Python Class Notes
1. Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language.
Created by Guido van Rossum in 1991.
Known for readability, simplicity, and versatility.
Interpreted & dynamically typed: No need to declare variable types explicitly.
Cross-platform: Works on Windows, macOS, Linux.
Features
Simple syntax, easy to learn.
Interpreted language.
Object-oriented and supports functional programming.
Extensive standard library.
Interactive: Supports REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop).
Open-source and widely supported.
2. Python Basics
2.1 Hello World
print("Hello, World!")
2.2 Comments
# Single-line comment
"""
Multi-line comment
"""
2.3 Variables & Data Types
# Numbers
x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
# String
name = "John"
# Boolean
is_active = True
# None
value = None
Dynamic typing: Python determines type automatically.
2.4 Type Conversion
x = int(3.5) #3
y = float(10) # 10.0
s = str(100) # "100"
3. Operators
Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, //, %, **
Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical: and, or, not
Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
Membership: in, not in
Identity: is, is not
4. Control Flow
4.1 Conditional Statements
x = 10
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")
4.2 Loops
for loop
for i in range(5): # 0 to 4
print(i)
while loop
i=0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1
break & continue
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)
5. Data Structures
5.1 Lists
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
[Link]("orange")
fruits[0] # "apple"
5.2 Tuples
Immutable list.
point = (1, 2)
x, y = point
5.3 Sets
Unordered, no duplicates.
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3} # {1, 2, 3}
[Link](4)
5.4 Dictionaries
person = {"name": "John", "age": 25}
print(person["name"])
person["age"] = 26
6. Functions
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}"
print(greet("Alice"))
Default parameters
def power(x, n=2):
return x ** n
Variable arguments
def add(*args):
return sum(args)
7. Object-Oriented Programming
7.1 Classes & Objects
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age
def display(self):
print(f"{[Link]} is {[Link]} years old")
p = Person("Alice", 25)
[Link]()
7.2 Inheritance
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age, student_id):
super().__init__(name, age)
self.student_id = student_id
7.3 Encapsulation
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name # private variable
def get_name(self):
return self.__name
7.4 Polymorphism
Method overriding
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Dog barks")
8. Exception Handling
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
print("Done")
raise: Throw an exception manually.
if x < 0:
raise ValueError("x must be positive")
9. Modules & Packages
# Import module
import math
print([Link](16))
# From module
from math import pi
print(pi)
Creating module: Save .py file and import it.
Packages: Folders with __init__.py.
10. File I/O
# Write to file
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Hello Python")
# Read from file
with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
data = [Link]()
11. Python Standard Libraries
math – Math functions
random – Random numbers
datetime – Date and time
os – OS operations
sys – System-specific parameters
re – Regular expressions
json – JSON parsing
12. Advanced Topics
12.1 List Comprehensions
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
12.2 Lambda Functions
square = lambda x: x**2
print(square(5))
12.3 Decorators
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function")
func()
print("After function")
return wrapper
@decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello")
12.4 Generators
def gen():
for i in range(5):
yield i
for val in gen():
print(val)
12.5 Multithreading
import threading
def print_hello():
print("Hello from thread")
t = [Link](target=print_hello)
[Link]()
[Link]()
12.6 Decorators, Context Managers, Iterators
with keyword for resource management.
__iter__ and __next__ for custom iterators.
13. Python Best Practices
Use meaningful variable names.
Follow PEP 8 coding style.
Write modular code using functions and classes.
Handle exceptions carefully.
Avoid global variables when possible.
Comment and document code clearly.
