are distributed in one direction along
supporting members until the foundation is reached. In order to the shorter span. This load is carried by supporting beams, which
design a structure, it is therefore necessary to first specify the loads transfer it to the columns.
that act on it.
Two-Way Slab
Thus, a building floor slab would be designed first, followed by the For a two-way slab, the loads are distributed in both directions along
supporting beams, columns, and last, the foundation footings. the shorter and longer spans. The distribution depends on the slab’s
aspect ratio and support conditions.
DESIGN CODES
The NATIONAL BUILDING CODE, also known as Presidential LOADS CONVERSION
Decree No. 1096, is a government policy covering technical Conversion factors and units must be applied to translate the loads
requirements in constructing or renovating buildings and structures in into usable values for analysis and design.
the Philippines to secure the life, health, property, and welfare of the
Filipinos.
DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD CALCULATION BASED ON
NSCP 2015
LOADS ON STRUCTURES Monolithic Floor:
The vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight, and
snow or rain, are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
 All slabs: t = 100 mm
GRAVITY LOADS  All beams: b = 250 mm; h = 500 mm
Dead Loads. Dead loads consist of the weights of the various  All columns: 300 mm x 300 mm
structural members and the weights of any objects that are
permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead loads are Superimposed Loads:
shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common
material densities and minimum design dead loads for common
components.  Floor finish: ceramic tile with ½ inch mortar
 Ceiling: wood furring with a ¼ inch thick gypsum board
Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and  Partition walls: wood studs with gypsum board (h = 2.3 m)
location. They may be caused by the weights of objects temporarily  Live Load: Office
placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces. NSCP
Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live loads Walls:
depending on the use of the space.
 Weight = 3.0 kPa
LOADS ON STRUCTURES GRAVITY LOADS
 Height = 3 m
Snow and Rain Loads. In some parts of the country, roof loading
due to snow or rain can be quite severe, and therefore protection
against possible failure is of primary concern.

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure. When structures are used to retain

water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these
loadings becomes an important criterion for their design.

Impact Loads. When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure,

they cause larger stresses than those that would be produced if the
same loads would have been applied gradually. The dynamic effect
of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is
referred to as impact.

LOADS ON STRUCTURES LATERAL LOADS

The horizontal loads, induced mainly by wind and earthquake are
called lateral loads.

Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s
kinetic energy is converted into potential energy of pressure, which
causes a wind loading. The effect of wind on a structure depends
upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the
wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its
surface.

Earthquake Loads. Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure

through its interaction with the ground and its response
characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s distortion
caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the
structure.