SAMPLING THEOREM
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
Sampling of
1. Low pass signal (Baseband signal)
2. Band pass signal.
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
SAMPLING
Many signals originate as continuoustime signals, e.g. conventional music
or voice.
To represent waveforms on digital
computers, we need to digitize or
sample the waveform.
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
SAMPLING THEOREM ( FOR LOW
PASS SIGNAL)
Sampling process: Used to convert analog signal into
sequence of samples, spaced uniformly in time
Sampling Theorem:
A band limited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is
sampled at a rate at least twice the maximum frequency
component in it.
Let g(t) be the message signal bandlimited to frequency W
Hz. If the samples are taken at time intervals T s 1/2W, then
these samples will represent the signal exactly and the
original message signal can be recovered exactly at the
receiver (Low pass filter).
Where,
Ts = 1/ fs is the sampling interval and (T s 1/2W)
fs = 1/ Ts is the sampling frequency
fs 2W
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
PROOF OF SAMPLING
THEOREM
Consider an analog signal g(t) that is
continuous
in
both
time
and
amplitude. And it has infinite
duration and finite energy.
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
SAMPLING PROCESS (for Low pass signal)
Instantaneous
Consequences
Sampling
and
Frequency-Domain
Sample the signal g(t) instantaneously and at a uniform rate,
Instantaneously (ideal) sampled signal
The signal obtained by individually weighting the elements of a
periodic sequence ofDirac delta functions :
g (t )
g (nT ) (t nT )
(1.1)
Reproduce the relationships listed at the bottom of the righthand side of the table 1.1
The process of uniformly sampling a continuous time signal of
finite energy results
in a periodic
spectrum with a repetition
g (nTs ) (t nTs ) f s
G ( f mf s )
g (nTs ) exp( j 2nTs f ) G ( f ) (1.2)
frequency equaln to
the sampling
rate.
n
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
Contd.,
A discrete-time Fourier transform of the sequence
n
jnf
G ( f ) g
exp
n 2W
G ( f ) f s G ( f ) f s
(1.3)
G( f mf )
s
m
m0
1.G ( f ) 0 for f W
For a strictly
signal, under the two conditions
2. f s band-limited
2W
G( f )
1
G( f )
2W
1
G ( f ), W f W
2W
(1.4)
n
jnf
exp
, W f W
2
W
W
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
(1.5)
7
Contd.,
The sequence {g(n/2W)} has all the information contained in
g(t).
Reconstructing
the signal g(t) from the sequence of sample
g (t ) G ( f ) exp( j 2ft ) df
values.
W 2W
W
n
g (t ) g
n 2W
n
jnf
exp
exp( j 2ft ) df
W
2W
2W
exp
j
2
f
t
W
2W
df
(1.6)
n
g (t ) g
sin c(2Wt n), t (1.7)
n 2W
The interpolation formula for reconstructing the original signal
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8
g(t) from the sequence of sample values {g(n/2W)} .
Contd.,
The sampling theorem for strictly bandlimited signals of finite energy in two
equivalent parts
Analysis : A band-limited signal of finite energy that has no
frequency components higher than W hertz is completely described
by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated
by 1/2W seconds.
Synthesis : A band-limited signal of finite energy that has no
frequency components higher than W hertz is completely recovered
form knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per
second.
Nyquist rate
The sampling rate of 2W samples per second for a signal bandwidth
of W hertz
Nyquist interval
1/2W (measured in seconds)
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
Contd.,
Aliasing Phenomenon
The phenomenon of a high-frequency component in
the spectrum of the signal seemingly taking on the
identify of a lower frequency in the spectrum of its
sampled version.
To combat the effects of aliasing in practices
Prior to sampling : a low-pass anti-alias filter is used to attenuate those highfrequency components of a message signal that are not essential to the
information being conveyed by the signal
The filtered signal is sampled at a rate slightly higher than the Nyquist rate.
Physically realizable reconstruction filter
The reconstruction filter is of a low-pass kind with a passband extending from
W to W
The filter has a non-zero transition band extending form W to f s-W
SKCET/ECE/ DC SEM 5
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