MISSION SHIKSHA

Q1. Honeybees produce their young ones only by sexual reproduction. Inspite of this, in a colony of bees 2 Marks
we find both haploid and diploid individuals. Name the haploid and diploid individuals in the colony
and analyse the reasons behind their formation.

Ans: In a colony of bees, the females and workers are diploid while the male drones are haploid. The male drones are developed from
unfertilized eggs. Development of an individual from unfertilized eggs is called parthenogenesis. This phenomenon is also seen in
many plants, e.g. banana. In that case, the fruit is called parthenocarpic fruit.

Q2. Embryogenesis involves several processes. Identify the: 2 Marks

1. Process that increases the number of cells.
2. Process that is responsible for the formation of different types of tissues.

Ans: 1. Cell division.

2. Cell differentiation.

Q3. Identify the statements as correct/ incorrect and give proper justification for your answer. 2 Marks
1. Zygote is the link between two generations.
2. Zygote is a single cell.
3. In organisms with haplontic life cycle, zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid spores.
4. In organisms with haplontic life cycle, zygote divides by mitosis to form haploid spores.

Ans: Only statement (iv) is incorrect.

Zygote divides by mitosis to form diploid sporophyte and then haploid spores via meiosis in haplo-diplontic life cycle.

Q4. 1. Why do organisms like algae and fungi shift from asexual mode of reproduction to sexual mode? 2 Marks
2. What is juvenile phase in organisms?

Ans: 1. Algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction for the following reasons:
1. They do so just before the onset of adverse conditions as an adaptation, because the zygote formed as a result of sexual
reproduction develops a thick wall that protects the zygote from desiccation and mechanical injuries; hence, the zygote is able to
tide over the unfavourable conditions and germinate at the return of favourable conditions.
2. Since sexual reproduction brings in genetic variation(s), at least some variants will be able to survive, in case of an adverse change
in the environmental conditions.
2. Juvenile phase is the period of growth of an organism from birth till attaining reproductive maturity.

Q5. Mention the similar characteristic of earthworm, leech and sponges. 2 Marks

Ans: Earthworm, leech and sponges are all bisexual organisms.

Q6. How does the floral pattern of Mediterranean orchid Ophrys guarantee cross pollination? 2 Marks

Ans: The orchid bears flowers which resemble the female wasp in colour, smell, as well as appearance. The male pollinators mistake them
as their female counterparts.
Therefore, in the process of their pseudocopulation they pollinate the flower.

Q7. Unicellular organisms are immortal, whereas multicellular organisms are not. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Since single-celled organisms reproduce by cell division into two individuals), there is no natural death for them and hence, they
are considered immortal.
2. In multicellular organisms, reproduction occurs in specialised organs involving specialised cells; their body as a whole dies due to
ageing and senescence.

Q8. A moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few egg cells. Why ? 2 Marks

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Ans: Eggs are stationary/non-motile within the plant body/antherozoids carried by water, lost in transit.

Q9. Why is it difficult to get rid of water hyacinth' from a water body? Name one abiotic component and 2 Marks
one biotic component of the ecosystem that gets affected by its spread in the water body.

Ans: It is difficult to get rid of them because they propagate vegetatively at a rate faster than we could remove them.
It drains oxygen from the water.
It leads to fish mortality, i.e. death of fishes.

Q10. Explain the significance of meiocytes in a diploid organism. 2 Marks

Ans: In diploid organisms, specialised cells called meiocytes are present, which take part in the production of gametes. At the time of
gamete formation, meiocytes undergo meiotic division. As a result of chromosomes in the daughter in the daughter cells (i.e. in the
gametes) reduce to half and thus, diploid meiocytes haploid gametes are formed.

Q11. With which type of reproduction do we associate the reduction division? Justify your answer with 2 Marks
suitable reasons.

Ans: Reduction division (meiosis) is associated with sexual reproduction. The reasons are:
1. Since, sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two types of gametes male and female), they must have haploid number of
chromosomes.
2. The cell (meiocyte) which gives rise to gametes often has diploid number of chromosomes and it is only by reducing the number
by half that we can get haploid gametes.

Q12. Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms: 2 Marks
Earthworm.

Ans: Monoecious.

Q13. Meiosis is an essential event in the sexual cycle of any organism. Give two reasons? 2 Marks

Ans: 1. It creates genetic variation in the offspring and help in survival of species.
2. It is necessary to maintain the characteristic chromosome number through generations.

Q14. Plants like potato, sugarcane do not require seeds for producing new plants. How do they produce 2 Marks
new plants? Give two other examples where new Plants are produced in the same way.

Ans: These plants do not require seeds as they produce new plants by vegetative propagation. These plants have vegetative propagules
which are modified leaves/ stems/ roots/ shoots which have nodes from which new plants arise.
Two other examples where new plants are produced by vegetative propagation are:
Roots of plants like guava can form adventitious buds which can grow into new plants by placing them in the soil.
Leaves of plants like Bryophyllum can form adventitious buds which can develop into new plants while being attached to the
leaf.

Q15. Sexual reproduction process appeared much later in organic evolution. Elaborate. 2 Marks

Ans: In most primitive animals like Hydra, asexual reproduction (budding) has been found, but over the evolutionary time as the higher or
advanced organisms came into existence, they resorted to the sexual mode of reproduction as it ensures genetic recombination that
results in variation in the population.

Q16. Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms: 2 Marks
Marchantia.

Ans: Dioecious.

Q17. Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why? 2 Marks

Ans: Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction because it allows genetic variations through the combination of different
genetics in gametes and improves the genetic makeup in the offspring. These factors may give survival advantages to species
and contribute to evolution.

Q18. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples from animals. 2 Marks

Ans:

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 The development of a new individual from an unfertilised egg is called parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is a special mode of
reproduction. It is simpler, easier as well as rapid mode of replication. However, it eliminates the chances of variation in a population
so, it does not play important role in evolution process.
Examples: Honeybees and some lizards.

Q19. Both coconut palm and date palm produce staminate flowers. One is monoecious and the other is 2 Marks
dioecious. Write the difference.

Ans: Coconut palm is monoecious. It bears staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers on the same plant.
Date palm is dioecious. It bears exclusively staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate flowers on another plant.

Q20. The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in higher plants 2 Marks
(angiosperms) and higher animals (vertebrates) as compared with lower groups of plants and animals.
Analyse the possible reasons for this situation.

Ans: Both angiosperms and vertebrates have a more complex structural organisation. They have evolved very efficient mechanism of
sexual reproduction. Since asexual reproduction does not create new genetic pools in the offspring and consequently hampers their
adapability to external conditions, these groups have resorted to reproduction by the sexual method.

Q21. Between an annual and a perennial plant, which one has a shorter juvenile phase? Give one reason. 2 Marks

Ans: Annual plants have shorter juvenile phase compare to perennial plans. Moreover, it also depends on number of flowering seasons in
a given year. Some perennial plants produce flower only once in a year. Some others may produce flowers once in 50 years or even
100 years. This is not the situation in annual plants.

Q22. Identify the picture and mention the vegetative part that helps it to propagate. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. It is rhizome (modified stem) of ginger.

2. Rhizome is the vegetative propagule, the buds in it help it to propagate.

Q23. Why do we refer to offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction as clones? 2 Marks

Ans: In asexual reproduction, a single parent is involved in reproduction and the process involves mitosis only. Due to this, variation is not
possible in offspring and they are clones of their parent.

Q24. Explain the importance of syngamy and meiosis in a sexual life cycle of an organism. 2 Marks

Ans: In sexual life cycle of an organism meiosis creates haploid cells from diploid cells, which next participate in syngamy. The two haploid
cells of parent (male and female) fuse during fertilisation and form zygote and become diploid again.

Q25. Name the respective asexual reproductive structures of Yeast and Sponge. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Yeast-Buds.
2. Sponge-Gemmules.

Q26. Is Marchantia monoecious or dioecious? Why? Where are the sex organs borne in this plant? 2 Marks

Ans: Marchantia is dioecious, because an individual plant of Marchantia bears exclusively either male or female sex organs.
The male sex organs are borne on the antheridiophores and female sex organs on archegoniophores.

Q27. Why are papaya and date palm plants said to be dioecious whereas cucurbits and coconut palms 2 Marks
monoecious, in spite of all of them bearing unisexual flowers?

Ans: Papaya and date palm plants are dioecious, because male and female flowers are present on different plants, that is each plant is
either male or female.
Cucurbits and coconut palms are monoecious, because male and female flowers are present on the same plant.

Q28. What is fission? What is the basic difference between fission in Amoeba and Paramecium? 2 Marks

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Ans: The mode of asexual reproduction in which a parent body splits into two or more daughter cells, each giving rise to a new individual
is called fission.
Amoeba undergoes binary fission in which cytoplasm and nucleoid (DNA molecule) divide in any plane giving rise to two equal or
unequal daughter cells without mitosis. However, in Paramecium, plane of division runs along the transverse axis of an individual.

Q29. Angiosperms bearing unisexual flowers are said to be either monoecious or dioecious. Explain with 2 Marks
the help of one example each.

Ans: In some flowering plants, both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious) or on separate
individuals (dioecious).
Some examples of monoecious plants are cucurbits and coconuts and of dioecious plants are papaya and date palm.

Q30. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples. 2 Marks

Ans: Parthenogenesis is the phenomenon where the female gamete undergoes development into a new individual without fertilisation.
e.g. honey bees, turkey, rotifers, whiptail lizard.

Q31. Out of many papaya plants growing in your garden, only a few bear fruits. Give reason. 2 Marks

Ans: Papaya plant is either unisexual or dioecious, i.e., male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. Only plants bearing female
flowers will bear fruits.

Q32. Differentiate between monoecious and dioecious plants. Give one example of each. 2 Marks

Ans: Those angiosperms which bear both male and female flowers on the same plant, are said to be monoecious. e.g. coconut
palm, Cucurbita.
Those angiosperm plants which bear exclusively male flowers on one plant and female flowers on another plant, are said to be
dioecious. e.g. papaya, date palm.

Q33. A moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few egg cells. Why? 2 Marks
OR
Why do moss plants produce very large number of male gametes? Provide one reason. What are
these gametes called?

Ans: Antherozoids are motile male gametophytes which have to swim on the water surface to fertilise the immotile female
gametophytes, i.e., egg. Since, during its transfer many antherozoids get destroyed, a large number of them are produced.

Q34. Angiosperms bearing unisexual flowers are said to be either monoecious or dioecious. Explain with 2 Marks
the help of one example each.

Ans: Monoecious Angiosperms:

Plants bear both male and female unisexual flowers on the same plant
e.g. Cucurbits/coconut/maize.
Dioecious Angisperms- plants bear either male or female unisexual flowers on different plants
e.g. Papaya/date palms.

Q35. Give one example each of a fungus, which reproduces by: 2 Marks
1. Budding.
2. Conidia.

Ans: 1. Yeast.
2. Penicillium.

Q36. Mention two important characteristics in the sexual reproduction of frogs and bony fishes. 2 Marks

Ans: Both these release the mature gametes simultaneously.

They also release a large number of gametes in the water to enhance the chances of syngamy (external fertilisation).

Q37. Write one difference between binary fission and budding. 2 Marks

Ans: Binary fission Budding

The cell division is equal and the daughter cells are alm The cell division is unequal; a large cell and a small cell, calle
ost equal in size. d bud, are formed.
The parent cell ceases to exist. The parent cell does exist.

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Q38. A moss plant Produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively a few egg cells. Why? 2 Marks
OR
Why do moss Plants produce very large number of male gametes? Provide one reason what are these
gametes called?

Ans: In a moss plant, antherozoids represent the male gametes. Antherozoid depend on water for theeir transport towards egg. To
compensate this loss, antherozoids are produced in large numbers to increase the chances of fertilization.

Q39. Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms: 2 Marks
Chawra.

Ans: Monoecious.

Q40. With which type of reproduction do we associate the reduction division? Analyse the reasons for it. 2 Marks

Ans: Reduction division is associated with sexual reproduction because the diploid organisms undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes.

Q41. Offspring derived by asexual reproduction are called clones. Justify giving two reasons. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. They are genetically and morphologically identical among themselves.

2. They are also genetically and morphologically identical to the parent.

Q42. Explain the importance of syngamy and meiosis in a sexual life cycle of an organism. 2 Marks

Ans: Syngamy- Restoration of (2n) chromosome number/diploidy/zygote formation/variations (due to syngamy)

Meiosis- Gamete formation/reduction of (n) chromosome number/haploidy/variation (due to crossing over)

Q43. In the figure given below the plant bears two different types of flowers marked ‘A’ and ‘B’. Identify the 2 Marks
types of flowers and state the type of pollination that will occur in them.

Ans: 'A' is chasmogamous flower while 'B' is cleistogamous flower. A bisexual flower which normally open is called chasmogamous flower.
Cleistogamous flowers do not open at all.
Cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous as there is no chance of cross-pollen landing on the stigma.
In a normal flower which opens and exposes the anthers and stigma complete autogamy is rather rare. Chasmogamous flower may
show autogamy, geitonogamy or xenogamy.

Q44. In a developing embryo, analyse the consequences if cell divisions are not followed by cell 2 Marks
differentiation.

Ans: If differentiation does not follow division, embryo will not develop and this will not develop into a new organism.

Q45. The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in the higher plants 2 Marks
(angiosperms) and higher animals (vertebrates) as compared with lower groups of plants and animals.
Analyse the possible reasons for this situation.

Ans: Both angiosperms and vertebrates have a more complex structural organisation. They have evolved very efficient mechanism of
sexual reproduction. Since asexual reproduction does not create new genetic pools in the offspring and consequently hampers their
adaptability to external conditions, these groups have resorted to reproduction by the sexual method.

Q46. The cell division involved in gamete formation is not of the same type in different organisms. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: The parents may be haploid or diploid but the gametes always have to be haploid.
Diploid parents undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes, whereas haploid parents undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes.

Q47. What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilisation? 2 Marks
1. Ovary .
2. Ovules .

Ans: 1. Ovary - Fruit.

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 2. Ovules - Seeds.

Q48. Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote. 2 Marks

Ans: Zoospore Zygote

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that utilizes the flagella A zygote is a non-motile diploid cell formed as a result
1
for movement. of fertilization.
2 It is an asexual reproductive structure. It is formed as a result of sexual reproduction.

Q49. Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms: 2 Marks
Cockroach.

Ans: Dioecious.

Q50. What is a zygote? Where is it formed in seed plants? 2 Marks

Ans: Zygote is a fertilisation product of all sexually reproducing organisms. It is a vital link between one generation to next generation. In
seed plants, zygote is formed inside the ovule.

Q51. Differentiate between oestrous cycle and menstrual cycle. 2 Marks

Ans: Oestrous cycle Menstrual cycle

It refers to the cyclic changes in the female reproductive sys It refers to the cyclic changes in the reproductive system
tem of non-primates. of primate females.
There is no men struation at the end of oestrous cycle. There is menstruation at the end of men strual cycle.
At the time of ovulation, animals show 'estrus' or 'heat' and There is no 'heat' period during ovulation and copulation
copulation occurs only at that period. occurs during any part of the cycle.

Q52. How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual 2 Marks
reproduction?

Ans: Production of offspring by a single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes is called asexual reproduction. It involves
only mitotic cell division that gives rise the daughter cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell. Sexual reproduction is the
production of offspring by two parents, male and female. It involves meiotic cell divisions producing haploid nuclei which on fusion
produce offspring that are genetically different from their parents.

Q53. What are (a) continuous breeders and (b) seasonal breeders? 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Those mammals which are reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase, are called continuous breeders, e.g.
humans.
2. Those mammals which are living in natural wild conditions and exhibit the reproductive cycles only under favourable seasons
during their reproductive phase, are called seasonal breeders, e.g. dogs, monkeys, etc.

Q54. In general, the male gametes are motile while the female gametes are stationary. Mention two types 2 Marks
of exceptions to this, with an example for each.

Ans: 1. Both male and female gametes are non-motile, e.g. certain algae and few fungi.
2. In seed plants, the male gametes are non-motile and are carried in the pollen tube to the egg.

Q55. In yeast and Amoeba, the parent cell divides to give rise to new individual cells. How does the cell 2 Marks
division differ in these two organisms?

Ans: In yeast, nucleus divides after the formation of small outgrowth (bud) from the parent, whereas in Amoeba, cell division starts with
the division of nucleus into two daughter nuclei.

Q56. Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone? 2 Marks

Ans: The offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone because the offspring morphologically and genetically similar to
each other and parent.

Q57. Cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers. Mention the categories they are 2 Marks
put under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they bear.
OR
How are Cucurbita plants different from papaya plants with reference to the flowers they bear?
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Ans: Cucurbits are monoecious, as staminate and pistillate flowers are found in the same individual plant.
Papaya plants are dioecious as an individual plant bears exclusively either staminate flowers or pistillate flowers.

Q58. 1. Name the organisms that reproduce through the following structures. 2 Marks
1. Conidia.
2. Zoospores.
2. Mention one similarity and one difference between these two reproductive structures.

Ans: 1.
1. Penicillium.
2. Chlamydomonas.
2. Similarities:
1. Both are thin-walled asexual reproductive units.
2. They are produced during favourable conditions and germinate immediately on dispersal to a suitable medium.
Differences:
Conidia Zoospores
Conidia are non-motile and dispersed by wind. Zoospores are motile cells with flagella.
They are produced exogenously on the conidiosporang Zoospores are produced endogenously, i.e. within zoosporang
ium. ium.

Q59. What is fragmentation? Give two examples. 2 Marks

Ans: Fragmentation is a method of asexual reproduction, where the body of the organism breaks into smaller pieces, called fragments
and each fragment grows into an adult individual e.g. Hydra, Spirogyra.

Q60. If the chromosome numbers in meiocytes of human beings, rat, elephant, rice, butterfly and onion are 2 Marks
46, 42, 56, 24, 380 and 32, respectively.
What will be the chromosome numbers in gametes of these species?

Ans: The chromosome numbers in the gametes of these species will be Human beings = 23, rat = 21, elephant = 28, rice = 12, butterfly =
190 and onion = 16.

Q61. How is the milk production regulated by hormones in human female? Explain. 2 Marks

Ans: Its synthesis is stimulated by the (pituitary) hormone prolactin; Its release is stimulated by a rise in the level of oxytocin when the
baby begins nursing.
Milk contains an inhibitory peptide.
If the breasts are not emptied the peptide accumulates and inhibits milk production.

Q62. Write two major adaptations in animals exhibiting external fertilisation. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. There is great synchrony between the two sexes, i.e. they release the mature gametes simultaneously.
2. They release a large number of gametes in the surrounding medium (water) to enhance the chances of syngamy.

Q63. Why are offspring of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offspring of viviparous 2 Marks
animals?

Ans: The offsprings of oviparous animals are at a greater risk because they develop outside the female body and are exposed to various
environmental conditions and predator threat whereas in viviparous animals, young ones develop inside the female body, which
ensures proper embryonic care and protection.

Q64. Write two major adaptations in animals exhibiting external fertilization. 2 Marks

Ans: Two major adaptations are:

1. There is great synchrony between the two sexes, i.e. they release the mature gametes simultaneously.
2. They release a large number of gametes in the surrounding medium (water) to increase the chances of syngamy.

Q65. Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do 2 Marks
you know any other plant that bears unisexual flowers?

Ans: The male or staminate flowers of cucurbits bear bright coloured petals and a prominent group of stamens. Male plants or staminate
flowers do not bear fruits. The female or pistillate flowers bear fruits. In a fertilised young pistillate flower very small fruit is visible
below petals and sepals. Some unisexual plants are: Papaya, Mulberry and Date-palm.
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Q66. Name the units of vegetative propagation in water hyacinth. Explain giving reasons why it has become 2 Marks
the most invasive aquatic weed.

Ans: Offsets are the unit of vegetative propagation in water hyacinth. Since the formation of hyacinth offsets does not involve two
parents, the process involved is asexual, therefore they spread quickly.

Q67. A single pea plant in your kitchen garden produces pods with viable seeds, but the individual papaya 2 Marks
plant does not. Explain.

Ans: Pea flowers of pea plants are bisexual, monoecious or self-pollinated and produce pods with viable seeds.
Papaya is a dioecious or unisexual plant bearing male and female flower on separate plants. It is unable to produce viable seeds as
there is no cross-pollination. It could be a male plant which is unable to produce fruit and seeds.

Q68. The flower of brinjal is referred to as chasmogamous while that of beans is cleistogamous. How are 2 Marks
they different from each other?

Ans: Brinjal - Exposed anther and stigma, cross-pollinated.

Bean - Plants do not open/anthers and stigma lie close to each other, flowers self-pollinated.

Q69. Zygote forms the major link between one generation and those of the next generation 2 Marks
organism. What is the fate of zygote in organisms which show:
Haplontic life cycle.

Ans: Zygote of haplontic life cycle divides meiotically during its generation.

Q70. Banana crop is cultivated by farmers without sowing of seeds. Explain how the plant is propagated. 2 Marks

Ans: In banana, the modified underground stem, is called rhizome.

Small plantlets arise from the buds present in the nodes and tips of branches, when they come in contact with the damp soil or
water.
These plantlets are separated and grown as new individual plants, i.e., banana is vegetatively propagated.

Q71. Explain the importance of syngamy and meiosis in a sexual life cycle of an organism. 2 Marks

Ans: In the sexual life cycle of an organism, meiosis results in formation of haploid gametes which fuse together by syngamy and the
diploid nature of the organism is restored in the zygote.

Q72. Out of many papaya plants growing in your garden, only a few bear fruits Give reason. 2 Marks

Ans: Unisexual/Dioecious/male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, only plants bearing female flowers will bear fruits.

Q73. Do haploid organisms undergo meiosis in their life cycle? If yes, state when does it occur. 2 Marks

Ans: Haploid organisms undergo meiosis after zygote is formed. Since the zygote is diploid and the organism is haploid, to form this
organism meiosis occurs.

Q74. List and describe any two vegetative propagules in flowering plants. 2 Marks

Ans: Vegetative propagules are the parts/ units of a plant which can be used for vegetative propagation, e.g. roots, stems, leaves, etc.

Q75. Name the vegetative propagules in the following: 2 Marks

1. Agave.
2. Bryophyllum.

Ans: 1. Agave- Bulbil.

2. Bryophyllum- Leaf buds/ Adventitous buds.

Q76. Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why? 2 Marks

Ans: Sexual reproduction is a better mode of reproduction than asexual mode because the former contributes to the evolution of the
species by introducing variation in a population and occurs much more rapidly. Variation in a population occurs because of the
fusion of male and female gametes (sexual reproduction) carrying different sets of chromosomes.

Q77. Answer the following question: 2 Marks

State the difference between meiocyte and gamete with respect to chromosome number.

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Ans: Meiocytes contain diploid sets of chromosomes whereas gametes contain haploid sets of chromosomes.

Q78. Why dogs and cats have oestrus cycle but human beings have menstrual cycle, though all are 2 Marks
mammals?

Ans: Dogs and Cats are seasonal breeders. They have heat period during which ovulation takes place. Humans, on the other hand, have
this cycle monthly.

Q79. Zygote forms the major link between one generation and those of the next generation organism. 2 Marks
What is the fate of zygote in organisms which show:
Diplontic life cycle.

Ans: Zygote of diplontic life cycle divides mitotically during embryogenesis.

Q80. Name the units of vegetative propagation in water hyacinth. Explain giving reasons why it has become 2 Marks
the most invasive aquatic weed.

Ans: Units of vegetative propagation in water hyacinth are offsets. Since, it can propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread
all over the water body in a short period of time, it has become one of the most invasive weeds found growing wherever there is
standing water.

Q81. Name any two organisms and the phenomenon involved where the female gamete undergoes 2 Marks
development to form new organisms without fertilisation.

Ans: The phenomenon of development of female gamete directly into an individual without fertilisation is called parthenogenesis, e.g.,
rotifers, honeybees, lizards and birds.

Q82. Under unfavourable conditions, Amoeba shows encystation. What does it mean? 2 Marks

Ans: Under unfavourable conditions, Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and develops a three-layered thick wall called cyst around it;
this process is called encystation.

Q83. In the whiptail lizards, only females are born generation after generation. There are no males. How is 2 Marks
this possible?
OR
The turkey usually produces females for several generations. How is this possible?

Ans: The whiptail lizard/ turkey shows parthenogenesis, the phenomenon in which the female gamete undergoes development without
fertilisation into a new individual; in these animals it develops into a female individual.

Q84. Explain the significance of meiocytes in a diploid organism. 2 Marks

Ans: In a diploid organism, meiocytes undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes.

These help to restore 2n(diploidy) through zygote formation or syngamy.

Q85. Why do algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse 2 Marks
conditions?

Ans: Algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction for survival during unfavourable conditions. Fusion of gametes helps to pool
their resources for survival.
The zygote developes a thick wall that is resistant to dessication and damage which undergoes a period of rest before germination.

Q86. The cell division involved in gamete formation is not of the same type in different organisms. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: In haploid organisms, gamete formation involves only mitosis; the diploid zygote formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes,
undergoes meiosis (zygotic meiosis).
In diploid organisms, gamete formation involves meiosis (gametic meiosis) and haploid gametes are formed; the diploid zygote
undergoes mitosis to form diploid individuals

Q87. The probability of fruit set in a self-pollinated bisexual flower of a plant is far greater than a dioecious 2 Marks
plant. Explain.

Ans: A self-pollinated plant does not have to depend on agents of pollination. But a dioecious plant has to depend on the agents of
pollination for carrying out sexual reproduction. In certain circumstances, the agents of pollination may not be available because of
various external factors.

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 For example: use of high level of pesticides has reduced the number of pollinating insects. This is playing havoc with sexual
reproduction in many flowering plants. So, the probability of fruit set in a self-pollinated bisexual flowers of a plant is far greater
than a dioecious plant.

Q88. The cell division involved in gamete formation is not of the same type in different organisms. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: Parents may be haploid or diploid, but the gametes have to be haploid, diploid undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes,
haploids undergo mitosis to produce gametes.

Q89. Briefly explain the relationship between the number of chromosomes in gametes and meiocytes. 2 Marks

Ans: Meiocytes are gamete mother cells. These cells undergo meiosis to form gametes. Thus, the number of chromosomes in meiocytes
is double than the number of chromosomes present in the gametes.

Q90. Why do gametes produced in large numbers in organisms exhibit external fertilisation? 2 Marks

Ans: In case of external fertilization, gametes are at the mercy of surrounding. Gametes can get blown off by wind, washed away by water
or eaten by predators. So, most of the gametes perish before fertilization. To ensure the survival of the species, it is necessary to
produce as many gametes as possible so that at least some of them would be able to carry out fertilization. Hence, organisms which
exhibit fertilization produce a large number of gametes.

Q91. Coconut plant is monoecious while date palm is dioecious. Why are they called so? 2 Marks

Ans: Coconut palm is monoecious, as both the male and female reproductive structures are borne on the same plant (bisexual) while
date palm is dioecious because male and female reproductive structures are borne on different plants (unisexual).

Q92. The events in sexual reproduction though elaborate and complex, follow a regular sequence. Mention 2 Marks
the events in proper sequence.

Ans: Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy → Embryogenesis.

Q93. Plants like potato and sugarcane do not require seeds for producing new plants. How do they produce 2 Marks
new plants? Give two other examples, where new plants are produced in the same way.

Ans: Potato and sugarcane reproduce vegetatively by the buds present in the nodes of the stem; when the node comes in contact
with damp soil, the buds produce roots and new plants.
Other examples are ginger, banana, dahlia.

Q94. Give advantages of hermaphroditism in animals. 2 Marks

Ans: One of the advantages of hermaphroditism is that there is no need to find a mate for reproduction.

Q95. How does an amoeba respond to unfavourable conditions, and on arrival of favourable conditions? 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Unfavourable conditions: Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia, and secrete a three-layered hard covering or cyst around itself/ by
encystation.
2. Favourable conditons: Encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission, and produces many minute Amoeba or pseudopodiospores.

Q96. Is the presence of large number of chromosomes in an organism a hindrance to sexual reproduction? 2 Marks
Justify your answer by giving suitable reasons.

Ans: Presence of large number of chromosomes in an organism is not a hindrance to sexual reproduction Butterfly has 380 chromosomes
but it can reproduce sexually.

Q97. A list of three flowering plants is given below. Which ones out of them are: 2 Marks
1. Monoecious
2. Bearing pistillate flowers?
List: Date palm, Cucurbits and Pea.

Ans: 1. Monoecious plant- Cucurbits.

2. Bearing pistillate flowers- Date palm.

Q98. In the figure given below, mark the ovule and pericarp. 2 Marks

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Ans:

Q99. Name the relationship between the first two words and suggest a suitable word 2 Marks
Doob grass : Runner : : Potato : ………

Ans: Stem modification; tuber

Q100. Why are mosses and liverworts unable to complete their sexual mode of reproduction in dry 2 Marks
conditions? Give reasons.
OR
A moss plant is unable to complete its life cycle in a dry environment. State two reasons.

Ans: Mosses ard liverwo s are unable to complete their sexual mode of reproduction in dry conditions due to following reasons:
1. Mosses and liverworts show internal fertilisation.
2. They produce non-motile female gametes and motile male gametes.
3. They need water as the medium for transfer of male gametes to the female gametes.

Q101. Answer the following questions: 2 Marks

Why is a whiptail lizard referred to as parthenogenetic?

Ans: Whiptail lizard reproduces without fertilisation, i.e., an unfertilised egg develops into a new individual.
Therefore, they are referred to as parthenogenetic.

Q102. In yeast and Amoeba, the parent cell divides to give rise to two new individual cells. How does the cell 2 Marks
division differ in these two organisms?

Ans: In yeast, the cell division is unequal; the small cell grows into a bud, which remains attached to the large cell in the initial
stages, but gets separated later.
In Amoeba, the cell reproduces by binary fission, where the cell divides into two halves and each one grows rapidly into an
adult.

Q103. Name the relationship between the first two words an suggest a suitable word: 2 Marks
Endogamy : Self-fertilisation : : Exogamy : …………

Ans: Fertilisation method; Cross-fertilisation.

Q104. Mention two advantages of sporulation seen in Amoeba, other than being a mode of reproduction/ 2 Marks
multiplication.

Ans: Advantages of sporulation:

1. Being thick-walled, it helps to tide over the unfavourable conditions.
2. It is also a means of dispersal to different locations.

Q105. A liverwort plant is unable to complete its life-cycle in a dry environment. State two reasons. 2 Marks

Ans: For sexual reproduction to take place in mosses and liverworts the motile male gametophytes, antherozoids, have to swim on the
water surface to fertilise the immotile female gametophytes, egg.
In dry conditions, the antherozoids do not reach the egg and hence fertilisation cannot occur.

Q106. Draw a yeast cell reproducing by budding and show the following labels in it: 2 Marks
1. Bud.
2. Parent cell.

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 3. Nucleus of bud.
4. Nucleus of parent cell.

Ans:

1. Budding in hydra (Expanded body with bud and gonads).

2. Budding in yeast cell.

Q107. Is there a relationship between the size of an organism and its life span? Give two examples in support 2 Marks
of your answer.

Ans: There is no relationship between the size of an organism and its life span. For example; both mango and peepal tree are similar in
size but a mango tree has a much shorter life span compared to a peepal tree. A tortoise is much smaller than an elephant yet the
tortoise lives more than hundred years.

Q108. Which of the followings are monoecious and dioecious organisms. 2 Marks
1. Earthworm .
2. Chara .
3. Marchantia .
4. Cockroach .

Ans: 1. Earthworm - Monoecious.

2. Chara - Monoecious.
3. Marchantia - Dioecious.
4. Cockroach - Dioecious.

Q109. Give reasons as to why cell division cannot be a type of reproduction in multicellular organisms. 2 Marks

Ans: Most of the multicellular organisms have complex organization. Especially the animals show tissue level and organ system level
organization. For a single cell, it is not possible to produce different tissues just by undergoing mitosis. Hence, cell division cannot be
a type of reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Q110. Give the term for each of the following: 2 Marks

1. The condition in which both male and female reproductive organs are found on the same plant.
2. The condition in which both male and female parts are present on the different plants.
3. Animals that remain reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase.
4. Animals that remain reproductively active only during the favourable seasons in their
reproductive phase.

Ans: 1. Monoecious plant.

2. Dioecious plants.
3. Continuous breeders.
4. Seasonal breeders.

Q111. Why is reproduction essential for organisms? 2 Marks

Ans: Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms. It is a biological process through which living organisms produce
offspring’s similar to them. Reproduction ensures the continuance of various species on the Earth. In the absence of reproduction,
the species will not be able to exist for a long time and may soon get extinct.

Q112. Identify the reproductive structure and name the organism they are being released from. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Zoospores.
2. Chlamydomonas.

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Q113. 1. State the difference between meiocyte and gamete with respect to chromosome number. 2 Marks
2. Why is a whiptail lizard referred to as parthenogenetic.

Ans: 1. The gamete contains haploid set of chromosomes while the meiocyte a diploid set.
2. A whiptail lizard develops from the female gamete without fertilisation, hence it is Parthenogenetic.

Q114. Give one example where gemmule helps in reproduction. Also mention the importance of its 2 Marks
formation during reproduction.

Ans: In sponges, reproduction occurs by gemmule formation. It helps to tide over seasonal drought or adverse environmental conditions.

Q115. In haploid organisms that undergo sexual reproduction, name the stage in the life cycle when meiosis 2 Marks
occurs. Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Meiosis takes place during the post-zygotic stage. Since the organism is haploid, meiosis cannot occur during gametogenesis. As
zygote is diploid but the individual is haploid so number of chromosome has to be reduced to half.

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