HBS Study Guide
Best way to study: Use your completed student workbooks to confirm answers and quiz yourself using these
questions. A partner/friend can confirm with you the right answer by reviewing the student workbooks.
1.1 - Beginning with Bones
(1.1.2) Directional terms describe the position of anatomical structures in relation to other structures or
locations in the body and regional terms specify specific anatomical landmarks on the body.
● What are the plans of the body?
● What are the directional terms?
● What are the regional terms of the body?
(1.1.3) A tissue is a group of similar cells designed to carry out a specific function.
● What are four main tissue types and how does structure lead to function?
● How does the structure of epithelial tissue lend this form of tissue to its function?
(1.1.4) Bone is a living connective tissue composed of cells and protein fibers wrapped in hard mineral salts
that can adapt and change to fit the needs of the person.
● What are the key structures of compact bone? What are the key structures of spongy bone?
● How does the overall structure of bone provide great strength and flexibility, but keep bone from
being too bulky and heavy?
● How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts assist with bone remodeling and overall bone homeostasis?
(1.1.5) The specific structure of bone reveals information about a person.
● Know the 26 bones highlighted in the textbook.
● What type of tissue is bone classified as? What primary function of this tissue type pertains to
bone?
● Why do you think the pelvis is often the first bone forensic anthropologists look to in determining
sex from skeletal remains?
● Besides movement, what other role do bones play in helping to maintain homeostasis?
(1.1.6) Bone is constantly being broken down and reformed through the process of bone remodeling.
● What is bone remodeling? What is the relationship between bone remodeling and blood
calcium levels?
● How do hormones assist in the maintenance of healthy bone and the release of calcium to be
used in other body processes?
● What are the four main stages of healing that occur after a bone fracture?
● What types of treatments are best for each type of bone fracture? How do you assess this?
1.2 Muscles to Motion
(1.2.1) Through contraction and relaxation, the three different types of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth - produce body movements, stabilize body position, move substances within the body and regulate
heat.
● Fill in the chart below.
Type of muscle Striations? (Y/N) Voluntary? (Y/N) Location in Body Function in Body Histology
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
(1.2.1) When a process in the body requires energy, ATP is broken down to liberate energy stored in its
chemical bonds. Calcium ions and ATP play a role in the contraction of muscle fibers.
● Draw a diagram of the ATP molecule. Each of the three components of the molecule should be a
different color and each part should be clearly labeled.
● Where is the energy located in the ATP molecule? Indicate on your drawing above where the energy
is being stored.
● What is the equation for the breakdown of ATP and the release of energy?
● Your friend tried to convince you that the only reason to drink milk and to make sure you get
enough calcium is so you can build strong bones. Can you offer him/her another reason relating to
muscle contraction
1.2.2 Muscle consists of muscle fibers and connective tissue, working together to support movement.
● Draw a diagram of a muscle that shows the different layers of fibers and tissue.
● Know the muscle naming system and what the names of muscles tell us.
● What function do intercostal muscles have?
1.2.4 Muscle fatigue is a decrease in the output of muscle and can be measured.
● What is an EMG? How does it differ from an EKG?
● What are some factors that contribute to muscle fatigue?
● How can this data help occupational therapists?
(1.2.3, 1.2.5, 1.2.6) A joint is the location at which two or more bones connect, allowing movement and
providing support to the human skeleton.
Joints can be classified by either their structure or their function.
● Joints are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Describe each of the following types of joints and
the amount of movement for each.
● What is muscle origin and insertion? What does this tell us?
● What is ROM? How can analyzing ROM help medical professionals diagnose and treat patients?
1.3 Relief Within Reach
(1.3.1) Medical professionals work as a team to provide respectful treatment options.
● What is HIPAA? What rights are granted under HIPAA?
● When can HIPAA be suspended?
2.1 Getting Nervous
(2.1.1) The two main subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS), brain and
spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), all nervous tissues outside the brain and spinal
cord.
● What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system and what areas of the body make up
these two subdivisions?
● How do the two main subdivisions of the nervous system work together to control the body?
(2.1.2) Each region within the brain helps control and regulate specific functions in the body.
● What are the main regions of the brain and the functions relating to each region?
(2.1.3) The nervous system relies on specialized cells called neurons to pass signals to and from the brain
and spinal cord.
● What is the basic structure and function of the neuron?
● How do the different types of neurons work together to send and receive signals? Describe
directional pathways and types of neurons involved.
(2.1.4) An action potential is an electrical signal that is generated by the movement of ions across the cell
membrane of a neuron.
● How are electrical signals created and transmitted in the human body?
● Describe the roles of ions in creating electrical impulses in the human body.
(2.1.5-2.1.6) Chemical signals and electrical signals are both important in sending and receiving information.
● What is a neurotransmitter? How are they used in the body?
● What happens when neurotransmitters are blocked? WHat happens when they are excited?
● What is a model organism? Why do we use them in experimentation?
● What is the difference between reflex and reaction times?
● What is a delayed reaction time? How can it affect other systems?
●
2.2 Everything Endocrine
(2.2.1) The endocrine system helps the body communicate through the use of chemical signals called
hormones.
● What is a hormone?
● How do hormones interact with target cells?
(2.2.1-2.2.4) Hormones help maintain homeostasis through feedback loops. A hormone imbalance can lead
to disease or dysfunction.
● How do feedback loops help regulate the action of hormones?
● Explain how the body decreases blood glucose levels if they are too high? too low?
● Explain how the body decreases thyroid hormone levels if they are too high? too low?
● How does a hormone imbalance lead to disease? Give three specific examples.
(2.2.3) The endocrine system has a specific role in the development and maintenance of reproductive
organs.
● What hormone levels are different between male and female? Why is this?
● How do hormone levels affect gonads?
● What happens when this feedback loop is disrupted? Give examples of what could disrupt this
process.
3.1 Cardiopulmonary Connection
(3.1.1) The structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries relates directly to the function of each vessel and to
the amount of pressure exerted on the vessel walls.
● What do you notice about the width of an artery wall versus the width of a vein wall? Why does this
make sense given the function of the vessels?
● Capillaries function in gas exchange. Describe at least two ways capillary structure is related to this
function.
● Which artery do you think is made of thicker muscle, the aorta or the pulmonary artery? Why?
Refer back to your heart box to visualize the path of these vessels.
● Describe two ways blood is helped back to the heart in veins. Mention relevant body systems.
● What are some factors that can increase or decrease the heart rate and the beat you feel at each
pulse point?
(3.1.2)Increased blood pressure in vessels can indicate possible blockages and these blockages can interrupt
blood flow to an organ or limb.
● What is your ABI? What does this value tell you about your risk of peripheral artery disease?
● Explain how PAD might impact other body systems.
● Athletes often have a very low resting heart rate. What does this tell you about the health of their
heart? Explain.
● What are the consequences of having a low cardiac output? How will other body systems be
affected?
● What is hypertension and how does it affect cardiac output?
(3.1.3) Changes in cardiac output, the amount of blood that is pumped out by the ventricles per minute,
often signal diseases of the heart and these changes can impact the function of other body systems.
● What does AED stand for? What does it do?
● How can EKGs help analyze heart health? Be Specific about each wave.
(3.1.4-3.1.5) The structure of the lungs and the close association between the lungs and the vessels of the
cardiovascular system facilitate the transport of oxygen to all cells in the body.
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs, bloodstream, and cells is by
simple diffusion and is dependent on concentration gradients.
● Describe alveoli and bronchioles. What happens in these structures?
● Why are the vessels of the cardiovascular system wrapped multiple times around the bronchioles
and alveoli? Are there both arterial and venous capillaries around each alveolar sac?
● Use the principles of diffusion to explain why oxygen molecules in the tissues of the lung go into the
blood, and then in other tissues the oxygen molecules leave the blood.
(3.1.6-3.1.7) Measuring lung capacity through spirometry
● Describe lung volume in terms that make up your Total Lung Capacity.
● What can spirometry assess?
● What are peak flow values? What do they tell us?
● What is pulmonary edema?
3.2 Body Guards
(3.2.1) Our bodies have multiple lines of defence to fight off foreign invaders.
● What are the different agents of disease? How do humans become infected by each?
● What are the different layers of the integumentary system? How do they work together to provide
a protective barrier?
● Why is mucus so important to the human body?
● What are the 3 stages of sepsis? What are the signs and symptoms? What happens if sepsis is not
treated?
(3.2.2)Antibodies are proteins found in the blood or lymph that seek out and bind to specific antigens.
What is an antigen?
● What is an antibody?
● How do circulating antibodies protect a person from receiving incompatible blood during a
transfusion?
(3.2.4) The structures within the human eye work to focus and process light.
● How is light focused by the eye?
● How do the eye and brain work together to process what we see?
● How does the eye perceive depth, color and optical illusions?
3.3 Book Study
(Book Study) Factors in the external environment affect the body’s internal environment and overall ability
to maintain homeostasis.
● Describe the effects of at least three bugs or parasites that a person may encounter in the jungle on
the human body.
● Explain the effects seasickness has on the body. Mention at least two human body systems.
● Explain why “drinking from the ocean is the most common cause of death in a life raft.” Reference
what happens in the body when seawater is consumed.
● Explain the effects of extreme temperature (both night and day) on a body in the desert.
● Explain how the human body systems work to both insulate and cool to and maintain body
temperature.
● Explain the effects of deep water diving on the human body. Mention at least three body systems.
● Explain how the body systems react and adapt to decreased supplies of oxygen at high altitudes.
How does the body deal with an oxygen deficit? Mention at least three specific body systems and
use the terms kidneys, hemoglobin, and myoglobin.
● How do astronauts deal with the accumulation of expelled carbon dioxide? What happens if this
gas is not regulated?
● Explain how the body regulates normal sleep patterns. Why would this pattern be disrupted in
space?
4.1 Keeping It Renal
(4.1.1) The urinary system helps maintain homeostasis in the body by filtering the blood, regulating water
and electrolyte concentration, maintaining the pH balance of the blood by ridding the body of liquid
wasted called urine.
● What are the main structures of the urinary system? What is the function of each of these
structures? The bladder is composed of transitional epilethium, how does the structure of this
tissue help with the function of the bladder?
● What are the main structures of the kidney? What is the function of each structure?
(4.1.2)Through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, the nephron assists in maintaining normal values of
water, electrolytes, pH and blood pressure in the body.
● Explain the process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Which direction is the filtrate moving
in each process? Where does filtration, reabsorption and secretion happen in the nephron? What is
GFR?
● In which sections or section of the kidney is the urine formed? What section of the kidney collects
the urine? How does the urine move from the kidney out of the body? In which main regions of the
kidney are the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule located? In which main regions of the kidney
are the collecting ducts and the loop of Henle located?
● What is the purpose of reabsorption in the nephron?
● In what direction are substances moving during the process of secretion? Explain what these
substances are and why they are excreted from the body.
(4.1.4-4.1.5) Malfunctions in the body can be identified through noticeable changes in the composition of
urine and these changes can be detected through urinalysis.
● What is PKD? How does one get PKD? What can be used to diagnose PKD?
● What is analyzed in a macroscopic examination of a urinalysis?
● What specific properties are analyzed in a chemical analysis of a urinalysis? What do the levels
of these properties indicate?
4.2 It Takes Guts
(4.2.1) The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs which
function together to chemically and mechanically digest food, absorb water and nutrients, and
remove wastes.
● What are the functions of the digestive system?
● How does the structure of each organ in the digestive system relate to its function?
● Describe the main functions of the human digestive system.
● List the major organs of the digestive system in order. Next to each structure/organ, identify its
function as one or more of the following: chemically digest food, mechanically digest food, absorb
water and nutrients, and/or remove wastes.
(4.2.4) Specific enzymes digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins at sites along the digestive tract.
● How do enzymes assist the process of digestion?
● Which enzymes digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
● Identify the sites along the digestive tract that each macromolecule is broken down.
