AV-222
ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 8
“DC MOTORS”
Instructor: Sqn Ldr Ahnaf Lodhi
Class: 84(B & C)
Electric Machinery Fundamentals Ch 8:
Avionics Engineering Department
DC Motors
• Measure of performance comparison
– Speed Regulation
– Positive: Speed decreases with increasing load
– Vice versa for negative
• Types
– Separately excited
– Shunt DC
– Permanent Magnet
– Series
– Compound
DC Motors: Parameters
• Armature Circuit : EA and RA
– Thevenin equivalent of rotor structure
• Includes rotor coils, interpoles and compensating windings
– Brush voltage drop Vbrush
• Opposing the direction of current flow
• May be ignored or included in RA until specifically mentioned
– Field coils
• Combination of inductor LF and resistor RF
– Current control for field circuit by variable resistor Radj
DC Motors: Equivalent Circuit
DC Motors: Equivalent Circuit
• Induced voltage in a DC Machine
• Induced Torque in a DC Machine
Magnetization Curve
• Field current produces magneto-motive force
• Responsible for the flux in the machine
according to the magnetization curve
Magnetization Curve
• MMF directly proportional to field current
• EA directly proportional to flux
• Represent magnetization curve in terms of EA
and IF for a given speed
• Most motors designed to operate near the
saturation point
Separately Excited DC Motor
• Field circuit supplied from a separate source
Shunt DC Motor
• Field circuit supplied power directly from
armature terminals of the motor
Separately Excited and Shunt DC Motors
• Supply voltage assumed constant
– No difference in behavior
– Usually separately excited and shunt DC motors dealt
synonymously
– KVL for armature circuit
Terminal Characteristics: Shunt DC Motor
• Terminal
characteristics
– Machine’s output quantities compared to each other
– Output for a motor
• Torque and speed
• Behavior of a shunt DC motor
– Increase load on the shaft
– Load torque to exceed induced torque
– Motor slows down
– Internal voltage drops:
– Increase in armature current :
– Induced torque increases:
– Induced torque equals load torque at a lower rotation
speeed
Terminal Characteristics: Shunt DC Motor
Terminal Characteristics: Shunt DC Motor
• Equation of a straight line
Armature Reaction
• Consider
– Magnetic field windings connected to power supply
– Rotor turned by a source of mechanical power
• Voltage induced in rotor conductors
– Rectified by machine’s Commutator
• Load connected to machine terminals
– Current flows through armature
– Induces magnetic field of its own
– Distortion in the stator magnetic field
– Distortion to increase as load increases
Terminal Characteristics: Shunt DC Motor
• Equation of a straight line
Terminal Characteristics: Shunt DC Motor
• Linear variation of speed with torque
– Other terms to remain constant
– In case of AR, increasing load decreases stator flux
– Increased speed for same load than without AR
– Solution: Compensating windings
• Allow constant flux regardless of load
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
• Speed control mechanism
– Common
• Adjust field resistance and thus field flux
• Adjust terminal voltage applied to armature
– Less common method
• Add resistor in series with armature circuit
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
• Changing field resistance
Speed Control of DC Motors
• Changing field resistance
– Decreasing flux causes no-load speed to increase
– Torque-speed curve becomes steeper
– Study limitations of speed control by changing field resistance
Speed Control for Shunt DC Motors
• Changing armature voltage
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motor
• Adding series resistance
with armature circuit
– Increases slope of the curve
– Operates more slowly on
loading
– Increases losses
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motor
• Field Resistance control
– Higher field current corresponds to lower rotational speeds
– Min speed determined by maximum allowable field current
• Base speed
– Motor operating at rated terminal voltage, power and field current, then it
operates at rated speed
– To operate below base speed requires excessively large field current
possibly burning up the windings.
• Field resistance control
– Ability to control only above base speed
– Requires excessive current to control below base speed which may result
in burning out of windings
• Armature voltage control
– Speed increases with increase in armature voltage
– Can control below base speed only
– Limitation in terms of maximum achievable speed
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motor
• For armature voltage control, flux remains
constant
– Max torque independent of speed
– Max power
– Directly proportional to operating speed
• For field resistance control
– Speed increase caused by flux reduction
– For armature current to remain within limits, induced
torque limit must decrease as speed increases
– Max power constant
– Max torque varies as reciprocal of motor speed.
