THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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“Label Me” 3.
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MAJOR FUNCTION: coordinates and controls actions of internal

organs and body systems
 Nervous System
• Function: controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body and responds to internal
and external stimuli
• Nearly all multicellular organisms have
communication systems
– Specialized cells carry messages from one cell to
another
– Smooth and efficient communication through the
body
 Nervous System
• Messages carried by nervous system are
electrical signals called impulses
• Cells that transmit these impulses are
called neurons (basic units of nervous
system)
– 3 types of neurons
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Interneurons
1. The diagram below is of a nerve cell or neuron. Add the
following labels to the diagram:
Axon Myelin sheath Cell body
Dendrites Node of Ranvier Axon terminals

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 Human Nervous System
Divided into two major
divisions:
• CNS – brain, spinal cord
– Relays messages, processes info
and analyzes info
• PNS - Consists of all the nerves
and cells that are not a part of the
brain or spinal cord
– Receives information from the
environment and relays
commands from the CNS to
organs and glands
 Peripheral Nervous System
a. Sensory division:
transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS
b. Motor division:
transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
 Peripheral Nervous System
b. MOTOR DIVISION:
b.1. somatic nervous
system / SNS- regulates
conscious controlled
activities
b.2. autonomic nervous
system / ANS - regulates
activities that are
automatic or involuntary,
Divided into sympathetic
and parasympathetic
nervous system
ADRENALINE
(EPINEPHRINE)
▪ The muscular system is a set of tissues in the
body with the ability to change shape.
▪ Muscle cells connect together and eventually to
elements of the skeletal system.
✓ Body movement (Locomotion)
✓ Maintenance of posture
✓ Respiration (Diaphragm and intercostal
contractions)
✓ Communication (Verbal and Facial)
✓ Constriction of organs and vessels
✓ Peristalsis
✓ Heart beat
✓ Production of body heat (Thermogenesis)
Muscles
 1. What happens to your muscles
when you work out frequently? W
O
R
increased synthesis K
of proteins inside
the muscle cells T
and there is an O
increase in the G
number of extra E
muscular T
supportive tissue H
E
R
This gives the muscles that
bulky appearance
2. Why are men able to increase their
muscle mass more than women?

TESTOSTERONE,
an important
hormone for muscle
growth
Locomotion / Movement
 Major Mastoid

muscles… Pectoral
Biceps
Obliques
Abdominal

Rectus Femoris
Sartorius

Tibialis Gastrocnemius

Soleus
 Major Trapezius

muscles…
Latissimus Dorsi Deltoid

Triceps
Gluteus medius

Hamstrings
Gluteus maximus

Achilles
tendon
Gastrocnemius
The effect of exercise…

With aging, muscles decrease in

strength, endurance, range of motion,
coordination, and elasticity.
Exercising the muscles can help
prevent a loss of strength.
 The Muscles in Your
• Muscles move your eyes as you read.
Body
• Muscles in your chest allow you to breathe.
• Muscles in your heart pump your blood.
• Every time your body moves, muscles are at work.
 Types of Muscle
•Smooth
Your bodymuscle
has three- types
is involuntary
of muscle tissue that
muscle thatdifferent
perform found infunctions.
many internal
organs. causes movements within your
body.

•Cardiac muscle - is
involuntary muscle that is
found only in the heart.

•Skeletal muscles – is voluntary

muscle tissue that is attached to bones
you control to do activities, such as
walk or play a musical instrument.
Voluntary vs Involuntary Muscles

• Voluntary muscle is a muscle that

a person can control.
• Involuntary muscle is a muscle
that functions without a person’s
control.
 How Muscles Work
• All muscles do work by
contracting, or becoming Muscle Pairs
shorter and thicker.
• Many skeletal muscles
work in pairs.
• One muscle in the pair
contracts to move the
bone in one direction. Biceps relaxed

• Then, the other

muscle in the pair
contracts to move the
bone back.
 What structure attaches
muscles to bone?

A thick strand of tissue called a tendon

attaches a muscle to a bone.
 Name that muscle!
• For each of the following slides:
– Name the muscle or muscle group, if you can.
– State what kind of movement it produces.
– Locate the bone (or bones) that it moves.
– Which muscles produce the opposite
movement?
W
O
R
K

T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
W
O
R
K

T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
 Avoiding Muscle Injuries
•Strains - A muscle strain, or a pulled muscle, is a
painful injury that may happen when muscles are
overworked or stretched too much or too quickly.
 Avoiding Muscle Injuries
•Tendonitis - Overuse
tendons leading to painful
swelling and irritation.

•How to prevent injuries

• regular strengthening and
stretching exercises
• vary your exercise routine
• warm up and cool down
• STOP exercising if you feel
a sharp or sudden pain
 Avoiding Muscle Injuries
• A muscle cramp is a
strong, uncontrolled
muscle contraction.

• Dorsiflexion, apply ice cap, massage the affected

area and exercise the limb gently.
• Stretching and drinking plenty of water before and
during exercise can help you avoid muscle cramps.
Skeletal Systems
 THE
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• The skeletal system
provides rigid
framework for
movement. It
supports and protects
the body and its
parts, produces blood
cells, and stores
minerals
Functions of Skeletal System
1. Support – provides solid
axis for muscles to act
against, creating motion.
2. Protection- bones such
as skull provide barrier
of protection from
external forces
3. Hematopoiesis-
production of red blood
cells
Types of Skeletal Systems

• Three basic types of skeletal

systems in the animal kingdom:
1. Hydrostatic
2. Exoskeleton
3. Endoskeleton
 1. Hydrostatic skeleton
• Earthworms and sea
anemones have a
hydrostatic skeleton.
• Circular muscles
squeeze the body.
Longitudinal muscles
shorten the body.
 2. Exoskeleton
• Arthropods (insects,
spiders, etc) have an
external skeleton made of
chitin (a carbohydrate).
• Muscles attach to the
exoskeleton, which is
flexible at the joints.
 3. Endoskeleton
• Vertebrates have an
endoskeleton made of
cartilage or bone.
• Bone and cartilage are
living tissue
(connective tissue).
What is an advantage of an exoskeleton
over an endoskeleton?
1. Protection for internal
25% 25% 25% 25%
organs.
2. Must be shed for
growth.
3. Becomes heavy if it is
too large.
4. Storage of minerals.

1 2 3 4
 What is an advantage of an
endoskeleton over an exoskeleton?
1. Provides external 25% 25% 25% 25%
protection.
2. Grows as the
organism grows.
3. Provides a point of
attachment for
muscles.
4. Made of protein.

1 2 3 4
 How many bones do adults have?

– 215 in an infant
– Bone cells are called osteocytes
BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY

• Two basic types of bone tissue

• Compact bone
• Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spaces
•Bone marrow- found within cavities
of bones
– 2 types: yellow → primarily fat cells
red → produces RBC’s, some
WBC’s and platelets
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
What is the longest bone
in the human body?
What is the smallest bone
in the human body?
 CARTILAGE
• Cartilage is
tough, flexible
material that pads
joints and is
found in the nose
and ears.
 BONE TISSUE

• Bone is made up of
bone cells in a
matrix of collagen
and minerals.
• Three types of bone
cells: osteocytes,
osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts.
HEALING FRACTURES
 MOTION IN VERTEBRATES
• Motion and locomotion are produced by
muscles pulling on bones.
• Joints in the skeleton allow for parts of the
body to flex and extend, allowing for motion.
Ligaments attach bones to bones at the joints.
 HINGE JOINT
• A hinge joint allows
flexing and extending
along one plane.
• Pairs of muscles work
opposite one another to
create motion.

The knee is a hinge joint. Find another hinge

joint in the body. What muscles move it?
 BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
• A ball and
socket
arrangement
allows rotational
movement.

The hip is a ball and socket joint. Find

another ball and socket joint in the
body. What muscles move it?
 GLIDING JOINTS
• In gliding joints,
bones slide past
one another.
• Gliding joints
allow twisting
motion.

The wrist is a gliding joint. Find another gliding

joint in the body. What muscles move it?
 DISORDERS
• Arthritis -Inflammation of the joints,
usually due to the body’s own immune
system
 DISORDERS
• Osteoporosis
is loss of bone mass,
leading to brittle
bones.
• Age, lack of calcium
and Vitamin D,
sedentary lifestyle,
multiple pregnancies,
menopause, alcohol,
and smoking contribute
to osteoporosis.
 INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
• The organs of the integumentary system
include the skin and its accessory structures
including hair, nails, and glands, as well
as blood vessels, muscles and nerves
• Dermatology is the medical specialty for
the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of
the integumentary system.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, 56

Inc.
 Structure of the Skin
• The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers
the body and is the largest organ of the body
by surface area and weight
• Its area is about 2 square meters
• It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the
eyelids, thickest on the heels; the average
thickness is 1 – 2 mm

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, 57

Inc.
 How does skin in
human differs from
animals?
Comparison between the skin of
different species.
Connecting Body Systems to Life Functions

• Body systems
• DO NOT function in isolation.
• Two or more systems have to
work together to carry out life
functions.