Overview of

UNIT 3 ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP OF A Apparel Industry-II

GARMENT MANUFACTURING UNIT

Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Organizational Structure
3.3 Departments in a Garment /Apparel Manufacturing Unit
3.4 Work Flow for an Export Order
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 Let Us Sum Up
3.7 Keywords
3.8 References and Suggested Readings
3.9 Check Your Progress – Possible Answers

3.0 OBJECTIVES
Apparel manufacturing industry is a major source of livelihood for millions of families
across the globe. Hence, textiles and apparel have retained an important place in human
life from historical era to today’s modern world. Apparel or garments, which are
produced either for domestic or export purposes, are manufactured in a unit under an
organizational set up. To execute any order, one has to make sure that all the activities
are well planned. After reading this Unit you would be able to:
 Describe the organizational structure of a garment manufacturing unit;
 Explain the functioning of various departments;
 Discuss the importance of various departments in a garment manufacturing
unit; and
 Examine the role of human resource engaged in the garment industry at various
levels.

3.1 INTRODUCTION
All over the world, clothes were traditionally manufactured for the local market but
over the past thirty years or so, the garment industry has evolved from custom fitting
and assembling of individual hand sewn garments to the mechanized, automated and
sometimes robotized and customized production and distribution of ready-to-wear in
the global market. As already discussed in Unit 1 and 2 of this Block, Indian apparel
industry not only strengthens the country’s economy but also supports the lives of
millions of people of the country. One out of every six households in India depends on
this sector either directly or indirectly for its livelihood.
The structure of the Indian apparel manufacturing industry is quite complex. Traditionally,
the industry has been divided into two sectors, namely exports and domestic. India is
one of the largest garment manufacturers in the world and has made its name by producing 41
CAPMER high quality garments for all segments of the society. Most of the garment manufacturers
are small and medium sized firms. The Indian apparel industry has grown steadily in
the past few years, as Indians are becoming more and more fashion conscious. Hence
the demand and consumption has also increased gradually. Another key advantage of
this industry is abundant availability of raw material. Silk, cotton and jute, all nature-base
fiber resources are available in abundance in India. India is the largest producer of jute
and the second largest producer of cotton in the world. Additionally, India is also the
second largest producer of synthetic fibres after China globally. As a result, a number of
fibers are used in the Indian apparel industry like cotton, jute, wool, silk, manmade and
synthetic fibers. Further, the Indian garment industry manufactures and exports garments
at affordable prices due to cheap wage rates. Retailers are increasingly coming to India
for the low production costs here like Walmart, Tesco, M&S to name a few.

3.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

As the clothes are manufactured in a garment manufacturing unit, there is no doubt in
saying that without a proper organizational structure this rapid development and
sustainability are not possible. Each garment manufacturing unit is an organization in
itself where a group of people work together to achieve the targets defined by the
higher authorities. It is needless to say that the growth of organization depends on the
successful organizational set up. Organization structure is the identification and grouping
of work to be performed for the purpose of enabling the people to work together to
get the objective and to share the work among them in an effective and efficient way so
that everyone knows whom to contact for a specific problem. A garment manufacturing
unit is also defined as an organizational structure consisting of activities of task allocation,
coordination and supervision amongst various people of the organization which
addresses towards the achievement of the aims of the organization. It can also be
considered as an outlook through which individuals see the environment of their
organization. This Unit aims at familiarizing you about the organizational structure of a
garment manufacturing unit.
As defined by Pugh, an organizational structure defines how activities such as task
allocation, coordination and supervision are directed towards the achievement
of organizational aims. An organizational chart is a pictorial representation of a
company’s structure and may not be the same in all organizations (Fig. 3.1).
Organizational structure determines the manner and extent to which roles and
responsibilities of the work are delegated, coordinated and controlled. It also depicts
how the information flows between different levels of management.

42 Fig. 3.1 Organizational Structure of a Garment Manufacturing Unit

A structure depends entirely on an organization’s objectives and strategy chosen to Organizational set
up of a Garment
achieve them. The decision making power is wholly directed in the top layer of Manufacturing Unit
management and there is a tight control over departments and divisions in a centralized
structure whereas in a decentralized structure, decision making power is distributed
and the various departments have their autonomy.
Organizations are structured in various ways as per the objectives defined for them.
Organizational structure determines the modes of its operations and performance. A
balanced organization structure assigns responsibilities for various functions to different
entities such as departments, groups and individuals of the organization. A good
organization structure has two signs – one, that it provides the foundation on which the
operating methods and the routine of the organization rests, and secondly that it
determines the roles and responsibilities of the team, individuals towards their roles
assigned and their involvement in the decision making processes and also to what
extent their views shape the organization’s actions. The features of an organization are
as follows:
 Well defined objectives
 Organized and coordinated group of people work under an executive
leadership
 Proper division of work and responsibilities for the employees
 Clear and welldefined policies and procedures
 Effective communication
This Unit will further acquaint you with the understanding of the various departments of
the garment manufacturing unit.

Check Your Progress I

Note: Use the space provided for your answer.
1. Identify the correct option for the followingstatement:
a) In which set up, the decision making power is concentrated in the top
layer of management and tight control is exercised over departments
and divisions?
1. Centralized structure 2. Decentralized structure
3. Both 1 and 2 4. None of the above.
b) Which one of the following is not a feature of a good organizational set
up?
1. Well defined objectives
2. Clear and well defined policies and procedures
3. Proper division of work and responsibilities for the employees

4. Ineffective communication
2. What do you understand by organizational structure?
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3. A proper organizational structure is helpful in building a successful business.
Explain.
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3.3 DEPARTMENTS IN A GARMENT/APPAREL

MANUFACTURING UNIT
Business organizations should work as a team with interactive organizational structures.
Decision making for a manufacturing firm revolves around an order that will meet the
needs of the buyer. Each department of the unit has its own objectives and
responsibilities. At the same time, departments must interact and coordinate their
activities in order to achieve their common goals: meeting buyer needs/serving the
target customer, growing and making a profit. The garment manufacturing unit, whether
large or small, requires expertise in executive leadership, quick response, marketing,
merchandising, production, operations and finance. Let us now discuss the various
departments of a garment manufacturing and export unit.
Planning
The planning department has a vital role to play in the approval of order and helps
merchants to determine the costing of a particular style. The department also tells
merchants if the company is capable of producing a particular style in a given span of
time and helps them to know the capacity of the production floor.
On receiving the orders from the merchants, they start to decide the dates of executing
the order/orders, which also involves production and the finishing department. Then
the department will allocate the style to a unit whichever has a capacity of completing
the project based on the line openings and also buyer specification and the skill of
labor required for it.
The planning department then calculates and plans the PCD (Plan, cut, date) order,
quality, sample, order breakup. The planning department keeps constant touch with
most of the departments like the merchandising, production; marketing etc. In case
there are any changes in the line of style or any such modifying situation, then the
department updates the merchandising department so that they can further communicate
with the buyer and also maintain a hard copy of it for future reference.
Purchasing
The purchasing department is similar to the sourcing department but the main difference
is that the sourcing department works for the fabrics alone and the purchasing department
works for sourcing the accessories and trims. However, it depends from one organization
to another. Here is a brief detail, which will give you an idea of the working procedure:
44
The purchasing department is given the BOM (Bill of Materials) for the style on order Organizational set
up of a Garment
by the merchandiser and then the sourcing will take place by the department at their Manufacturing Unit
end. The in-house pricing is given for costing purpose to the merchandiser. The breakup
is given to the merchandiser by the purchasing department for the costing purpose, and
the final cost sheet is made by the merchandisers. After evaluating the cost sheet, the
buyer confirms the order to the merchandiser. Once the order is confirmed, the
merchandiser plans and coordinates with other concerned departments for the exact
quantity required and the breakup of trims and accessories with respect to colour, size,
MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity) etc. will be given by the merchandiser to the
purchasing department in the form of a sheet which is generally followed in the industry
for all the orders irrespective of buyer.
Once the purchasing department receives this format a PO (Purchase Order) is sent to
the concerned department for fabrics, accessories and trims. After receiving the first
shot of all the ordered materials from the supplier the lab dips are sent by the merchandiser
to the buyer for their approval. After receiving the goods from the supplier, they are
checked for the quantity and also checked according to inspection criteria specified by
the customer/buyer and are also replaced if any of them are not meeting its criteria. The
purchasing department also keeps track on all the quantities received in-house timely.
Fabric Sourcing
Sourcing deals with acquainting information about the required material from different
sources and selecting the best material which suits in the budget as well as the
specifications of the buyer. Fabric sourcing means sourcing the right kind of fabric,
which fulfils the buyer’s specifications. The fabric sourcing department works in
coordination with the merchandising department and looks after the delivery of the
required goods at the scheduled time and cost. Personnel in the fabric sourcing
department must have knowledge about all varieties of fabrics available in the market
and s/he or the team should be aware about the current/latest trends going on in the
market. Fig. 3.2 shows the fabric sourcing workflow in garment industry.

Fig. 3.2 Fabric Sourcing Workflow in Garment Industry 45

CAPMER Accessories Store
Accessories store acts as a store for accessories. The sewing threads, needles, zippers,
buttons, velcro, hooks, linings, packaging material like poly bags etc. are stored in the
accessories store. As per the buyer’s specifications the accessories are ordered by the
purchase department. Generally, a swatch card is prepared by the merchandiser for
the required quantity of accessories. Accessories are also checked for their quality and
colour fastness. The accessories received are stored in various racks and during the
production they are issued to the production department.
Merchandising
Merchandising department is a link between the buyer and the manufacturer/exporter.
All the information related to order is passed through the merchandising department to
the other departments. Merchandising is a process through which the orders are planned,
manufactured, finished and presented/exported to the buyers as per their specifications.
It includes directing and followup of the development of a product line from order/
sampling to shipment. The merchandiser’s key roles and responsibilities are as follows:
 Analysis of market and product
 Internal and external communication
 Sampling
 Lab dips
 Ordering accessories and trims
 Preparing internal order sheets and purchase orders
 Costing of the product
 Advising and assisting production
 Advising quality department about quality level
 Mediating production and quality departments
 Interface with manufacturing, sales and marketing
 Giving shipping instructions and following shipping
 Helping documentation department
 Taking responsibility for inspections
 Follow up payments
In a garment manufacturing and export house, merchandising is a combination of business
and technical aspects. A senior merchandiser coordinates with the buyer and looks
into the complete product development whereas a junior merchandiser assists a senior
merchandiser in the paper work and follow up with the buyers. Merchandisers too
negotiate with the buyers on costing, work out delivery schedule and investigate for
future buyers. Hence it can be concluded that merchandising is a core department of
the garment manufacturing and export unit.

46 Another most important task of a merchandiser is to do costing of the product for the
buyer so that the buyer can place order for bulk production. It includes cost of raw Organizational set
up of a Garment
material, production, accessories, finishing, packaging, overheads, markups etc. Manufacturing Unit

Sampling
A sample is a prototype of a product to be manufactured in future course of production.
It is made to check the design effectiveness and fit of the garment. In a garment
manufacturing and export unit the sampling department plays a vital role in the uplifting
of a unit. This department directly coordinates with the merchandising and production
department (Fig. 3.3). As soon as the sampling department receives sample information
from the merchant, proto sample is developed for the design and style. When approved
by the buyer, it is followed by making of a fit sample. Fit samples are made to conform
the measurements, fit and style and also approval of the construction details. Then pre
production samples are made. These are garments produced on the actual production
floor and not in the sample room. Made in actual fabric and trims, it should exactly
match the buyer specifications and the bulk production starts only after the approval of
pre production samples. Size set samples are made to check the factory’s capability to
make the sample in all sizes.

Fig. 3.3 Workflow in Sampling Department

Sampling also helps to check discrepancies in the pattern. Patterns are made according
to buyer specifications. Generally, most of the exporters maintain a showroom, which
displays various designs in the form of samples ready with them. A buyer has full liberty
to select/redesign any sample from the buyer’s showroom but at the same time it is the
duty of the owner/merchandiser that they don’t offer samples of one buyer to any
other buyer.
Many garment manufacturing and export houses hire designers who can do fresh
sampling for them. Apart from it, sampling is also done as per the buyer’s specifications
and the initial samples are sent to the buyer for approval.
The sampled garments represent the accuracy of the patterns and quality of production,
skills and techniques. Sampling also helps to calculate the requirement of fabric,
accessories, time for the development of the garment and skills required for bulk
production.

Check Your Progress II

Note: Use the space provided for your answer.
1. Identify the correct option for the following:
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CAPMER
a) Which department calculates and plans the PCD?

1. Planning 2. Purchasing

3. Finishing 4. Quality Control

b) Which department is a link between the buyer and the manufacturer/

exporter?

1. Purchasing 2. Shipping and Logistics

3. Merchandising 4. Planning

c) ………………department determines the approval of future orders from

buyers and fetches business for a garment manufacturing or export
company.

1. Designing 2. Purchasing

3. Sampling 4. Finishing

2. What is the role of merchandising department in an export house?

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Cutting Room

Cutting means to separate the various garment parts from the layer of the fabric
with the help of cutting template and devices. The fabric cutting takes place in the
cutting room of any garment manufacturing unit. This is most decisive because
once the fabric has been cut very little can be done to rectify serious mistakes. The
fabric is cut as per the defined pattern for different parts of the garment. Markings
are made on the fabric that has been spread on the tables. It is then cut by the
cutting machines (Fig. 3.4). Wastage reduction is a key consideration during this
step. The process flow in the cutting of a fabric for garment making is shown in
Fig. 3.5.

Fig. 3.4 Fabric Cutting

48
 Organizational set
up of a Garment
Manufacturing Unit

Fig. 3.5 Process Flow in the Cutting Room

Marker Making
Each style and size of the garment has a different need for the fabric. The measuring
department associated with the cutting room calculates the fabric yardage as per the
number of pieces on order, style and size of the design. These days computer software
guides the technicians with a proper layout as per the style on order so the fabric can
be used efficiently. The mathematical calculations help to know about the exact fabric
consumption for an order instead of large paper sheets for calculating the yardage. The
marker, which contains all necessary pattern pieces, is attached to the fabric with the
help of adhesive stripping or staples. The marker making is done for optimum utilization
of fabric, reduction of wastage of fabric, to speed the production process and to get
maximum number of pattern pieces from one layer of fabric.
Fabric Spreading
The spreading machines help the fabric to stack in layers that may exceed above
hundred feet (30.5m) long and hundreds of fabric pieces together.
Cutting
The cutting machines cut the fabric as per the suitability of the cloth.
Sorting/Bundling
Once the fabric is cut with the help of cutting machines, the patterns (bodice, sleeves,
collars etc.) are sorted according to size and design and are tied into bundles. A high
amount of accuracy is needed at this step because a mismatched pattern in a bundle
can create several problems later. There are specifications of the style and size on each
of them.
Sewing/Assembling
The sorted bundles are further sent for stitching/assembling. Generally, large garment
manufacturers prefer to assemble the pieces in-house and others outsource the sewing
at contractual basis. However, to maintain quality of work, in-house stitching should
be preferred. The different parts of the garment are stitched at different sewing stations
but there are many operators who perform a single operation. One operator may
make only straight seams, while another may make sleeve insets and another two 49
CAPMER operators can sew waist seams and make button holes. There are different industrial
sewing machines for various stitches applied on garments. The machines also have
different configurations of the frame. While assembling some machines work in sequence
and feed their finished step directly into the next machine, while the gang machines
perform the same operation at one time supervised by a single operator. These factors
decide the sewing of the whole garment. Finally, the sewn parts of the garment are
assembled together to give final look to the apparel.
Production Department
The bulk production is done in the production department of any garment manufacturing
and export house and the main role of production is to create the deadline for each
process and coordinate with various departments. The production department receives
the required information such as style no./item description along with the sample, which
gives a clear idea about the product to be manufactured. The production manager
receives the details as:
 The style of the garment
 The number of operators required
 The batch for which the style has to be installed
 Any extra kinds of machines that are to be used particularly for that style
 Target for each day
 Breakup of the production quantity
 Shipment schedule
The planning is done by the production people keeping in mind the intricacy and time
required to manufacture the bulk and also the shipment date in mind. Once the production
sheet is received by the production manager, s/he sources the material from different
departments. Before going for proper production, the production floor does a process
of batch setting for the operators which is a training for the operators for the new style
that has to be produced in bulk. This training session goes on for approximately 3-4
days. After this batch process, the bulk production starts.
The flow of material on the production floor is through the bundle system. Each operator
gets a bundle that has similar pieces. For example, one operator may be attaching a
collar to the bodice while another may be attaching a sleeve. They join the pieces and
move them on to the next operator for further sewing/assembly. An efficient production
manager sets the target for the operators working on the floor and ensures quality in
production.
Intext Activity1.
Visit any two garment manufacturing units and export houses and study
their organizational setup and compare them.

Quality Control
The quality control department in any organization plays an important role and maintaining
of quality is practiced right from the beginning of sourcing of raw material to the final
stage of the finished garment. Quality must be built into the components; it cannot be
added on into the product during inspection, this is the most important lesson and
should be clearly understood. The businesses, which are engaged in export business,
have to sustain a high level of quality to ensure a good global image. The export
50
businesses hold the prestige of the country and also earn foreign exchange for the Organizational set
up of a Garment
country by exporting garments and other products. So, it becomes mandatory to have Manufacturing Unit
good quality control of their products. In textile and apparel industry the quality is
calculated in terms of fibers, yarns, fabric construction, colour fastness, surface designs
and the final product. However, quality expectations for exports are related to the type
of customer segments (refer to Unit -1of Block 1, Course 1) and the retail outlets.
Although there is 100% quality check on the sewing floor, an excessive number of
faults find their way into the finishing. Companies should be aware about the cost of
quality. Any product which is not seen in the quality control department by the quality
controllers and if found faulty can lead to a loss of customer/buyer which means no
further orders. There are a number of factors on which the quality fitness of the garment
industry is based like performance, reliability, durability, visual and perceived quality of
the garment etc. ISO 9000 has laid down the broad quality parameters on which
companies maintain quality in the garment and apparel industry.
Finishing Department
Finishing is the last step of garment production. After the garment is stitched and
inspected for quality, it is brought to the finishing department. Here the garment is
thoroughly checked inside out for details like measurements, care labels, trims etc.
Uncut threads are trimmed and loose threads are removed. Any kind of fabric or
stitching defects are repaired and if the garment has stains then they are removed using
a stain removing machine or hand spot gun. Garments are then ironed to remove
creases, properly folded and packed as per buyers’ requirements (Fig. 3.6). Research
studies show that the costs involved in this department are excessive in almost every
factory surveyed, hence it is vital that this department is thoroughly investigated as
there lies great potential to achieve a large financial saving.

Fig. 3.6 Process Flow in the Finishing Department

51
CAPMER Shipping and Logistics
Logistics is considered to be the complete process involving planning, managing and
controlling the flow of goods and services, information, real-time data and human
resources from the point of origin to the point of destination. Simply put, logistics is
the management of the flow of resources between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet some requirements, for example, of customers or
corporations. There is hardly any manufacturing or marketing activity that can be
achieved without the support of an effective logistical department. Logistics in a garment
manufacturing and export unit, consists of the process of integration of several aspects
such as material/product/garment handling, warehousing, information, transportation,
packaging and inventory.
The logistics department is entrusted with the responsibilities of ensuring that the entire
process of logistics is maintained and developed in accordance with the goals of the
business at an economical cost. It includes a complete process of planning, managing,
controlling and coordination to make sure that the goods reach the right place, at the
right time, for the right cost and in the right condition. The logistics department aims at
optimization of all processes in a garment manufacturing unit and the various tasks it
performs may be summarized as follows:
 Ensures that the business goals of the organization are in synchronization with
logistics system
 Drafts plans, policies and procedures ensuring that all customer requirements
are met efficiently and timely
 Coordinates with vendors and service providers for smooth sailing of the order
 Reduces product inventory in production, supply and sales
 Reduces production costs by making optimal use of available resources at all
times
 Ensures quality inspection for complete customer satisfaction
 Coordinates with transport carriers and do route planning for efficient
transportation
 Schedules safe and timely delivery of goods
 Serves as middlemen between organization, vendors and carriers for
tracking down the geographical location of goods thereby providing
customer support
Thus, it can be concluded that the logistics department in a garment manufacturing unit
plays an important role and is therefore rightly considered as an integral part of a
modern-day organization.
Apart from the above, there are accounts and human resource departments, which
also help in the functioning of any garment manufacturing unit.

Check Your Progress III

Note: Use the space provided for your answer.
1. Which department takes care of company’s standards and specifications for
a product?
a. Cutting b. Quality Control
c. Designing d. Planning
2. ………….is the management of the flow of resources between the point of
origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements.
52
 Organizational set
3. Why should the quality control department keep its eyes open? up of a Garment
Manufacturing Unit
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4. ‘Production is the heart of any garment manufacturing unit’. Explain.
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3.4 WORK FLOW FOR AN EXPORT ORDER

The garment industry is a highly competitive global industry. To be successful,
manufacturers must serve their consumer markets well. Manufacturers must produce
garments that meet performance, quality and value expectations of retailers and
consumers. To deliver a successful export order there should be coordination among
all the departments of the organization. All the functions must be performed, regardless
of the size of the firm, or product line, in order to carry out manufacturing process and
meet the needs of the target market. There should be cooperation among these functional
areas as it is the key to success for a garment manufacturing firm. Since, in the previous
section, you have already read about all the departments and their functioning in an
export house (refer section 3.3) let us now briefly study the workflow of an export
order (Fig. 3.7), which is accomplished in a garment manufacturing and export unit.

Fig. 3.7 Order Workflow in a Garment Manufacturing Unit 53

CAPMER As you can see in Fig. 3.7, a number of processes are involved in the manufacturing of
a complete garment right from receiving an order upto its dispatch. The process starts
with a buyer enquiry and sampling is done as per buyer’s specifications. This sample is
then sent to the buyer for approval along with an initial estimated cost. The buyer, if
satisfied with the sample, negotiates the terms and confirms the order. As soon as the
order gets confirmed the planning and purchase departments get on to their job and an
order review meeting is called. After reviewing all aspects, the order is put into
production and moves from one process to the other until it gets shipped.

3.5 CONCLUSION
We have now come to the end of this Unit. This Unit has elaborated upon the working
of the various departments of a garment manufacturing [Link] deliver a successful
export order there should be coordination among all the departments of the organization.
We have also discussed in detail the workflow for executing an order. We will now
learn about the roles and requirements of a merchandiser in the next Block.

3.6 LET US SUM UP

The Indian garment industry manufactures and exports garments at affordable prices
due to cheap wage rates. Due to technological advancements and new machinery,
today the Indian garment manufacturers produce better quality and well-designed
garments. India’s garment industry has been growing rapidly in last few years. The
export orders have increased and the garment industry is of major importance to the
Indian economy as it contributes substantially to India’s export income.
As you have studied the meaning of organizational structure, functioning of various
departments and its role and importance in a garment manufacturing and export unit it
must be clear that the role of all the departments are equally important. Needless to
say that the growth of organization depends on the successful organizational set up -
the planning, purchasing, fabric sourcing, merchandising, sampling, cutting, production,
shipping and logistics departments etc. They all have an important role in delivering the
orders and a merchandiser is the one who deals with all the departments. An industry,
which produces glamorous clothes, has to work very hard for its sustenance and end
results.

3.7 KEYWORDS
Garment manufacturing : A unit which makes and sells fashionable clothes as
unit per the market needs and the orders placed by the
buyers for their specific markets
Organization structure : Organization structure is the identification and grouping
of work to be performed for the purpose of enabling
the people to work together to get the objective and
to share the work among them in an effective and
efficient way so that everyone knows whom to contact
for a specific problem
Custom fit : Custom fit means personalized with regards to shape
54 and size
Apparel : Clothing Organizational set
up of a Garment
Manufacturing Unit
Merchant : A person involved in trade, supplying merchandise to
the customers
Merchandising : Merchandising is any practice which contributes to the
sale of products to a retail consumer
Accessories : Accessories is a product category which includes items
such as scarves, hats, gloves, belts, purses etc.
Marker : A diagram made on a thin paper that shows the best
possible arrangement of pattern pieces of all sizes for
a specific style to be cut from a single spread
Lab dip : A swatch of dyed fabric prepared for colour approval
from the buyer after dyeing few small swatches of actual
fabric in varying dye percentages

3.8 REFERENCES ANDSUGGESTED READINGS

Bhedha, R. (2003). Managing Productivity in the Apparel Industry. New Delhi:
CBS Publishing Distributors.
Cooklin, G. (2006). Introduction to Clothing Manufacture. 2ndedn. New Jersey:
Blackwell Publishing Limited.
Dickerson, K. (2007). Inside the Fashion Business. 7th edn. New Delhi: Pearson
Education.
Jones, M. R. (2006). The Apparel Industry. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
Pugh, D. S. (1990).Organization Theory: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth:
Penguin.
Rosenau, J and Wilson, D (2006). Apparel Merchandising-The Line Starts Here.
New York: Fairchild Books.
Man Made Fibers (MMF) Update – Review FY18 & Outlook FY19 (2018) available
at
[Link]
Manmade%20Fibres%20Nov%[Link] May 2022
Functions of Finishing Department in Garment Industry (2015) available at
[Link]
[Link] January 2022
[Link]
supply-chain-managementaccessed January 2022
[Link]
processaccessed March 2022
[Link]
internship-report accessed April 2022
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[Link]
[Link]

3.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS – POSSIBLE

ANSWERS
Check Your Progress I

1. a) 1. Centralized structure

b) 4. Ineffective communication

2. An organizational structure defines the allocation of tasks; coordination and

supervision of activities that are directed towards the achievement of organizational
aims. Organizational structure also determines the manner and extent to which
roles and responsibilities of the work are delegated, coordinated and controlled.

3. A proper organizational structure really helps in building a successful business as

there is a proper flow of communication from each department to another. The
reporting relationships are clear to all the members and it helps all the members to
understand their responsibilities. Also, a good organization helps a company to
have best use of their resources and above all a well organized structure facilitates
the completion of projects in time.

Check Your Progress II

1. a) 1. Planning

b) 3. Merchandising

c) 1. Designing

2. The Merchandising department is the one, which acts as a bridge between the
buyer and all the departments working in the garment manufacturing unit. A
merchandiser is the interface between the buyer & exporter too. He is the one
responsible from order analysis to shipment. All the other departments follow the
instructions given by the merchandising department, so the merchandising team
should be very alert and careful in passing clear specifications and instructions of
buyer’s orders.

Check Your Progress III

1. b. Quality Control

2. Logistics

3. Quality must be built into the components right from sourcing of the raw materials
up to the final shipment. It cannot be added on into the product during inspection.
Hence it becomes extremely important that any defects which remain in the garment
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 must be caught before sending it to the buyer. Therefore, it is important that the Organizational set
up of a Garment
quality control department should keep their eyes open. Manufacturing Unit

4. ‘Production is the heart of any garment manufacturing unit’ It is said so as the

fabric turns into a wearable product only after it passes through all the stages of
production. After production one is able to see the actual garment.

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CAPMER

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