4.

Nonlinear Geometry
4.1. STRAIN MEASURES

4.1.1. ONE-DIMENSIONAL STRAIN MEASURES

For a truss member of initial length L and area A that is stretched to a final length ℓ and area a.
The simplest measure of the strain in the bar is the so-called engineering strain, ε E defined as,
ℓ−𝐿 ∆ℓ
εE = = (1-a)
𝐿 𝐿
Clearly different measures of strain could be used. For instance, the change in length ∆ℓ = ℓ − L
could be divided by the final length rather than the initial length. Whichever definition is used, if ℓ ≈
L the small strain quantity ε = ∆ℓ /ℓ is recovered.
An alternative large strain measure can be obtained by adding up all the small strain increments
that take place when the rod is continuously stretched from its original length L to its final length ℓ.
This integration process leads to the definition of the natural or logarithmic strain ε L as,
ℓ 𝑑ℓ ℓ
ε L =∫𝐿 =ln (1-b)
ℓ 𝐿
Although the above strain definitions can in fact be extrapolated to the deformation of a three
dimensional continuum body, this generalization process is complex and computationally costly.
Strain measures that are much more readily generalized to continuum cases are the so-called Green
strain ε G and Almansi strain ε A defined as,
ℓ2 −𝐿2 ℓ2 −𝐿2
εG= , and ε A = (1-c)
2𝐿2 2ℓ2
Irrespective of which strain definition is used, a simple Taylor series analysis shows that for the case
where ℓ ≈ L, all the above quantities converge to the small strain definition ∆ℓ /ℓ. For instance, in
the Green strain case,
2
(ℓ+∆ℓ)2 −ℓ2 ℓ2 +2ℓ∆ℓ+∆ℓ −ℓ2 ∆ℓ
ε G (ℓ ≈ L )= = ≈
2ℓ2 2ℓ2 ℓ
In fact, in large strain analysis;
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 ∆ℓ 1 ∆ℓ 2 ℓ2 −𝐿2
ε= + ( )2 = + ( ) = 2 = εG
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 2 𝐿 2𝐿

4.1.2. CONTINUUM STRAIN MEASURES

In linear stress–strain analysis the deformation of a continuum body is measured in terms of the
small strain tensor ε. For instance, in a simple two dimensional case ε has components ε xx, ε yy, and
ε xy = ε xy, which are obtained in terms of the x and y components of the displacement of the body as,
𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑦 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝑦
ε xx = , ε yy = , ε xy = 2 ( 𝜕𝑦𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥
) (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
These equations rely on the assumption that the displacements ux and uy are very small, so that the
initial and final positions of a given particle are practically the same. When the displacements are
large, however, this is no longer the case and one must distinguish between initial and final
coordinates of particles. This is typically done by using capital letters X, Y for the initial positions
and lower case x, y for the current coordinates. Consider a small elemental segment dX initially
parallel to the x axis that is deformed to a length ds as shown in Figure. The final length can be
evaluated from the displacements as,
𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑦
dS2 = (𝑑𝑋 + 𝑑𝑋)2 + ( 𝜕𝑋 𝑑𝑋)2
𝜕𝑋

Nonlinear Analysis 31
Based on the one dimensional Green strain Equation above, the x component of the two dimensional
Green strain can now be defined as,

𝑑𝑠 2 −𝑑𝑋 2 1 𝜕𝑢𝑥 2 𝜕𝑢𝑦 2

ε xx = = [(1 + ) + ( 𝜕𝑋 ) − 1]
2𝑑𝑋 2 2 𝜕𝑋

𝜕𝑢𝑥 1 𝜕𝑢𝑥 2 𝜕𝑢𝑦 2

= + [( ) + ( 𝜕𝑋 ) ] (2-d)
𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑋

Using similar arguments equations for ε yy and the shear

strains ε xy = ε yx are obtained as,
𝜕𝑢𝑦 1 𝜕𝑢𝑥 2 𝜕𝑢𝑦 2
ε yy = + [( ) + ( 𝜕𝑌 ) ] (2-e)
𝜕𝑌 2 𝜕𝑌

1 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑦 1 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑦 𝜕𝑢𝑦

ε xy = ( + )+ ( + ) (2-f)
2 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌

Clearly, if the displacements are small, the quadratic terms in the above expressions can be ignored
and the equations of linear elasticity (2-a: 2-c) are retained.

4.2. Kinematic Descriptions

Three kinematic descriptions of geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis are in current
use in programs that solve nonlinear structural problems; Total Lagrangian (or TL), Updated
Lagrangian (or UL), and Corotational (or CR). They can be distinguished by the choice of reference
configuration as shown in the Figure. The TL formulation is the most widely used in FEM codes
such as ABAQUS and ANSYS. The CR formulation is best for elements (beams, plates and shells)
in Aerospace which involves large rotations (or motions) but small strains since the structures are
,

comparatively thin to save weight. The UL formulation is useful for problems of large strains flow-
like behavior as in metal forming.

Classification of Nonlinear Analysis

Stress and Strain
Type of analysis Description Formulation used
measures
Infinitesimal displacements Materially
Materially- Engineering stress and
and strains, stress-strain is nonlinear only
nonlinear only strain
nonlinear (M.N.O)
Displacements and Total Lagrangian Second Piola-Kirchhoff
rotations of fibers are large, (T.L) stress, Green Lagrange
Large
but fiber extension and strain.
displacements,
angle changes between
large rotations, but
fibers are small; the stress- Updated Cauchy stress, and
small strains
strain relation may be Lagrangian Almansi strain.
linear or nonlinear (U.L)
Fiber extensions and angle Jaumann stress rate,
changes between fibers are Updated velocity strain
Large
large, fiber Lagrangian
displacements,
displacements and rotations Jaumann (U.L.J)
large rotations, and
may also be large ; the Second Piola-Kirchhoff
large strains
stress- strain relation may Total Lagrangian stress, Green Lagrange
be linear or nonlinear (T.L) strain.

Nonlinear Analysis 32
 Kinematic used in FEM nonlinear programs
Formulation Definition Primary application
Solid and structural mechanics with
Total Base and reference configurations finite but moderate displacements and
Lagrangian coalesce and remain fixed strains. Primary used for elastic
(T.L) throughout the solution process materials. Unreliable for flow-like
behavior or topology changes.
Base configuration remains fixed Solid and structural mechanics with
Updated but reference configuration is finite displacements and possibly large
Lagrangian periodically updated. Mostly the strains. Primary used for flow-like
(U.L) last converged configuration is to behavior and topology changes
set reference. (fracture).
Reference configuration is split into
base and corotated. Strains and
stresses are measured from Solid and structural mechanics with
Corotational
corotated to current, while base arbitrarily large finite motion, but small
(CR)
configuration is maintained as strains and elastic material behavior.
reference to measure rigid body
motion

TOTAL LAGRANGIAN (TL)

Kinematic Description

Nonlinear Analysis 33
4.3. NONLINEAR STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP
4.3.1 Bar Element (one dimensional element)
In Total Lagrangian formulation, Green strain for Bar Element is given by:
𝐿2 −𝐿20
εG = (3)
2 𝐿20

in which 𝐿 is the length of the bar in the current

configuration, and L0 is its length in the base
(reference) configuration. Using lower case
letters x, y for the current coordinates, then let:
X21=X2-X1, Y21=Y2-Y1,
𝑢𝑋21 =𝑢𝑋2 –𝑢𝑋1 , 𝑢𝑌21 =𝑢𝑌2 -𝑢𝑌1 (4.a)
𝑋21 𝑌21
C0X= =cosφ0, C0Y= =sinφ0 (4.b)
𝐿0 𝐿0
𝑥21 𝑋21 +𝑢𝑋21 𝑢𝑋21 𝐿
Cx= = =C0X+ = cosφ, (4.c)
𝐿0 𝐿0 𝐿0 𝐿0
𝑦21 𝑌21 +𝑢𝑌21 𝑢𝑌21 𝐿
Cy= = =C0Y+ = sinφ (4-d)
𝐿0 𝐿0 𝐿0 𝐿0

C0X and C0Y are the {X, Y} direction cosines of the bar
longitudinal axis in the reference configuration, while Cx
𝐿
and Cy are scaled by direction cosines of the current
𝐿0
configuration. Since;
L2=(X21+𝑢𝑋21 )2 + (Y21+𝑢𝑌21 )2, 𝐿2 -𝐿20 =2X21𝑢𝑋21 +2Y21𝑢𝑌21 +𝑢𝑋21
2 2
+𝑢𝑌21 (5)
Whence the GL axial strain becomes
𝐿2 −𝐿20 1 1 2 2
εG= = (C0X 𝑢𝑋21 +C0Y 𝑢𝑌21 ) + (𝑢𝑋21 + 𝑢𝑌21 )
2 𝐿20 𝐿0 2𝐿20

𝑢𝑋1 1 0 −1 0 𝑢𝑋1
1 𝑢𝑌1 1 1 0 1 0 − 1 𝑢𝑌1
= [-C0X -C0Y C0X C0Y]{𝑢 } + 2 [𝑢𝑋1 𝑢𝑌1 𝑢𝑋2 𝑢𝑌2 ][ ]{ }
𝐿0 𝑋2 2 𝐿0 −1 0 1 0 𝑢𝑋2
𝑢𝑌2 0 −1 0 1 𝑢𝑌2
1
= B0u + uTHu (6)
2

In which;
1 0 −1 0
1 1 0 1 0 −1
B0 = [-C0X -C0Y C0X C0Y], H= 2 [ ] (7)
𝐿0 𝐿0 −1 0 1 0
0 −1 0 1

Nonlinear Analysis 34
The expression (4) shows that the GL strain splits naturally into two parts ε G = ε L + ε NL, in which
εL = B0u, where B0 is a constant over element,1x4 rectangular matrix given by (7), and depends
1
linearly on the node displacements u. This is the linear part of the GL strain. εNL= uTHu, where H
2
is constant over element, 4x4 symmetric square matrix given by (7), depends quadratically on the
node displacements. This is the nonlinear part of the GL strain.
4.4. INCREMENTAL STEP- BY- STEP POCEDURE
Tracing of nonlinear behavior is effectively carried out using an incremental step–by-step
procedure, in which the response is evaluated for a series of small increments, usually taken of equal
size for computational convenience. Using the principal of virtual displacement the equilibrium of the
body can be written at increment, n+1, as:

𝑛+1
∫ 𝛿𝜀 𝑛+1 ∙ 𝜏 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑉 𝑛+1 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 (8)
𝑉 𝑛+1

where ε and τ are strain and stress respectively and Wext is virtual work done by the external forces.
Since the configuration of the body at step, n+1, is not known, the applied forces, stresses,
and strains will be referred to a known equilibrium configuration in order to be able to evaluate the
internal virtual work in eq.(8) in terms of an integral over a volume that is known, hence:
𝜏 𝑛+1 = 𝜏 𝑛 + ∆𝜏 (9. 𝑎)
And, the virtual strain
𝜕𝜀 = ∆(𝜀𝐿 + 𝜀𝑁𝐿 ) (9. 𝑏)
Then, Eq. (8) becomes in (T. L) where the integration is made upon V 0, the original volume,
𝑛+1
∫𝑉 0 ∆(𝜀𝐿 + 𝜀𝑁𝐿 ) ∙ (𝜏 𝑛 + ∆𝜏)𝑑𝑉 0 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 (10. 𝑎)

𝑛+1
∫ ∆𝜀𝐿 ∙ 𝜏 𝑛 𝑑𝑉 0 + ∫ ∆𝜀𝑁𝐿 ∙ 𝜏 𝑛 𝑑𝑉 0 + ∫ ∆𝜀𝐿 ∙ ∆𝜏𝑑𝑉 0 + ∫ ∆𝜀𝑁𝐿 ∙ ∆𝜏𝑑𝑉 0 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 (10. 𝑏)
𝑉0 𝑉0 𝑉0 𝑉0

𝑛+1
∫ ∆𝜀𝐿 ∙ ∆𝜏𝑑𝑉 0 + ∫ ∆𝜀𝑁𝐿 ∙ (𝜏 𝑛 + ∆𝜏)𝑑𝑉 0 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 − ∫ ∆𝜀𝐿 ∙ 𝜏 𝑛 𝑑𝑉 0 (10. 𝑐)
𝑉0 𝑉0 𝑉0

Or,
([𝐾]𝐿 + [𝐾]𝑁𝐿 )∆{𝑢} = {𝑅}𝑛+1 − {𝐹}𝑛 (10. 𝑑)
Where,

[𝐾]𝐿 = ∫𝑉 0 ∆𝜀𝐿 ∙ ∆𝜏𝑑𝑉 0 = ∫𝑉 0 ∆𝑢𝑇 𝐵 𝑇 𝐸𝐵∆𝑢 𝑑𝑉 0

1
Where B = [-Cx -Cy Cx Cy], then;
L0
𝐸𝐴0
[𝐾]𝐿 = [-Cx -Cy Cx Cy]T [-Cx -Cy Cx Cy]
𝐿0

Nonlinear Analysis 35
 𝐶2𝑥 ⋮ 𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 ⋮ −𝐶2𝑥 ⋮ −𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦
……… ⋮ ……… ⋮ ⋯…… ⋮ ………
𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 ⋮ 𝐶2𝑦 ⋮ −𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 ⋮ −𝐶2𝑦
𝐸𝐴0
[𝐾]𝐿 = …… ⋮ ⋯… ⋮ … …… ⋮ ……… (11.a)
𝐿0
−𝐶2𝑥 ⋮ −𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 ⋮ 𝐶2𝑥 ⋮ 𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦
…… ⋮ ⋯… ⋮ ……… ⋮ ………
2 2
[ −𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 ⋮ −𝐶𝑦 ⋮ 𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 ⋮ 𝐶𝑦 ]
1 0 −1 0
𝐹 𝐹 0 1 0 −1
And, [𝐾]𝑁𝐿 =∫𝑉 0 ∆𝜀𝑁𝐿 ∙ (𝜏 𝑛 + ∆𝜏)𝑑𝑉 0 = 𝐿 𝐻 =𝐿 [ ] (11.b)
0 0 −1 0 1 0
0 −1 0 1
4.5. Numerical Examples:
4.5.1. Example (1)
- The figure shows a bar element with
reference configuration defined by the
coordinates (X1=1, Y1=2) and (X2=5,
Y2=2) of the end nodes. Other input data
includes: A0=6, elastic modulus E=160,
initial PK2 stress s0= 25, and reference
GL strain ε0=0. The nodal
displacements are (uX1, uY1) = (2,-1)
and (uX2, uY2) = (1,-5). Compute the
internal force and tangent stiffness
matrix in the current configuration.
Solution:
The current configuration is defined by the coordinates (x1=1+2=3, y1=2-1=1) and (x2=5+1=6,
y2=2-5=-3).

L0 =√(5 − 1)2 + (2 − 2)2 = 4, and L= √(6 − 3)2 + (−3 − 1)2 =5.

𝐿2 −𝐿20 25−16 9
The current GL strain is 𝜀𝐺 = = = ,
2 𝐿20 2∗16 32
whence, the PK2 stress σ =s0 + E𝜀𝐺 = 70. The scaled
𝑥21 6−3 3
direction cosines Cx= = = , and
𝐿0 4 4
𝑦21 −3−1
Cy = = = −1, whence;
𝐿0 4
1 −3 3
B= [4 1 -1],
4 4
1 0 −1 0
1 0 1 0 −1
H= [ ]
16 −1 0 1 0
0 −1 0 1

Nonlinear Analysis 36
 −315
−3 3 420
The global internal force P=A0. τ [-Cx -Cy Cx Cy]T=70*6[ 4 1 -1]T=[ ]
4 315
−420
9 −3 −9 3
16 4 16 4
−3 3 135 − 180 − 135 180
1 −1
160∗6 4 4 −180 240 180 − 240
[K]L = −9 3 9 −3 =[ ],
4 −135 180 135 − 180
16 4 16 4 180 − 240 − 180 240
3 −3
[4 −1 1]
4

1 0 −1 0 105 0 − 105 0
𝐹 70 ∗ 6 0 1 0 − 1 0 105 0 − 105
[𝐾]𝑁𝐿 = [𝐻] = [ ]=[ ]
𝐿0 4 −1 0 1 0 −105 0 105 0
0 −1 0 1 0 − 105 0 105
And,
240 − 180 − 240 180
−180 345 180 − 345
[K]= [K]L+ [ K] NL = [ ]
−240 180 240 − 180
180 − 345 − 180 345
4.5.2. Example (2)
A simple arch is idealized as shown in Fig. (a),
as an assemblage of two bar elements.
Assume𝐸 = 2100 t/cm2 , 𝐴0 = 6 cm2 ,𝐿0 =
3 m. Find the load- displacement response of the
assemblage.
𝐸𝐴0 2100×6
𝐾= = = 4200 𝑡/𝑚
𝐿0 3

Total load, R =150 t, applied in 5 steps a-Geometry

(or increment). Assume Tolerance = 1 %
Solution
n =1, i =1: 𝑣 0 = 0, 𝑅1 = 30 t

0 𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿1 = 𝑐𝑦2 = 4200 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 15 =281.35 𝑡/𝑚
𝐿0

0
𝐾𝑁𝐿1 =0
30/2
𝑑1 = 𝑣11 = =0.0533 m
281.35
𝐿𝑛 = √𝐿20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 15 + (𝐿0 𝑠𝑖𝑛15 + 𝑣1𝑛 )2
𝑣1𝑛 𝑣𝑛 2
= 𝐿0 √1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛15 + ( 𝐿1 ) b- Equiv. Struct
𝐿0 0
2
0.518 𝑣1𝑛
= 3 √1 + 𝑣1𝑛 +
3 9

Nonlinear Analysis 37
 0.0533 0.05332
𝐿11 = 3 × √1 + 0.518 × + = 3.01 𝑚
3 9

1 3.012 −32
𝜀𝐺1 = = 3.339 × 10−3
2×32
1
𝐹11 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺1 = 2100 × 6 × 3.339 × 10−3 = 42.07 𝑡
3×𝑠𝑖𝑛15+𝑣11
𝑐𝑦1 1 = = 0.2766
3.00
𝑓𝑦11 = 𝐹1 𝑐𝑦 = 42.07 × 0.2766 = 11.635 𝑡

𝑟11 = 15 − 11.635 = 3.365 𝑡 > Tol.*P= 0.01 × 15 =

0.15 Then;
𝑖 =𝑖+1=2 c-Displ. Struct.

1
𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿2 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.27662 = 321.332
𝐿0

1
𝐹 42.07
𝐾𝑁𝐿2 = = = 14.023
𝐿0 3
𝐾21 = 321.332 + 14.023 = 335.355
3.365
𝑑21 = 335.355 = 0.01, 𝑣21 = 0.0533 + 0.01 = 0.0633

1 3.0172 −32
𝜀𝐺2 = = 5.683 × 10−3,
2×32
1
𝐹21 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺2 = 2100 × 6 × 5.683 × 10−3 = 71.602 𝑡
3×0.2588+0.0633
𝑐𝑦1 2 = = 0.2799 , 𝑓𝑦12 = 71.602 × 0.2799 =
3
20.041
𝑟21 = 15 − 20.041 = −5.0414 > 0.15, then; d-Load-displ. Response
𝑖 =𝑖+1=3
1
𝐾𝐿3 = 4200 × 0.27992 = 329.045 t/m
1 71.602
𝐾𝑁𝐿3 = = 23.867, 𝐾31 = 352.912 t/m
3
−5.0414
𝑑3 = = −0.0143, 𝑣31 = 0.0633 − 0.0143 = 0.049m
352.912

0.518 0.0492
𝐿13 = 3 × √1 + × 0.049 + =3.013 m
3 9

1 3.0132 −32
𝜀𝐺3 = = 4.3638 × 10−3 , 𝐹31 = 2100 × 6 × 4.3638 × 10−3 = 54.9839 t
2×32
3×0.2588+0.049
𝑐𝑦1 3 = 1
= 0.2751, 𝑓𝑦3 = 54.9839 × 0.2751 = 15.1261 t
3.0

𝑟31 = 15 − 15.1261 = |−0.126| < 0.15 t. Convergence occurred after 3 iterations

Nonlinear Analysis 38
n=n+1=2, i = 1,
2 2
𝑅 2 = 60 t., 𝑐𝑦0 =0.2751, 𝑓𝑦0 =15.1261 t, 𝐹02 = 54.9839 t. 𝑣02 = 0.049 m
54.9839
𝐾𝐿!2 = 4200 × 0.27512 = 317.856 t/m, 𝐾𝑁𝐿1
2
= = 18.328 t/m, 𝐾12 = 336.184 t/m
3

30−𝑓 2
= 0.04424 m, 𝑣12 = 0.049 + 0.04424 = 0.09324 m
𝑦0
𝑑1 = 336.184

0.518 0.093242
𝐿21 = 3 ∗ √1 + × 0.09324 + = 3.0255 m
3 9

2 3.02552 −32
𝜀𝐺1 = = 8.533 × 10−3, 𝐹12 = 2100 × 6 × 8. 533 × 10−3 = 107.513 t.
2×32
3×0.2588+0.09324
𝑐𝑦2 1 = = 0.2899, 𝑓𝑦21 = 107.513 × 0.2899 = 31.166 t
3

𝑟12 = 30 − 31.166 = −1.166 > 0.01 × 30 = 0.3 , then;

i=i+1=2
107.513
𝐾𝐿22 = 4200 × 0.28992 = 352.9764 t/m, 𝐾𝑁𝐿
2
2 = = 35.8377 t/m, 𝐾22 = 388.814 t/m
3
−1.166
𝑑2 = 388.814 = −2.999 × 10−3 m, 𝑣22 = 0.09324 − 2.999 × 10−3 = 0.09024m

0.518 0.090242
𝐿22 = 3 × √1 + × 0.09024 + = 3.0246 m
3 9

2 3.02462 −32
𝜀𝐺2 = = 8.2431 × 10−3 , 𝐹22 = 2100 × 6 × 8.2431 × 10−3 = 103.8635 t
2×32
3×0.2588+0.09024
𝑐𝑦2 2 = 2
= 0.2889, 𝑓𝑦2 = 103.8635 × 0.2889 = 30.0041t
3

𝑟22 = 30 − 30.0041 = |−0.0041| Tol*30< 0.3, Convergence occurred after 2 iterations

n=n+1=3, i=1
R3 =90 t. 𝑐𝑦3 0 = 0.2889, 𝐹03 = 103.8635 t., 𝑓𝑦30 = 30.0041t., 𝑣03 = 0.09024
3 3 103.8635
𝐾𝐿1 = 4200 × 0.28892 = 350.5455 t/m, 𝐾𝑁𝐿1 = = 34.621t/m, 𝐾13 = 385.1663t/m
3
45−30.0041
𝑑1 = = 0.03893 m, 𝑣13 = 0.09024 + 0.03893 = 0.1292 m
385.1663

0.518 0.12922
𝐿31 = 3 × √1 + × 0.1292 + = 3.036
3 9

3 3.0362 −32
𝜀𝐺1 = = 0.0121, 𝐹13 = 2100 × 6 × 0.0121 = 152.2238 t.
2×32

3 0.1292 3
𝑐𝑦1 = 0.2588 + = 0.3019, 𝑓𝑦1 = 152.2238 × 0.3019 = 45.9564 t.
3

𝑟13 = 45 − 45.9564 = |−0.9564| > Tol*45> 0.45, then;

i=i+1=2

Nonlinear Analysis 39
 3 3 152.2238
𝐾𝐿2 = 4200 × 0.30192 = 382.803 t/m, 𝐾𝑁𝐿2 = = 50.741 t/m, 𝐾23 = 433.544 t/m
3
−0.9564
𝑑2 = = −2.206 × 10−3 m, 𝑣23 = 0.1292 − 2.206 × 10−3 = 0.127 m
433.544

0.518 0.1272
𝐿32 = 3 × √1 + × 0.127 + = 3.0354 m.
3 9

3 3.03542 −32
𝜀𝐺2 = = 0.01186, 𝐹23 = 2100 × 6 × 0.01186 = 149.4398 t.
2×32

3 0.127 3
𝑐𝑦2 = 0.2588 + = 0.3011, 𝑓𝑦2 = 149.4398 × 0.3011 = 45.0013 t.
3

𝑟23 = 45 − 45.0013 = |−0.0013| < Tol*45< 0.45, Convergence occurred after 2 iterations
The process continues for steps 4and 5, and the next table summarizes the results:
Increment Load (t) v (m) [Link]. i Increment Load (t) v (m) [Link]. i
1 30 0.049 3 4 120 0.1602 2
2 60 0.09024 2 5 150 0.192 1
3 90 0.127 2

Problems to be solved
 Resolve the above example using different types of iteration techniques, such as Modified
Newton – Raphson method and BFGS method, and compare the results and number of
iterations.
 Resolve the above example but the load, R, acts downwards and implementing the SP
parameter when the stiffness tends to zero or becomes negative.

Report II
 Find the KL and KNL for Beam, Plane Stress, and Plate Bending elements in Total Lagrangian
formulation. (It's worth noting that, in some references, KL is called KM i.e. material stiffness
since it depends primarily on material properties, and KNL is called KG i.e. geometric stiffness
matrix).

Nonlinear Analysis 40
In case R is acting downwards

n =1, i =1: 𝑣 0 = 0, 𝑅1 = −30 t

0 𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿1 = 𝑐𝑦2 = 4200 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 15 =281.35 𝑡/𝑚
𝐿0

0
𝐾𝑁𝐿1 =0
−30/2
𝑑1 = 𝑣11 = =-0.0533 m
281.35
𝐿𝑛 = √𝐿20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 15 + (𝐿0 𝑠𝑖𝑛15 − 𝑣1𝑛 )2
𝑣𝑛 𝑣𝑛 2
= 𝐿0 √1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛15 ( 𝐿1 ) + ( 𝐿1 )
0 0
- Equiv. Struct
2
0.518 𝑣1𝑛
= 3 √1 − 𝑣1𝑛 +
3 9

0.518 0.05332
𝐿11 = 3√1 − × .0533 + = 2.987 𝑚
3 9

1 2.9872 −32
𝜀𝐺1 = = −4.324 × 10−3
2×32
1
𝐹11 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺1 = −2100 × 6 × 4.324 × 10−3 = −54.428 𝑡
3×𝑠𝑖𝑛15−𝑣11
𝑐𝑦1 1 = = 0.2411
3.00

𝑓𝑦11 = 𝐹1 𝑐𝑦 = 54.428 × 0.2411 = 13.123 𝑡 -Displ. Struct.

𝑟11 = 15 − 13.123 = 1.877 𝑡 > Tol.*P= 0.01 × 15

= 0.15
Then; 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1 = 2
1 𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿2 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.24112 = 244.143
𝐿0

1
−𝐹 −54.428
𝐾𝑁𝐿2 = = = −18.143
𝐿0 3
𝐾21 = 244.143 − 18.143 = 226
1.877
𝑑21 = = 8.305 × 10−3, 𝑣21 = 0.0533 + 8.305 ×
226
10−3 = 0.0616

0.518 0.06162
𝐿12 = 3√1 − × .0616 + = 2.9846 𝑚 -Load-displ. Response
3 9

1 2.98462 −32
𝜀𝐺2 = = 5.1073 × 10−3 ,
2×32
1
𝐹21 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺2 = −2100 × 6 × 5.1073 × 10−3 = −64.352 𝑡
3×0.2588−0.0616
𝑐𝑦1 2 = = 0.2383 , 𝑓𝑦12 = 64.352 × 0.2383 = 15.335
3

Nonlinear Analysis 41
𝑟21 = 15 − 15.335 = |−0.335| > 0.15, then;
𝑖 =𝑖+1=3
1
𝐾𝐿3 = 4200 × 0.23832 = 238.505 t/m
1 −64.352
𝐾𝑁𝐿3 = = −21.451, 𝐾31 = 217.054 t/m
3
0.335
𝑑3 = 217.054 = 1.5434 × 10−3 , 𝑣31 = 0.0616 − 1.5434 × 10−3 = 0.0601m

0.518 0.06012
𝐿13 = 3 × √1 − × 0.0601 + =2.985 m
3 9

1 2.9852 −32
𝜀𝐺3 = = −4.725 × 10−3 , 𝐹31 = −2100 × 6 × 4.725 × 10−3 = −59.535 t
2×32
3×0.2588−0.0601
𝑐𝑦1 3 = 1
= 0.2388, 𝑓𝑦3 = 59.535 × 0.2388 = 14.217 t
3.0

𝑟31 = 15 − 14.217 = 0.783 > 0.15 t.

𝑖 =𝑖+1=4
1
𝐾𝐿4 = 4200 × 0.23882 = 239.507 t/m
1 −59.535
𝐾𝑁𝐿4 = = −19.845, 𝐾41 = 219.662 t/m
3
0.783
𝑑4 = 239.507 = 3.269 × 10−3, 𝑣41 = 0.0601 + 3.269 × 10−3 = 0.0634m

0.518 0.06342
𝐿14 = 3 × √1 − × 0.0634 + =2.9842 m
3 9

1 2.98422 −32
𝜀𝐺4 = = −5.2528 × 10−3, 𝐹41 = −2100 × 6 × 5.2528 × 10−3 = −66.1853 t
2×32

1 3×0.2588−0.0634 1
𝑐𝑦4 = = 0.2377, 𝑓𝑦4 = 66.1853 × 0.2377 = 15.732 t
3.0

𝑟41 = 15 − 15.732 = |−0.732| > 0.15 t.; then:

𝑖 =𝑖+1=5
1
𝐾𝐿5 = 4200 × 0.23772 = 237.3054 t/m
1 −66.1853
𝐾𝑁𝐿5 = = −22.0618, 𝐾51 = 215.244 t/m
3
−0.732
𝑑5 = 215.244 = −3.4 × 10−3, 𝑣51 = 0.0634 − 3.4 × 10−3 = 0.06m

0.518 0.062
𝐿15 = 3 × √1 − × 0.06 + =2.985 m
3 9

1 2.9852 −32
𝜀𝐺5 = = −4.9875 × 10−3, 𝐹51 = −2100 × 6 × 4.9875 × 10−3 = −62.8425 t
2×32

1 3×0.2588−0.06 1
𝑐𝑦5 = = 0.2388, 𝑓𝑦5 = 62.8425 × 0.2388 = 15.007 t
3.0

Nonlinear Analysis 42
 𝑟51 = 15 − 15.007 = |−0.007| < 0.15 t.; then: Convergence occurred after 5 iterations
Then:
2 2
n=n+1=2, i = 1, 𝑅 2 = 60 t., 𝑐𝑦0 =0.2388, 𝑓𝑦0 =15.007 t, 𝐹02 = −62.8425 t. 𝑣02 = 0.06 m

2
𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿1 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.23882 = 239.5069
𝐿0
2 −𝐹 −62.8425
𝐾𝑁𝐿1 = = = −20.9475 ; 𝐾12 = 239.5069 − 20.9475 = 218.5594
𝐿0 3

−30+15.007
𝑑12 = = −0.0686, 𝑣12 = 0.06 + 0.0686 = 0.1286
218.5594

0.518 0.12862
𝐿21 = 3√1 − × .1286 + = 2.9693 𝑚
3 9

2 2.96932 −32 2
𝜀𝐺1 = = −0.0102, 𝐹12 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺1 = −2100 × 6 × 0.0102 = −128.52 𝑡
2×32

2 3×0.2588−0.1286 2
𝑐𝑦1 = = 0.2159 , 𝑓𝑦1 = 128.52 × 0.2159 = 27.7475
3

𝑟12 = 30 − 27.7475 = 2.2525 > 0.30, then;

𝑖 =𝑖+1=2

2
𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿2 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.21592 = 195.7738
𝐿0
2 −𝐹 −128.52
𝐾𝑁𝐿2 = = = −42.84 ; 𝐾22 = 195.7738 − 42.84 = 152.9938
𝐿0 3

2.2525
𝑑22 = 152.9938 = 0.01472, 𝑣22 = 0.1286 + 0.01472 = 0.14332

0.518 0.143322
𝐿22 = 3√1 − × .14332 + = 2.9661 𝑚
3 9

2 2.96612 −32 2
𝜀𝐺2 = = −0.01124, 𝐹22 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺2 = −2100 × 6 × 0.01124 = −141.624 𝑡
2×32

2 3×0.2588−0.14332 2
𝑐𝑦2 = = 0.211 , 𝑓𝑦1 = 141.624 × 0.211 = 29.8827
3

𝑟12 = 30 − 29.8827 = 0.1173 < 0.30, then; Convergence occurred after 2 iterations
Then:
3 3
n=n+1=3, i = 1, 𝑅 3 = 90 t., 𝑐𝑦0 =0.211, 𝑓𝑦0 =29.8827 t, 𝐹03 = −141.624 t. 𝑣03 = 0.14332 m

3
𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿1 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.2112 = 186.9882
𝐿0
3 −𝐹 −141.624
𝐾𝑁𝐿1 = = = −47.208; 𝐾13 = 186.9882 − 47.208 = 139.7802
𝐿0 3

45−29.8827
𝑑13 = = −0.10815, 𝑣13 = 0.14332 + 0.10825 = 0.25157
139.7802

Nonlinear Analysis 43
 0.518 0.251572
𝐿31 = 3√1 − × .25157 + = 2.9449 𝑚
3 9

3 2.94492 −32
𝜀𝐺1 = = −0.0182, 𝐹13 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺1
3
= −2100 × 6 × 0.0182 = −229.32 𝑡
2×32

3 3×0.2588−0.25157 3
𝑐𝑦1 = = 0.17494 , 𝑓𝑦1 = 229.32 × 0.17494 = 40.11724
3

𝑟13 = 45 − 40.11724 = 4.88276 > 0.45, then;

𝑖 =𝑖+1=2

3
𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿2 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.174942 = 128.5368
𝐿0
3 −𝐹 −229.32
𝐾𝑁𝐿2 = = = −76.44; 𝐾23 = 128.5368 − 76.44 = 52.0968
𝐿0 3

4.88276
𝑑23 = 52.0968 = 0.09373, 𝑣23 = 0.25157 + 0.09373 = 0.3453

0.518 0.34532
𝐿32 = 3√1 − × .3453 + = 2.9296𝑚
3 9

3 2.92962 −32
𝜀𝐺2 = = −0.0232 𝐹23 = 𝐴0 𝐸 𝜀𝐺2
3
= −2100 × 6 × 0.0232 = −292.32 𝑡
2×32

3 3×0.2588−0.3453 3
𝑐𝑦2 = = 0.1437 , 𝑓𝑦2 = 292.32 × 0.1437 = 42.0064
3

𝑟13 = 45 − 42.0064 = 2.9936 > 0.45, then;

𝑖 =𝑖+1=3

3
𝐸𝐴0
𝐾𝐿3 = × 𝑐𝑦 2 = 4200 × 0.14372 = 86.7287
𝐿0
3 −𝐹 −292.32
𝐾𝑁𝐿3 = = = −97.44 𝐾33 = 86.7287 − 97.44 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐿0 3

It is required to complete the analysis above to get the load- displacement

as given in the figure.

Nonlinear Analysis 44
5- Displacement BC Nonlinearity Example
A pretensioned cable is subjected to a transverse load
midway between the supports as shown in next figure (a). A
spring is placed below the load at a distance "𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑝 ". Assume
that the displacements are small so that the force in cable
remains constant, and the load is applied slowly (i.e. neglect
inertia forces), then:
𝑣𝑛
𝑅 𝑛 = 2𝐻 𝑣 𝑛 ≤ 𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑝 (a)
𝐿

And,
𝑣𝑛
𝑅 𝑛 = 2𝐻 + 𝑘(𝑣 𝑛 − 𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑝 ) 𝑣 𝑛 > 𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑝 (b)
𝐿

Figure (b) shows graphically the force displacement relation for

𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑝 = 1 cm. It should be noted that the elasticity of the cable is neglected
and the response is calculated using only the equilibrium equation in (a)
and (b). The nonlinearity is only due to the contact condition occurs
when 𝑣 𝑛 > 𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑝 .

Nonlinear Analysis 45