PARTHA MONDAL 8777062761
SEQUENCE
Real Sequence: A mapping is said to be a sequence, or a real
sequence. A sequence is generally denoted by * ( )+. A sequence
may also be represented by * + * + * +* +* +* +
* + etc.
Example: ( ) Let be defined by ( ) .
The sequence is * +. It is also denoted by * +.
( ) Let be defined by ( ) . The sequence is 2 3.
It is also denoted by 2 3.
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( ) Let be defined by ( ) ( ) . The sequence is
*( ) +. It is also denoted by * +. The range of the
sequence is * +.
( ) Let be defined by ( ) . The sequence is
2 3. It is also denoted by 2 3.
( ) Let be defined by ( ) . The sequence is
2 3. It is also denoted by * +. The range
of the sequence is * +.
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Bounded Sequence: A sequence * + is said to be if
there exists a real number such that for all . is said
to be an of the sequence.
A sequence * + is said to be if there exists a real
number such that for all . is said to be a
of the sequence.
A sequence * + is said to be a if there exists
real numbers and such that for all .
Therefore a real sequence is bounded if and only if it is bounded above
as well as bounded below.
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Monotone Sequence: A sequence * + is said to be
if for all .
A sequence * + is said to be
if for all .
A sequence * + is said to be if
for all .
A sequence * + is said to be
if for all .
A sequence is said to be or
if it is either a monotone increasing sequence or a monotone
decreasing sequence.
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Problem 1: If show that * + is monotone increasing
and bounded above. Find its limit. , -
( )
Solution: Here for all .
Again ( )
Therefore . / . /
( )( ) ( )( )
for all
for all
for all
Hence * + is monotone increasing and bounded above.
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( )
Therefore the limit of is .
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Some important definitions and theorems
Convergent Sequence: An infinite sequence * + is said to be
convergent if the sequence has a finite limit.
Theorem: Every convergent sequence is bounded.
Theorem: A monotonic increasing sequence, which is bounded above,
is convergent.
Theorem: A monotonic decreasing sequence, which is bounded below,
is convergent.
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Problem 2: If show that the sequence * + is strictly
monotonic decreasing and hence prove that it is convergent.
Solution: Here . / . / . /
for all .
Again 2 ( )
3 . /
Therefore . / . / . /
0( )( )
1 0( )( )
1 ( )( )
for all
for all
for all
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Hence * + is strictly monotonic decreasing sequence and bounded
below.
Since the sequence * + is monotonic decreasing sequence and bounded
below, it is convergent.
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Some problems for practice
1. If show that the sequence * + bounded and
monotonic increasing.
2. If show that the sequence * + monotonic
increasing.
3. If show that the sequence * + is monotonic
decreasing and hence prove that it is convergent.
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