What is IP Address

'IP' stands for 'Internet Protocol'. Each device that connects to the Internet needs a unique identifying
number with which to communicate, called an 'IP address'.

Versions of IP Address IPV4 Addressing

There are two versions of IP- IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4):
•IPv4 •Supports about 4.3 billion unique addresses.
•IPv6 •Uses a 32-bit address
• consists of four Octets (1 Octet= 8Bits)
•Each octet separated by dots (.)
•Represents in Decimal notation

Example of IPV4 Addressing

Let’s see an example of IPv4 address_

172 . 20 . 200 . 1
10101100 . 00010100 . 11001000 . 00000001

8 Bits =1
Octet

Total class of IPv4Addressing Uses of all ipv4 classes

1. Class A 1. Class A: It is generally used by large
2. Class B organization’s ISPs.
3. Class C 2. Class B: It is typically used by mid-size
4. Class D companies and academic institutions.
5. Class E 3. CLASS C: This class is commonly used by
small businesses or for home networks
4. CLASS D: Class D is reserved for
multicasting
5. CLASS E: Class E addresses are reserved for
experimental and future
 Range of IPV4 Address Classes IPV4 (Start & End point) Total Address
1) Class A → (0-127) START → [Link]
2) Class B → (128-191) END →[Link]
3) Class C →(192-223) Total Address → 256 X 256 X 256 X 256
4) Class D →(224–239) 429,49,67,296
5) Class E → (240-255

IPV4 Class A (Start & End point) Total Class – A IPv4 addresses
Start → [Link] Class A Range → [Link] – [Link]
End → [Link] Total Addresses → 128 X 256 X 256 X 256
= 214,74,83,648

Class-A Network & Host bit

Network bits = 8 bits 10 0 0 1

Host Bits = 24 bits N H H H

Class A Network address Class A Host addresses

Class A Network addresses: Class A host addresses:
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link]
 Private Class A Network Addresses Public Class A Network Addresses
Private Class A IP addresses are from the Public Class A IP addresses range from [Link] to
range: [Link] – [Link] [Link] and [Link] to [Link]
(excluding 10.x.x.x and 127.x.x.x)
1. [Link]
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. 10.255.0.
5. [Link]

The IP address range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback and not used for public or private
networking, even though it technically falls under Class A.

127. x .x . x – Loopback Addresses

 Purpose: Used by a device to send network traffic to itself for testing and diagnostics.
 Most common: [Link] is often called "local host".
 Range: [Link] to [Link]
 Class A: Yes, by structure (Class A = [Link] to [Link]), but not usable as a
normal network address.

Not for: Used for:

 Routing on the internet  Testing network stacks

 Assigning to devices on a network  Simulating server-client
communications on the same machine

Class B - IPv4 Addressing Total Class – B IPv4 addresses

IPV4 Class B (Start & End point) Class B Range → [Link] – [Link]
Start → [Link] Total Addresses → 64 X 256 X 256 X 256
End → [Link] = 1,07,37,41,824

Class-B Network & Host bit

Network bits = 8 bits 17 16 0 0
 2
Host Bits = 24 bits N N H H

1st octet → 128-191

2nd octet → 0-255

Class B Network address Class B Host addresses

Class B Network addresses: Class B host addresses:
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]

Private Class B Network Addresses Public Class B Network Addresses

Private Class B IP range: [Link] – Public Class B IP range: [Link] –

[Link] [Link], excluding [Link] –
[Link]
1. [Link]
2. [Link] 1. [Link]
3. [Link] 2. [Link]
4. [Link] 3. [Link]
5. [Link] 4. [Link]
5. [Link]

Class – B per network Host addresses Class B default prefix

Total class B Network → 64 X 256 = 16,384 Class B default prefix → /16
Host IP addresses per network → 256 X 256 = Example:
65,536 1. [Link]/16
2. [Link]/16
3. [Link]/16
Class B subnet mask Class B Reserved Ip adderss
[Link] [Link] – [Link]
Example: Reserved for DHCP (APIPA)
1. [Link] – [Link] [Link] – [Link] is a reserved IP
2. [Link] – [Link] block for APIPA, used when no DHCP server is
3. [Link] – [Link] available. It enables devices to communicate on
the local network but not access the internet.

 What is a DHCP Server?

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
A DHCP server is a network service that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network
configuration settings to devices (clients) on a network.
 What Is APIPA?
APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) is a feature in Windows and some other operating
systems.
 When it's used:
When a device can’t get an IP from a DHCP server
The system automatically assigns itself an IP in the 169.254.x.x range
 Why?
It allows basic local network communication (like connecting two computers with a cable)
without needing a DHCP server
Useful for troubleshooting or isolated environments

Class B Private IP Range: Class B Public IP Range:

[Link] to [Link] [Link] to [Link]
(excluding the private range [Link] to
5 Private Class B IP Addresses: [Link])
1. [Link]
2. [Link] 5 Public Class B IP Addresses:
3. [Link] 1. [Link]
4. [Link] 2. [Link]
5. [Link] 3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]
 Class - C
IPV4 Class C (Start & End point) Total Class – C IPv4 addresses
 Start → [Link]  Class C Range → [Link] –
 End → [Link] [Link]
 Total Addresses → 32 × 256 × 256 × 256
= 53,68,70,912

Class-C Network & Host bit

Network bits = 8 bits 172 168 10 0

Host Bits = 24 bits N N N H

Octet ranges:
1st octet → 192–223
2nd octet → 0–255
3rd octet → 0–255

Class C Network addresses: Class C Host addresses:

1. [Link] 1. [Link]
2. [Link] 2. [Link]
3. [Link] 3. [Link]
4. [Link] 4. [Link]

Private Class C Network Addresses Public Class C Network Addresses

Private Class C IP range: [Link] – Public Class C IP range: [Link] –
[Link] [Link], excluding [Link] –
1. [Link] [Link]
2. [Link] 1. [Link]
3. [Link] 2. [Link]
4. [Link] 3. [Link]
5. [Link] 4. [Link]
5. [Link]
 Class – C per network Host addresses Class – C Same network concept

Total class C Networks → 2,097,152 Example:

1. [Link]
Host IP addresses per network → 2⁸ = 256 2. [Link]
3. [Link]
Usable Hosts per Network → 256 − 2 = 254 4. [Link]

Class – C Different network concept Class C default prefix

 Default prefix → /24
Example: Example:
1. [Link] 1. [Link]/24
2. [Link] 2. [Link]/24
3. [Link] 3. [Link]/24
4. [Link]

Class C default subnet mask

 Default Subnet Mask → [Link]
Example:
1. [Link] – [Link]
2. [Link] – [Link]
3. [Link] – [Link]

Classful Addressing Concept (IPv4)

Classful addressing is an early method used to divide the IP address space into five fixed classes (A to E)
based on the first few bits of the IP address. It was introduced in the 1980s and used before CIDR
(Classless Inter-Domain Routing) became standard.

Structure of Classful IP Addressing

Each IP address is 32 bits long and divided into:

 Network portion (identifies the network)

 Host portion (identifies the device in the network)

Class A, B, C, D, E Breakdown
1st Octet Starting Network Host Number of Hosts per
Class Use
Range Bits Bits Bits Networks Network
A 0 – 127 0xxxxxxx 8 24 128 ~16 million Large orgs
B 128 – 191 10xxxxxx 16 16 16,384 65,534 Medium orgs
 1st Octet Starting Network Host Number of Hosts per
Class Use
Range Bits Bits Bits Networks Network
C 192 – 223 110xxxxx 24 8 2,097,152 254 Small networks
D 224 – 239 1110xxxx N/A N/A N/A N/A Multicast
E 240 – 255 1111xxxx N/A N/A N/A N/A Reserved

Key Features of Classful Why It Was Replaced Example of Classful IPs:

Addressing Class A:
 No subnet mask used Classful addressing was replaced by [Link] → [Link]
explicitly; class defines CIDR because: Class B:
it It caused IP address exhaustion (waste [Link] → [Link]
 Fixed structure based of unused host IPs) Class C:
on class It lacked flexibility (rigid class sizes) [Link] → [Link]
 Wastes address space CIDR allows for more efficient IP
(e.g., many hosts allocation using variable-length subnet
unused in Class A) masks (VLSM)

What is Classless Addressing?

Classless addressing is a modern method of giving IP addresses that does not follow fixed classes (A, B,
C).
It is also known as CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).

Why It’s Used How It Works

It saves IP addresses In classless addressing, the IP address is

written with a slash and a number, like this:
It is flexible — you can create small or large [Link]/24
networks as needed That /24 means the first 24 bits are for the
network, and the rest are for hosts.
It replaced the classful system to stop wasting You can choose any number from /1 to /32
IPs. depending on how many devices (hosts) you
need.
 CIDR Values are: What CIDR Offers:
1. Flexible IP allocation – Use only as many IPs as
Class A → / (9-30) needed
Class B → / (17-30) 2. Saves IP addresses – No more wasting large blocks
Class C → / (25-30) 3. No fixed classes – Use prefix like /24, /30 instead
of Class A/B/C
Example 4. Route summarization – Combines routes to
 [Link]/24 → 254 hosts reduce routing table size
 [Link]/30 → 2 hosts 5. Supports VLSM – Use different subnet sizes in the
same network

IP Block
1st Octet 2nd Octet
Block 12 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8
Prefix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
rd
3 Octet 4th Octet
Block 12 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8
Prefix 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Class C Subnetting
IP Address: [Link]/25
Subnet Mask: [Link]

No of Network = 2x =21=2

No of Host Per Network = 2y =27 -2 = 128-2 = 126

Here, x is the Number of 1

y is the Number of 0

Network Address [Link] [Link]

First Ip [Link] [Link]
Last Ip [Link] [Link]
Broadcast Address [Link] [Link]

IP Address: [Link]/26
Subnet Mask: [Link]

No. of Netwok = 2x -22 = 4

No. of Host Per Network = 2y=26-2 = 64-2 = 62

Network Address [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

First Ip [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Last Ip [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Broadcast Address [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

Router
==============

Router 2 types
[Link] Router(Integreated service router)=2800+(Interface or port add)

[Link] ISR Router(Non Integreated service router)=2600-

---------------------------------------------------------

[Link] port
Serial port(Router to router)

Gigabit Ethernet Port(Router to Switch)1000 mbps

Fast Ethernet port(Router to Switch)100 mbps

Ethernet port(10 mbps)

[Link] port
Console port(Router configuration,Monitoring,Trubleshoot)

Vty port(Remote access)

---------------------------------------------------------------

Switch
===========

[Link] switch(OS Installed) 24 port

layer 2(MAC ADDRESS)

MAC Address (Media access control)

MAC Address=48 bit

Device build in address

layer 3(MAC & IP ADDRESS)

[Link] managable switch(os not installed)

------------------------------------------------

[Link] port
Gigabit Ethernet Port(Switch to router)

Fast Ethernet port(Switch to router)(switch to ENd devive)

[Link] port
Console port(Switch configuration,Monitoring,Trubleshoot)

Vty port(Remote access)

========================================================

Networking Cable
=================

Conntection Type
-----------------------

[Link]-through cable connection

Different Device

Switch-pc

switch-server

switch-network printer

switch-router

[Link]-over cable
same device

switch - switch

[Link]/Roll-over cable connection

Router/switch-pc(Router configuration,monitoring,troubleshoot)

=================================================================

PC/Desktop
printer

server

CCTV

UPS

IP PHONE

TIME ATTENDANNCE

Router-switch(24 port)-all device

300-14

==========================================

CLI(COMMAND LINE INTERFACE)

=============================

[Link]>Enable (User mode)

[Link]#Configure terminal (Privilige mode)

[Link](Config)# (Global Configuration mode)