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15 views

phyton

Uploaded by

prince227kharol
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 12

Python Class Notes

1. Introduction to Python

What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language.


It is easy to read and write, known for its simple syntax.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.

Features of Python

Simple and easy to learn.


Open-source and cross-platform.
Extensive standard library.
High-level language (abstracts memory management).
Dynamically typed (no need to declare variable types).

2. Basic Syntax
Comments

Single-line comment: # This is a comment


Multi-line comment: """
This is a
multi-line comment
"""

Variables

Variables in Python are dynamically typed.


Example: x = 10, name = "Alice"

Print Statements

print() function displays output.

print("Hello, World!")

3. Data Types
Numbers

Integers (int), floating point numbers (float), and complex numbers (complex).

num1 = 10 # Integer
num2 = 3.14 # Float
num3 = 2 + 3j # Complex

Strings

Strings are sequences of characters enclosed in single, double, or triple quotes.

str1 = "Hello"
str2 = 'World'
str3 = """This is
a multi-line
string"""

Lists

Ordered, mutable collection of elements.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, "apple"]

Tuples
Ordered, immutable collection of elements.

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, "banana")

Dictionaries

Unordered, mutable collection of key-value pairs.

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

Sets

Unordered collection of unique elements.

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}

4. Control Flow

If-else Statements
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
else:
print("x is less than or equal to 5")

Elif Statements

x = 20
if x > 30:
print("x is greater than 30")
elif x == 20:
print("x is equal to 20")
else:
print("x is less than 20")

Loops

for loop (iterates over sequences): for i in range(5):


print(i)

while loop (runs until a condition is False): i = 0


while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1
5. Functions

Defining Functions

def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}")

greet("Alice") # Output: Hello, Alice

Return Values

def add(a, b):


return a + b

result = add(2, 3)
print(result) # Output: 5

Arguments

Positional arguments: def subtract(a, b):


return a - b
print(subtract(5, 3)) # Output: 2

Default arguments: def greet(name="World"):


print(f"Hello, {name}")
greet() # Output: Hello, World
greet("Bob") # Output: Hello, Bob

Keyword arguments: def print_person(name, age):


print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")

print_person(age=25, name="Alice") # Output: Alice is 25 years old.

6. Modules and Libraries

Importing Modules

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0

Import Specific Function

from math import sqrt


print(sqrt(25)) # Output: 5.0

Creating Your Own Modules


Save your Python functions in a .py file, e.g., mymodule.py.
Import it into other programs: import mymodule
mymodule.some_function()

7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old.")

p = Person("Alice", 25)
p.greet() # Output: Hello, my name is Alice and I am 25 years old.

Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to inherit attributes and methods from another class.

class Employee(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age, job):
super().__init__(name, age)
self.job = job

def work(self):
print(f"{self.name} is working as a {self.job}")

e = Employee("Bob", 30, "Engineer")


e.work() # Output: Bob is working as a Engineer

Polymorphism

Methods in derived classes can override methods in base classes.

class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Dog barks")

d = Dog()
d.speak() # Output: Dog barks
8. Exception Handling

Try-Except Block

try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")

Finally Block

try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")
finally:
print("This will always execute.")

9. File Handling
Opening a File

file = open("sample.txt", "w")


file.write("Hello, Python!")
file.close()

Reading a File

file = open("sample.txt", "r")


content = file.read()
print(content) # Output: Hello, Python!
file.close()

Using with Statement

Automatically handles file closure.

with open("sample.txt", "r") as file:


content = file.read()
print(content)

10. Libraries and Frameworks


Popular Libraries:

NumPy: For numerical computations.


Pandas: For data manipulation and analysis.
Matplotlib: For data visualization.
Flask/Django: Web frameworks.

Installation of Libraries

pip install numpy

11. Conclusion

Python is a powerful and versatile language used for web development, data analysis, machine learning, automation, and more. It's beginner-
friendly but also robust enough for professionals. Mastering Python can open doors to many fields in software development.

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