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FS 1
LEARNING EPISODE 16
ON TEACHERS PHILOSOPHY EDUCATION

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this Episode, I must be able to:

● determine prevailing philosophies of education based on DepEd Vision

and Mission
● statements, core values and mandate, the K to 12 Curriculum
Framework and Guide and RA 10533;
● cite teacher's teaching behaviors and the philosophies of education on
which these behaviors are founded; and
● articulate my philosophy of teaching.

The Learning Essentials

We are beneficiaries of a rich philosophical heritage passed on to us by

great thinkers of the past and of the present. The way teachers relate to
learners and the way they teach are anchored on philosophies of education.
Basic documents such as the vision and mission statements, core
values and mandate of the Department of Education and the features of the
K to 12 Curriculum as contained in Section 3 of RA 10533 and the K to 12
Curriculum Guide are manifestations or expressions of the philosophies of
education of the country. They state the standards and the outcomes of
education towards which all curricular activities and teaching-learning should
be directed.

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observe

OBSERVE, ANALYZE, REFLECT

reflect analyze

ACTIVITY 16.1 ANALYZING DEPED’S PHILOSOPHY OF

EDUCATION

Resource Teacher: ________________ Teacher’s Signature_______________

School: _________________________
Grade/Year Level: ________________ Subject Area: _______ Date: _____

● Determine prevailing philosophies of education based on DepEd Vision

and Mission
statements, core values and mandate and on the K to 12 Curriculum
Framework and Guide
● Study the DepEd Vision and Mission statements, Core values and
Mandate.
● Read the features of the K to 12 Curriculum based on the Kto12
Curriculum Framework and Guide and Sec 5 of RA 10533.
● Accomplish the Table below by answering this question: Which
philosophies are expressed?
● Cite relevant statements to back up an identified philosophy of
education. You are given an example.

Philosophies of Education Which philosophies Which philosophies are

are
expressed in the K to 12
expressed in the
Curriculum Framework
DepEd Vision,
and
Mission Statements,
Core Guide and Sec 5 of RA
10533?
Values, Mandate?
Give proof. Give proof.

1 Essentialism- teach mastery Essentialism The Essentialism - List of

of the basics; Curriculum is core values of maka-

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prescribed; subject matter - Diyos, maka-tao, standards and

centered there are universal, maka-kalikasan and competencies
objective values; inculcate maka-
that learners are
values in subject matter bansa show that expected to
DepEd is
attain is the subject
essentialist. DepEd
matter that students are
believes in
expected to learn.
unchanging values
that need to be - Essentialist
inculcated.

2. Perennialism - teach those Any proof of Republic Act No. 10533,

that perennialism? section 5 Curriculum
Developmental adheres
last, the classics; there are The DepEd Mission
that:
universal values; inculcate in which students
these universal, objective learn in a child- (c) The curriculum shall
values friendly, gender be culture-sensitive;
sensitive, safe, and
motivating
environment shows
that they are
practicing or
applying
perennialism. It is
evident that if the
students experience
this kind of
environment, they
will become
comfortable to learn
and become more
responsible citizens.

3. Progressivism very child- Any proof of Republic Act No. 10553,

centered; teach those that progressivism? section 5 Curriculum
interest the child; one learns Development adheres
As stated in the
by experience; learners learn that:
DepEd Vision in
by doing so teacher teacher's
which as a learner- (a) The curriculum
teaching is experiential; values
centered public shall be learner-
are subjective; no inculcation
institution, the centered, inclusive
of values
Department of and
since they are subjective; Education developmentally
instead continuously appropriate;
improves itself to

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teachers help students clarify better serve its

their stakeholders. These
statements/words
values
shows that they
possess philosophy
of being
progressivist. One
learns by
experience, learners
lean by doing. The
DepEd improves the
quality of education
that makes the
learners feel
motivated and
interested.

4. Reconstructionism - school Any proof of Republic Act No. 10533

is agent of change; schooling Sec. 5 Curriculum
reconstructionism?
is preparing students for the Development- The DepEd
social changes; teaching is It is stated on DepEd shall formulate the design
involving the students in Mission that, and details of the
discussions of moral dilemmas Administrators and enhanced basic education
staff, as stewards of curriculum. It shall work
the institution, with the Commission on
ensure an enabling Higher Education (CHED)
and supportive to craft harmonized basic
environment for and tertiary curricula for
effective learning to the global
happen manifest competitiveness of
that DepEd is Filipino graduates.
reconstructionism,
DepEd assumes that
teaching involves
engaging students in
moral dilemma
discussions in order
to achieve effective
learning.

5. Existentialism Teachers Any proof of Republic Act No, 10533

teach existentialism? Sec. 5 Curriculum
Development
learners to make a choice, to It is included in the
make DepEd mission that (b) The curriculum
teachers facilitate shall be flexible
decisions and not merely to
learning and enough to enable
follow

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the crowd; one who does not constantly nurture and allow schools
make a choice and so simply every learner and it to localize,
follow others do not leave is evident that indigenize, and
meaningful life DepEd us enhance the same
existentialism. The based on their
learners has respective
different path to educational and
take but, the social contexts.
teacher role is to
guide them to
achieve their
dreams/choice in
life.

6. Pragmatism That which is Any proof of Republic Act No. 10533

useful, that which is practical pragmatism? Sec. 5. Curriculum
and that which Works is what Development
It is also included on
is good; that which is efficient
the DepEd Vision in (g) The curriculum shall
and effective is that which is
which enables them use the spiral progression
good. e.g. showing a video clip
to realize their full approach to ensure
on mitosis is more efficient and
potential and mastery of knowledge
more effective and therefore
contribute and skills after each level;
more practical than teacher
meaningfully to
coming up with a visual aid by
building the nation
drawing mistosis on a cartolina
appear that DepEd
or illustration board
applied Pragmatism.
To ensure lifelong
learning, teachers
must identify/create
learning outcomes
that our county.

7. Rationalism - emphasizes Any proof of (c) The curriculum shall

the rationalism? be culture sensitive;
development of the learners Republic Act No. (d) The curriculum shall
8491 states that our be contextualized and
reasoning powers; knowledge
national motto shall global;
comes though reason; teacher
be “Maka-Diyos,
must develop the reasoning
Maka-tao,
power of the learner
Makakakalikasan at
Makabansa” it also
shows that DepEd
core values possess
Rationalism. It will
serve as our guide in
order to develop the

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power of reasoning.

8. Utilitarianism - what is good Any proof (a) The curriculum

is that which is most useful utilitarianism? shall be learner-
(that which brings happiness) centered, inclusive
DepEd requires
to the greatest number of and
teachers to not only
peoples; developmentally
teach them
appropriate;
important
(b) The curriculum
knowledge, but to
shall be relevant,
integrate values that
responsive and
are necessary to
research-based;
achieve self-love
and happiness.

9. Empiricism source of Any proof

knowledge empiricism?
is through the senses; teacher Teachers are tasked
must involve the senses in to create/ innovative
teaching-learning learning
instruction/objective
s that enables the
learners to use their
senses to develop as
a whole. Teachers
must also teach
based on the
learners, neither
themselves through
their experiences.

10. Behaviorism - behavior is Any proof of

shaped deliberately by forces behaviorism?
in the environment and that
The teacher
the type of person and actions
provides positive
desired can be the product of
reinforcement
design; behavior is determined
through giving the
by others, rather than by
person's Own free will; teacher
must carefully shape desirable
behavior; drills are commonly
used to enhance learning.
Rewards reinforce learning.

11. Constructivism -Learners Any proof of (e) The curriculum shall

are constructivism? use pedagogical

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capable of constructing The teacher does approaches that are

knowledge not simply “tell or constructivist, inquiry-
dictate”, but rather based, reflective,
and meaning; teaching
asks students for collaborative and
learning
knowledge they integrative;
therefore is constructing construct and the
knowledge and meaning; meaning of the
teacher does not just "tell or lesson. It is also
dictate but asks learners for shows in the DepEd
knowledge they construct and mission in which,
meaning of lesson Family, community,
and other
stakeholders are
actively engaged
and share
responsibility for
developing life-long
learners making it
constructivism.

12. Other Philosophies

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ACTIVITY 16.2 ARTICULATING MY PHILOSOPHY OF

TEACHING

Resource Teacher: ________________ Teacher’s Signature_______________

School: _________________________
Grade/Year Level: ________________ Subject Area: _______ Date: _____

- Observe how a teacher relates to every learner and how he/she

proceeds with her teaching.
- Accomplish this Observation Sheet.

Here are philosophies of education. Find out which philosophies were

manifested in class by observing what and how teacher teaches and relates
to learners.

Philosophies of Education Teaching Behavior (State what the

teacher said, taught or did).

1. Essentialism - teach mastery of the In what way was teacher essentialist?

basics; curriculum is prescribed; subject
matter-centered there are universal, e.g. He/she saw to it that the students
objective values; inculcate values; subject mastered basic concepts and skills

he/she inculcated values

2. Perennialism- teach those that last, the The teacher encourages students to share
their knowledge and understanding in order
classics; there are universal values; to boost their confidence in the future. He
inculcate also allows them to take notes in order to
these universal, objective values improve their retention.

3. Progressivism very child-centered; teach The teacher allows the students to use and
experiment with technology in order to find
those that interest the child; one learns by facts and information about the lesson.
experience; learners learn by doing so
teacher

teacher's teaching is experiential; values

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are

Subjective; no inculcation of values since

they

are subjective; instead teachers help

students

clarify their values

4. Reconstructionism - school is agent of The teacher encourages students to

participate by sharing and reflecting on
change; schooling is preparing students for their own experiences. Students will need
the social changes; teaching is involving the to devise strategies for dealing with
environmental discussions.
students in discussions of moral dilemmas

5. Existentialism - Teachers teach learners The teacher instructs them to listen

to carefully and learn the lesson rather than
simply following the crowd by being loud.
make a choice, to make decisions and not

merely to follow the crowd; one who does

not

make a choice and so simply follow others

do

not leave meaningful life

6. Pragmatism That which is useful, that Rather than simply reading it, the teacher
which makes learning more efficient and effective
by solving facts about environmental laws
is practical and that which works is what is and implementation.
good; that which is efficient and effective is
that which is good. e.g. showing a video clip
on

mitosis is more efficient and more effective

and

therefore more practical than teacher

coming

up with a visual aid by drawing mistosis on

a

cartolina or illustration board

7. Rationalism - emphasizes the The teacher asks questions about the

development lesson that help students develop their
HOTs. It gives students the opportunity to
of the learners' reasoning powers;

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knowledge respond and reason.

comes though reason; teacher must

develop

the reasoning power of the learner

8. Utilitarianism what is good is that which Before making a decision in class, the
is teacher consults with the students. For
instance, he asks students if they want to
most useful (that which brings happiness) share and contributes to a classroom
to makeover. Students agree because they
the greatest number of peoples; want to be in a pleasant environment.

9. Empiricism source of knowledge is The teacher not only teaches students to

through listen, but also to use their senses for better
knowledge acquisition and an effective
the senses; teacher must involve the teaching and learning process.
senses in

teaching-learning

10. Behaviorism - behavior is shaped The teacher motivates students to

deliberately participate and listen well without
interruption by awarding extra points.
by forces in the environment and that the

type of person and actions desired can be

the product of design; behavior is

determined

by others, rather than by person's own free

will; teacher must carefully shape desirable

behavior; drills are commonly used to

enhance learning, rewards reinforce
learning.

11. Constructivism- Learners are capable of The teacher designs meaningful learning
activities in which, following the discussion,
constructing knowledge and meaning; he asks questions about the lesson.
teaching Students are expected to formulate or
-learning therefore is constructing select the best answers from the available
knowledge options. Students raise their hands and
explain their reasoning.
and meaning; teacher does not just "tell" or

dictate but asks learners for knowledge

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they

construct and meaning of lesson

12. Other Philosophies

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1. Based on your findings and observations in Activity 16.1 and

Activity 16.2, which philosophies of education are dominant in
Philippine basic schools? Why do you say so?
According to my observations, Progressivism is the dominant
educational philosophy in Philippine primary schools. Teachers are
required to create learner-centered learning outcomes or lesson
plans under the new curriculum. The teacher acts as a facilitator,
while students create meaningful learning. The teacher must learn
to identify the things that pique the student's interest and
contribute to their growth as learners.

2. If there is one philosophy that schools and teachers should give

more attention to, what should that be and why?
Pragmatism is a philosophy that schools and teachers should
pay more attention to. Teachers and schools must comprehend the
most efficient and effective method of instruction. They must learn
to be more practical in the sense that it works well and is beneficial
to the learners.

What is your philosophy of teaching? This describes what you

belived you should teach, how you should teach and how you
should relate to others in school – with the learners, your
colleagues, your superiors and all other stakeholders. Write the
down. This is your title. : “My Philosophy of Teaching”
My Philosophy of Teaching
These may be of help:
I believe that the learner… (concept of the learner)
Ibelieve that I should teach the learners… (what)
By… (how)
I believe that I … (how should you relate to learners, colleagues,
superior, parents, and others)

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MY PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING
I believe that the learners are unique with their own learning styles and set
of needs and gifts that they bring to the classroom. It is my responsibility
as a teacher to expound on their talents and to create an environment that
promotes maximum learning while also meeting each child's unique needs.
I believe that I should teach the learners on how to grow and learn. By
understanding that not all students study in the same way or at the same
pace, I am aware that students actively develop and modify their own
knowledge based on prior learning and experiences. As a teacher, I believe
it is my responsibility to accurately assess students' interests, abilities, and
prior knowledge. Then I must design learning activities that both challenge
and allow each learner to think and progress.
I believe that I should fulfill my goals as a teacher. By developing strong
bonds with my students, their parents, people, and the community.
Teachers must collaborate with other school stakeholders to create a
school culture in which students can grow while improving their learning
abilities.

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SHOW Your Learning Artifacts

Accomplished Observation sheets

My philosophy of Teaching

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Field Study 1 Observation of Teaching-Learning in Actual School Environment