Global Positioning System

Location, Location, Location

 What is GNSS?
• GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite System.

• It is a general term for all satellite navigation systems.

• GNSS includes:

 GPS is the United States positioning satellite system

 GLONASS is Russia’s positioning satellite system.

 Galileo is the European Union’s positioning system

 BeiDou is China’s positioning system

 Other regional systems

 What is GPS?
• GPS is an acronym for Global Positioning System

• NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging) is the name

given to the U.S. GPS Constellation

• Location based system own, operated and controlled by the

Department of Defense (DOD)

• Developed in the 1970’s as a military locating utility, and over the

years has become a important tool for non-military use.

• Constellation of at least 24 satellites orbiting the earth at

altitudes of around 12,600 miles.
 The 3 Segments of GPS
Space Segment

Control Segment

User Segment
 Control Segment
• The Control Segment is the big brother of the GPS satellite
constellation.

• Control Stations continuously track and monitor the GPS

satellites. They update the positions of each satellite when
necessary.

• The DoD operates this segment from Falcon Air Force Base in
Colorado Springs, Colorado.

• The control segment has monitoring and upload stations

distributed throughout the world.

• Each satellite passes over a monitoring station twice a day.

 Space Segment
• There are at least 24 satellites in operation at all times. Currently
there are 31 satellites available for use.

• The number of satellites constantly changes as satellites are

decommissioned and commissioned. Taken out of use and put
into use.

• Each satellite makes one revolution around the Earth

approximately every 12 hours.

• The Air Force launched the sixth GPS IIF satellite on May 16, 2014,
and set it operational on June 10, 2014.
 User Segment
• The user segment is you and me and a whole list of other people.

•Surveying, Mapping & GIS Precision Construction

& Agriculture
•Agriculture
•Utilities and Construction
•Aviation
•Vehicle Tracking Solar GPS Cattle Herder

•Emergency
•Recreation
•Military
•Governments
•Marine
•And the list goes on and on. GPS is world-wide
 How does GPS work?
• GPS is based on satellite ranging. This measurement is
determined by timing how long it takes a radio signal to
reach the GPS receiver from the satellite, and using that
time to calculate distance.
 Measuring Distance
• To measure the distance you need to know two things. The speed
of a radio signal, which is equal to the speed of light (186,282
miles per second). You also need to know the time it takes for the
radio signal to reach you.

For Example: If it takes 0.06 seconds to receive a signal

transmitted by a satellite, you can use this formula to find
your distance to the satellite.
Velocity x Time = Distance
186,000 mps x 0.06 seconds = 11,160 miles
 How is the time calculated?
• Each GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location
and the current time. All GPS satellites synchronize
operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at
the same instant.

• The GPS receiver compares digital codes generated at

precisely the same time by a GPS satellite and the GPS
receiver.

• This codes are called “pseudorandom” codes and are

generated by the satellites and the receivers.

• Time is calculated as the difference between when the

satellite generated the code and when the receiver receives
the code.
 Pseudo Random Code
• The Pseudo Random Code is the code used for
communication between the satellites and receivers. It's a
very complicated digital code, or in other words, a
complicated sequence of "on" and "off" pulses.

• The signal is so complicated that it almost looks like random

electrical noise. Hence the name "Pseudo-Random."

• The complex pattern helps make sure that the receive

doesn't accidentally sync up to some other signal. The
patterns are so complex that it's highly unlikely that a stray
signal will have exactly the same shape.
 Distance = Velocity X Time
• When calculating the distance you are taking the time it takes
the signal to reach you and multiplying that by the speed of
light. The satellite code and the receiver code are generated at
exactly the same time.

186,000 mps x 0.06 seconds = 11,160 miles

0.06 seconds
 Calculating Position
It’s called Trilateration.
• Trilateration the measuring of the distance from at least three satellites to
establish a position on Earth.

• The accuracy of a measurement based on three satellites may be diminished

due to non-synchronization of clocks in the GPS satellites and the receiver. So a
fourth measurement from another satellite is used to eliminate timing offsets.

• The GPS receiver recognizes timing offset when it receives a series of

measurements that it cannot intersect at one point.

• It automatically starts subtracting the same amount of time from all of the
measurements until one point is determined.

• To calculate an accurate position 4 satellites must be used.

Example of Finding Your Position

A fourth satellite is required to determine exact location and elevation

 One More Example in 2D
You are 427 miles away from
one satellite. You could be
anywhere on a big circle.
YOU
Now, you get a reading from
a second satellite, and you
are 536 miles away from it.
SATELLITE You could be anywhere the
two circles intersect.
YOU Okay, now you have a
SATELLITE reading from a 3rd satellite,
and you are 216 miles from
it.
YOU
All 3 circles intersect at one
point which must be your
SATELLITE
position.

Must to have that 4th SV for

elevation and timing offsets
though.
 Other Elements of GPS
The Almanac
• An almanac is a general bus schedule of where the satellites will
be for a particular time of the day.

• Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts the almanac.

• Your GPS receiver will automatically collect this information and

store it for future reference.

• Almanacs are used while planning a work project, and for quick
acquisition of satellite positions by the receiver.
 Why is an almanac important?
• You can use an almanac file to see when the best time for you
to go out an collect data with your GPS receiver.

• The almanac will tell you how many satellites you will be able
to see at any time of the day or night.

• If you are not using an almanac to plan collection time, you

could travel 100 miles to a location and find out you don’t
have enough satellites to collect. What a waste of time!

• The almanac will also tell you when the geometry of the
satellites is good at any time of day or night. It’s important to
have good satellite geometry when collecting data.
 Ephemeris Information
• The DOD constantly monitors the orbit of the satellites looking for
deviations from predicted paths. Remember the Control
Segment?

• Deviations are caused by natural atmospheric conditions such as

gravity. Even though the satellites positions are constantly
monitored, they can't be watched every second. So slight position
or “ephemeris" errors can sneak in between monitoring times.

• Deviations are known as ephemeris errors.

• When ephemeris errors are determined to exist for a satellite, the

errors are sent back up to that satellite, which in turn broadcasts
the errors as part of the standard message, supplying this
information to the GPS receivers.
 Sources of Error in GPS
• Atmospheric Delay

• Multipath

• Obstruction
 Atmospheric Delay
• GPS signals bounce around when traveling through the
ionosphere and troposphere.

• The signal is delayed which will change the calculated

position by changing the amount of time it takes the
signal to reach the GPS receiver.
 Multipath Error

Multipath error occurs when a GPS signal bounces

(reflected) off an object before reaching the receiver.

A few examples include dense canopy, buildings, a parking

lot full of cars.
 Obstructions

• An obstruction is anything that is blocking the signal

from reaching the GPS receiver.

• A few examples are tree canopy, tall buildings, and

canyons.
 Differential Correction
Short Version

• The underlying principle of differential GPS (DGPS) requires that a

GPS receiver, known as the base station, be set up on a precisely
known x, y location. The base station receiver calculates its
position based on satellite signals and compares this location to
the known it’s known location. The difference is applied to the
GPS data recorded by the roving GPS receiver.

• Differential Correction is used to remove errors from the data you

collected. Errors from the ionosphere, troposphere, signal noise,
ephemeris data and clock drift.
 GPS and GIS Working Together
• GPS can provide any point on earth with a unique address. It’s
latitude and longitude location.

• A GIS is basically a descriptive database of the earth.

• GPS tells you that you are at point X,Y,Z while GIS tells you that
X,Y,Z is an oak tree.

• GIS tells us the "what". What’s there.

• GPS/GIS is reshaping the way we locate, organize, analyze and

map our resources.
 GPS and GIS Work Together
• GPS tells us where the location of an object is; GIS tells us what
the object is and any additional information we want to know
about the object.

• The objects at locations are referred to as "Features", and are

used to build a GIS. It is the power of GPS to precisely locate
these features which adds so much to the utility of the GIS
system. Without feature data, a coordinate location is of little
value.
 Types of Features
• There are three types of features which can be mapped:
• Points, Lines and Areas.

• A Point Feature is a single GPS coordinate position which is

identified with a specific Object. X TREE

• A Line Feature is a collection of GPS positions which are identified

with the same Object and linked together to form a line.
X X X X ROAD

• An Area Feature is very similar to a Line Feature, except that the

ends of the line are tied to each other to form a closed area.

X
X X
POND

X X
 Feature Descriptions
• The ability to describe a Feature in relation to a multi-layered
database is essential for successful assimilation with any GIS
system.

• For example, it is possible to map the location of each house on a

city block and simply label each coordinate position as a house.
However, the addition of information such as exterior material,
square footage, current market value, occupants, etc. will provide
the ability to sort and classify the houses into categories.
 Feature Attributes
• These categories of descriptions for a feature are know as
attributes. Attributes can be thought of as questions which are
asked about the Feature.

• For Example: Feature = Tree

Feature Attributes could include:
Type of tree
Height of tree
Diameter of tree
Condition of tree
Tree canopy diameter
 Feature Attribute Values
• Each question asked by the attributes must have an answer. The
answers to the questions posted by the attributes are
called values.

For Example: Feature = Tree

Feature Attributes could include:
Type of tree Value = Oak
Height of tree Value = 20’
Diameter of tree Value = 2’
Condition of tree Value = Excellent
Tree canopy diameter Value = 12’
• By collecting the same type of data for each tree which is
mapped, a database is created. Tying this database to position
information is the core philosophy underlying any GIS system.
 Final Step is to Export the Data to
GIS
• After the GPS data has been collected, downloaded, and
corrected, the data can be exported into a GIS system such as
ArcGIS.

• During this process, a GIS "layer" is created for each feature in the
GPS job. For example, house, road, and parcel data would create
a house layer, a road layer and a parcel layer in the GIS system.
The house layer would be a point layer. The road layer would be a
line layer and the parcel layer would be a area layer.

• Once the GPS job has been exported, the full power of the GIS
system can be used to classify and evaluate the data.
 Citations
Some of this material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation (DUE
#1304591). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the
authors(s) and not necessarily those of the National Science Foundation.

References:

Trimble Navigation Limited.

http://www.trimble.com/gps_tutorial/whatgps.aspx

CMT is the leading manufacturer of rugged, water-proof hand-held computers for field
professionals in forestry, utility, fisheries, wildlife and environmental assessment.
http://www.cmtinc.com/gpsbook/

National Geospatial Technology Center of Excellence

GeoTECH
http://www.geotechcenter.org/

ESRI
http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0103/differential1of2.html