A PROJECT ON

“MATRIX”

SUBMITTED BY

AMAN GUPTA

CLASS-12th
(2025-2026)

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 INDEX

Sl. No. Contents Page no.

Introduction 3
Types of matrices 4
Properties of matrix 7
Determinant of a matrix 8
Inverse of a matrix 8
Application of matrix in daily life 11
Problem 11
Solution 12
Conclusion and reference 12

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 INTRODUCTION:-

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and

columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m × n matrix. Its entries are usually
written as aija_{ij}aij, where iii is the row and jjj is the column.

Two matrices of the same dimensions can be added or subtracted element-wise. Matrix
multiplication is defined only when the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number
of rows of the second. Any matrix can also be multiplied by a scalar.

Matrices have many applications in science and engineering. They appear in physics (mechanics,
optics, electromagnetism, quantum theory) and are widely used in computer graphics for
transforming 3D models.

Meaning:-

Rectangular arrangement of numbers or alphabets in rows and columns enclosed by a square

bracket or a common bracket is called a “matrix”. The numbers (parameters or variables) are
called elements of the matrix. The numbers in a horizontal line are called rows while the
numbers in a vertical line are called columns, the number of rows (m) may not be equal to the
number of columns (n). The number of rows and numbers of columns defines the dimension or
order of the matrix.

Definition :-

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects for which operations
such as addition and multiplication are defined. Most commonly, a matrix over a field is a
rectangular array of scalars each of which is a member of F. Most of this article focuses on real
and complex matrices, that is matrices whose elements are real numbers or complex numbers.

The numbers, symbols or expressions in the matrix are called its entries or its elements. The
horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are called rows and columns.

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 TYPES OF MATRICES:-

1. Row Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one row is called a row matrix. It can have any numbers of columns.

For example – [1 2 3 4]1x4

2. Column Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one column is called a column matrix. It can have any number of
rows.

[]
3
For Example – 2
4

3. Square Matrix:-

A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square
matrix.

For Example – [ 30 25]

4. Diagonal Matrix:-

A square matrix whose all elements except the leading diagonal elements are zero is termed
as a diagonal matrix. In other words, all of its non-diagonal elements are zero.

[ ]
300
For Example – 0 31 0
0 0 13

5. Scalar Matrix:-

A diagonal matrix whose leading diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.

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 [ ]
700
For Example – 0 7 0
007

6. Unit Matrix:-

A scalar matrix whose diagonal leading elements are unity (1) is termed as a unit matrix and
is denote by ‘I’.

[ ]
10 0
For Example - 0 10
001

7. Rectangular Matrix:-

When the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns, it is termed as a rectangular
matrix (m is not equal to n).

For Example – [ 36 21 54]

8. Null Matrix:-

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, it is called a null matrix or zero matrixes.

[ ]
000
For Example – 0 0 0
000

9. Transpose of Matrix:-

The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns. In other words,
rows are changed into columns and columns are changed into rows. Transpose of matrix A is
denoted by A’ or AT.

[]
25
For Example –A=
23 4
567 [ ]
, it implies= A
'
= 36
47

[Link] Matrix:-

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Two matrices are said to be equal if both are of the same order and their corresponding
elements are equal.

For Example – A= [ ac bd], B=[ 62 75]

[Link] Matrix:-

A matrix is termed as asymmetric matrix if it is equal to its transpose. In other words, if A .

A’ the matrix A is called a symmetric one.

[ ]
abe
For Example – b e g
e gc

[Link]-Symmetric Matrix:-

A matrix is called a skew-symmetric matrix if its negative is equal to its transpose. In other
words, if A’= -A, the matrix A is termed as skew-symmetric one.

For Example – [ −a0 a0 ]

[Link] Matrix:-

A matrix obtained from a given matrix by deleting some rows or columns or both is called a
sub- matrix.

[ ],
325
If A= 1 4 6 its sub matrices will be
778

[3 2 8] , [ 24 56 ] ,[ 47 68 ] ,[ 31254 6.] and so on.

[Link] Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is zero, is called a singular matrix.

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 [ ]
000
For Example – 1 2 3
345

[Link]-singular Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is not equal to zero is called a non-singular matrix.

For Example- [ 43 56 ] , |A| = 24 – 15 =9 ≠ 0

[Link] Matrix:-

A sqare matrix is which the product of the matrix with its transpose and vice-versa is a unit
matrix it is termed as an orthogonal matrix. In other words, matrix A is called an orthogonal
matrix if,

A’ x A =I and A x A’ = I

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION:-

1. Associative law A+B = B+A

2. Commutative law A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
3. If 0 denotes null matrix of the same order as that of A then, A+0 =0+A = A
4. Existence of inverse if A+B=0 , Then B= -A OR A =-B

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION:-

1. If A and B are two matrices then AB may not be equal to BA

2. If A, B and C are three matrices then (AB) = A(BC)
3. Multiplication is distributive with respect of addition of matrices, i.e. ; A(B+C) =
AB+BC

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 4. (AB)’ = B’ x A’
5. AI =A = IA, where, I is a unit matrix.
6. ∝ (AB) = (∝A) B = A (∝B)
7. The product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.

Example A= [ 1−
−1 1 ]
1
, B=[ ]
11
11
then AB= [ 00 00]

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX:-

The standard formula to find the determinant of 3X3 matrix is a breakdown of smaller 2X2
determinant problems which are very easy to handle. If you need a refresher how to find the
determinant of a 2X2.

Suppose we are given a square matrix A, where, A

[ ]
abc
A= d e f
ghi

The determinant of Matrix A is calculated as.

[ e f ] [ d f ] |d e|
|A|= a h i -b g i c g h

If A= [ 35 48 ], then the determinant of A or |A| written as |35 48| whose value will be
(3X8) – (5X4) = 4

The co factors of the element of |A| can be found by applying the formula.

Aij ¿(−1)i + j X Mij

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

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The inverse of a square matrix A exists if |A| ≠0 . in other words, inverse exists if the square
matrix is non-singular. The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A− 1.

The inverse of A is given A− 1 = Adj A / |A|

Remarks:-

1. Ax A− 1= A− 1x A=I
2. B is called the inverse of A if AB=BA=I
3. ( AB)− 1= B−1x A− 1

Finding Inverse Of Matrix:-

[ ]
206
If A = 1 3 −1 show that A(Adj A) = I3 ; |A| find inverse of matrix.
45−2

STEP-1:-

1) First find all the co-factors

A11 = |35 −1
−2|
= -1 A21 = |50−26 | = 30 A31 = |30−16 | = -18
A12 = |1−
4 −2|
1
= -2 A22 = |42−26 | =-28 A32 = |12−16 | = 8
=| | = -7 = | | = -10 = | | =6
13 20 20
A13 A23 A33
45 45 13

STEP-2:-

| |
− 1− 2− 7
Write the co-factors in matrix from we get 30 −28 − 10
− 18 86

[ ]
−1 30− 18
Then transpose it to get Adj A Adj A = − 2 −28 8
− 7 −10 6

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 [ ] [ ]
206 −1 30− 18
A x (Adj A) = 1 3 −1 X − 2 −28 8
45−2 − 7 −10 6

[ ]
− 2+ 0 −42 60+0 − 60 −36+0+ 36
= −1 −6+7 30 − 84+10 −18+ 24 −6
−4 −10+14 120 − 140+20 −72+40 − 12

[ ]
−44 0 0
= 0 −44 0
0 0 −44

|A| = a11 . A11+a12 . A12+a13 . A13

=2(-1)+0(-2)+6(-7) = -2+0-42 = -44

So, A(Adj A) = I 3 |A|

STEP-3:-

Now find A− 1= Adj A / |A|

[ ]
−1 30− 18
−1
A = − 2 −28 8 ÷ (-44)= ¿
− 7 −10 6

Procedure of Adjoint of Matrix

The ad joint of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix of co-factors

STEP-1 : Find all the co-factors

STEP-2 : Write them in matrix form

STEP-3 : Then change the columns into rows and vice versa

Examle :

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Original Matrix of co-factors Transpose (Adjoint)

[ 43 65 ]=¿ [ 5−6−34 ]=¿[ 5−3−64]

Remark :-

(Adj A)A = A(Adj A) = |A|I

APPLICATION OF MATRIX IN DAILY LIFE

Matrices appear everywhere in daily life. Graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop
uses them to perform transformations when rendering images, and video games rely on matrix
operations to create reflections and distortions. In physics, matrices are essential for analyzing
electrical circuits, optics, and quantum mechanics. Engineers use them to model systems and
make precise calculations.

In computer science, matrices play a major role in encryption, data storage, searching, and
database management. They are also used in information security and data compression,
including the storage of biometric data. Geologists use matrices in seismic surveys, and
statisticians use them to organize and analyze data such as population figures or mortality rates.
In economics, large matrices help optimize resources and manage complex supply chains.

PROBLEM

A supplier supplies coffee beans to SHOP A, SHOP B and SHOP C in bags of 5 kgs,10 kg and
15 kg as shown in the table.

SL NO SHOP NAME 5kG 10 KG 15 KG

1 SHOP A 50 100 30
2 SHOP B 60 150 40
3 SHOP C 80 200 70

The cost price of 5 kg, 10 kg and 15 kg bags are Rs.10.60, Rs.17.20 and Rs.22.50 respectively.

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(a) Write down two matrices P and Q , such that the elements of the matrix product PQ give
the total cost price of the beans delivered to each SHOP. Find the product of PQ.
(b) In June, SHOP A,B and C received 15,10 and 5 such delivers respectively. By using a
matrix multiplication ,find the total number of 5 kg , 10 kg and 15 kg bags delivered in
June. Hence; find the total number of bags delivered in June by further matrix
multiplication.

SOLUTION

[] [ ]
A 50 ×10 . 60+100 ×17 . 20+30 ×22 . 5
(A) [A B C] B = 60 ×10 . 60+150 ×17 . 20+40 × 22. 5
C 80 ×10 . 60+200 ×17 . 20+70 ×22 . 5

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
50 100 30 10 .60 2925 2925
= 60 150 40 × 17 .20 = 4116 PQ = 4116
80 200 70 22 .50 5863 5863

[ ] [ ]
15× 50+60 ×10+ 80× 5 50 100 30
(B) = 100× 15+150 ×10+200 × 10 =[ 15 105 ] 60 150 40
30 × 15+40 ×15+ 70× 15 80 200 70

= [ 1750 4000 1200 ]

[]
1
=[ 1750 4000 1200] 1
1

= [ 1750 +4000+1200] = [6950]

CONCLUSION

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Matrices are very easy to add the data together, like we do with matrices in mathematics. Like in
some problems of our homework, matrices could be useful to figuring out things like price and
quantitative, like with the foods and prices in our homework. As we can see, there are many and
very useful ways matrices could be applied in our everyday lives and even in the future.

REFERENCE:-

1. NCERT Mathematics Textbook for Class 12 - Chapter 3: Matrics

2. CBSE Laboratory Manual - Physics Class 12

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