Global
Global Positioning
Positioning System
System (GPS)
(GPS)
By Abdulkareem Husham
Background: GPS
• Global Positioning System (GPS) is provides location & time
information in all weather conditions anywhere on or near the earth
where there .
• is an unobstructed line Of sight (LOS) to four or more GPS
satellites.
• Initially GPS was launched with 24 satellites [1], with its control with
US Department of Defence (DOD).
• A GPS receiver calculates its position by [precisely timing the
signals sent by GPS satellite high above the earth.
• Each satellite constantly sends message that contains:
1. The time at which the message was transmitted
2. Satellite position at the time of message transmission
Global Positioning System (GPS):
How it works
• At least 24 operational
GPS satellites in orbit
• - 6 orbit
– 12 hour orbit
– 12,000 miles above earth
– Atomic clock
– There are three segments
Global Positioning System (GPS):
How it works cont’d.
• Satellites send data to earth which are picked up by a
receiver
• Signals arrive at different times based on the distance from
the satellite
• Receiver needs to determine distance
to four satellites
– Determines 3-dimensional position
Global Positioning System (GPS):
How it works cont’d.
• To calculate distance:
– Distance = Speed * Time
• Speed ≈ Speed of Light
• How to determine time?
– GPS receiver’s clock becomes synchronized to Coordinated
Universal Time by tracking four or more satellites
– Each satellite transmits a unique “pseudo random” code at
extremely precise time intervals
– Receiver knows each satellite’s pseudo random code and when
they are sent
– Receiver determines the time delay it takes to match the expected
satellite pseudo random code with the received pseudo random
code
Global Positioning System (GPS):
Sources of Error
• Atmospheric
• Charged Particles in the Ionosphere
• Water Molecules in the Troposphere
• Ephemeris errors أخطاء التقويم الفلكي
– Error that effects the satellite’s orbit (ephemeris)
– Caused by the gravitational pull of the sun, moon, and the
pressure caused by solar radiation
– Error monitored by the Department of Defense (DoD) and
broadcasted to the GPS satellites
• Multipath Error
– Caused by reflected radio signals from surface near the GPS
receiver
– Can be reduced by signal rejection techniques
Global Positioning System (GPS):
Error Correction: DGPS
• DGPS = Differential GPS
Basic Idea: differential GPS (DGPS) requires that a GPS receiver,
known as the base station, be set up on a precisely known location. The
base station receiver calculates its position based on satellite signals and
compares this location to the known location
Error correction can remove errors caused by the atmosphere—makes
GPS data more accurate!
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GPS AND DGPS
• GPS provides a location accuracy of around 10 to 15
meters and has global coverage, while DGPS provides
higher accuracy of up to 1 to 3 meters but is limited to
specific regions
Global Positioning System (GPS):
Applications
• Agriculture
• Military :Initially developed for the help of military like in tracking the
target using Drone technology
• Disaster Relief :disaster management & rescue operations
• Marine : measure speed, and determine location.
• Mobile Phones :used for navigation purposes but also for
many other applications in phone which are dependent of GPS
CONCLUSION
• GPS is very important tool for navigation
and tracking purpose.
• This paper explains about GPS and its
components.
• Lastly the applications of GPS are
explained in a detailed manner.
REFERENCES
5] Thomas A. Herring, Geodetic Applications of GPS,Vol. 87, No. 1, January 1999
[6] H. Yavasoglu’, E. Tari’, M. Sahin’, H. Karaman’,T. Erden’, S. Bilgi], S. Erdogan’,
Applications of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Geodynamics: With Three
Examples From Turkey, Afyon Kocatepe University Department of Geodesy and
Photogrammetry.2005
[7] Philip Moore and Peter Crossley, GPS applications in power systems, POWER
ENGINEERING JOURNAL FEBRUARY 1999 33
[8] Henry, Saravanan & Kulathuran, “Applications of GPS in Fisheries and Marine
Studies”, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science , Vol 2,
No 6, 2011
[9] Kundu & Chandana, “Remote Sensing and GPS” , Tapati Publisher , 9/4 Tamar
Lane, Kolkatta, 2014 [10] P Verma & J H Bhatia, “Design & Development of GPS
and GSM based Tracking system with Google based monitoring” in International
journal in CComputer Science Engineering and applications, vol 3, no 3, 2013
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