STRUCTURE OF ATOM

SECTION- A (MCQ- 1 Marks)

1. Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or trajectories
of electrons?
(a) Pauli’s exclusion principle. (b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
(c) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. (d) Aufbau principal

2. Number of angular nodes for 4d orbital is __________.

(a) 4 (b) 3 c) 2 (d) 1

3. For which of the following sets of quantum numbers, an electron will have the highest energy?
(a) 3, 2, +1, +1/2 (b) 4, 2, -1, +1/2
(c) 4,1,0, -1/2 (d) 5,0,0, +1/2

4. Which of the following atoms or atom/ion have identical ground state configuration?
(a) Li+ and He+ (b) Cl and Ar (c)Na and K d) F+ and Ne

5. Which of the following orbitals has dumb-bell shape?

(a)s (b)p (c)d (d) f

6. The total number of orbitals in a shell having principal quantum number n is

(a) 2n (b)n2 (c)2n2 (d)n+1

7. Azimuthal quantum number defines:

(a) e/m ratio of electron (b)spin of electron
(c) angular momentum of electron (d)magnetic momentum of electron

8. Quantum numbers n=2, l=1 represent:

(a)1s orbital (b)2s orbital (c) 2p orbital (d)3d orbital

9. The quantum number m of a free gaseous atom is associated with:

(a)The effective volume of the orbital
(b) The shape of the orbital
(c)The spatial orientation of the orbital
(d)The energy of the orbital in the absence of the magnetic field.

[Link]-electronic species are:

(a)F-, O-2 (b)F-, O (c)F-, O+ (d)F-, O+2

In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a corresponding statement of reason.

Of the following statements, choose the correct one:
A. Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B. Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C. Assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect statement.
D. Assertion is incorrect, but reason is correct statement.
11. Assertion: Both position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined simultaneously with
maximum accuracy.
Reason: The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.

12. Assertion: Electronic configuration of helium is 1S2.

Reason: Hund’s rule demands that the configuration should display maximum stability.

13. A: An orbital cannot have more than 2 electrons and their spin must be opposite.
R: No two electrons in an atom can have same set of all four quantum numbers.

14. A: The energy of an electron is mainly determined by principal quantum number.

R: The principal quantum number is the measure of the most probable distance of finding the electron
around the nucleus.

15. The correct order of increasing energy of atomic orbital is:

(a)5p<4f<6s<5d (b)5p<6s<4f<5d (c)4f<5p<5d<6s (d)5p<5d<4f<6s

ANSWERS - Section - A
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. c
8. C
9. C
10. a
11. c
12. b
13. a
14. a
15. b

SECTION-B Short answer questions - (2 marks)

1. What is the physical significance of Ψ2?
2. Which orbital is non directional?
3. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle has no significance in our everyday life. Explain.
4. Out of 3d and 4s orbitals which is filled first?
5. How many electrons can be filled in all the orbitals with n+l=5?
6. Which one of the following electronic configurations is correct for chromium?
a) [Ar] 4s23d4 or b) [Ar]4s13d5? Justify your answer.
7. Explain Pauli’s exclusion principle with an example.
8. Designate the orbitals using s, p, d and f notations which are applicable: a) n=4, l=2 b) n=5, l=1.
9. Calculate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in 3p orbitals.
10. (a)What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?
(b)An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals, Give the possible values of n, l and ml for this electron.
 ANSWERS
1. Ψ2 represents the probability of finding an electron. It is the probability of finding a particle
specified by a particular wave function.
2. S- orbital is spherically symmetrical i.e. it is non-directional. It has a spherical shape, like a hollow
ball.
3. In our daily life we can see only the moving macro and semi-micro-object’s. The mass of the
striking photons of light are too small to cause any shift in their position by the time the reflected photons
form the image of the object. For such particles, there is no problem in measuring the exact momentum
simultaneously. Thus, the principle has no relevance for such objects.
4. 4s orbital is filled first because it has lower energy. The energies of the orbitals can be compared
by their n+l values. For 4s orbital n+l (4+0) value is 4 while for 3d orbital, n+l (3+2) value is 5, Therefore
4s orbital is filled before3d orbital.
5. (n+l) =5 has 5s,4p and 3d orbitals with two, six and ten electrons respectively. Therefore, the total
number of electrons=18.
6. b) Ar]4s13d5is correct as half-filled orbitals are more stable than nearly half-filled orbitals due to
exchange energy and more symmetry.
7. Pauli’s exclusion principle: No two electrons can have all the four quantum numbers same.
Example: For Helium the three quantum numbers are same but fourth quantum number (spin quantum
number) is different. E.C. of He: 1s2
For 1st electron, n=1, l=0, m=0 and s=+1/2.
For 2nd electron n=1, l=0, m=0 and s= -1/2.
8. a) 4d b) 5p.
9. For 3p orbitals, n=3, l= 1
Number of angular nodes = l= 1
Number of radial nodes = n-l-1 = 3-1-1= 1.
10. (a) minimum value of n= 5
b) n=3, l=2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.

SECTION-C, Short answer questions - (3 marks)

1. Which of the followings are iso-electronic species, i.e. those having the same number of electrons?
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2–, Ar.
2. What is the uncertainty in locating its position? [Given, me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg] An electron speed
of 40 ms–1 accurate up to 99.9 percent.
3. Write the significance (one point) of each of the following:
a) Principal quantum number b) Azimuthal quantum number c) Magnetic quantum number.
4. State the following:
a) Aufbau principle, b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity c) Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.
5. Write the 3 points of difference between orbit and orbital.
6. An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons.
Deduce (i)the number of protons and (ii) the electronic configuration of the element (iii) Identify the
element.
7. Table-tennis ball has a mass 10 g and a speed of 90 m/s. If speed can be measured within an
accuracy of 4%, what will be the uncertainty in speed and position?
8. (i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and ml?
(ii) List the quantum numbers ml and l of electron in 3rd orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f.
9. The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of increasing
energies. List if any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy
(i) n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -1/2 (ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(iii) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 (iv) n = 3, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -111
(v) n = 3, l = l, ml = -1, ms = +1/2 (vi) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
10. Among the following pairs of orbitals, which orbital will experience more effective nuclear
charge (i) 2s and 3s (ii) 4d and 4f (iii) 3d and 3p?

ANSWERS
1. Na+(11 – 1 = 10), Mg2+ (12 – 2 = 10) have same number of electrons.
K+(19 – 1 = 18), Ca2+ (20 – 2 = 18), S2– (16 + 2 = 18), Ar (18) are iso-electronic, i.e. they have
same number of electrons.
2. Δx = 0.0144 m.
3. Significance of principal Quantum number(n): The principal quantum number determines the size
and to large extent the energy of the orbital. It also identifies the shell.
Significance of azimuthal Quantum number(l): It defines the 3-dimensional shape of the orbital.
Significance of magnetic Quantum number(m): It gives information about the spatial orientation of the
orbital with respect to standard set of co-ordinate axis.
4. a) Aufbau principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled with electrons in order
of their increasing energies. It means the lower energy orbitals are filled first followed by higher energy
orbitals.
b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: In the orbitals like p, d, f etc which have degenerate states, the
pairing of electrons takes place after all the orbitals getting singly filled.
c) Heisenberg Uncertainty principle: It is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position and
exact momentum or velocity of subatomic particles like electrons.

5.
6. (i)For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
∴ Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29
(ii) The electronic configuration of the atom is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
(iii) Copper.
7. (i) For n = 3; l = 0, 1 and 2.
For l = 0 ; ml = 0
For l = 1; ml = +1, 0, -1
For l = 2 ; ml = +2, +1,0, +1, + 2
(ii) For an electron in 3rd orbital ; n = 3; l = 2 ; ml can have any of the values -2, -1, 0, + 1, +2.
(iii) 1p and 3f orbitals are not possible
8. The electrons may be assigned to the following orbitals:
(i) 4d (ii) 3d (iii) 4p (iv) 3d (v) 3p (vi) 4p.
The increasing order of energy is:
(v) < (ii) = (iv) < (vi), = (iii) < (i)
9. Greater the penetration of the electron presents in a particular orbital towards the nucleus, more
will be the magnitude of the effective nuclear charge. Based upon this,
(i) 2s electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.
(ii) 4d electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.
(iii) 3p electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.

SECTION-D - (4 marks)
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
We can pin point an Aeroplan moving in the sky. Whatever may be its speed i.e. we can locate both its
exact position as well as direction. However, it is not possible to do so in case of a moving microscopic
particle such as electron. In fact, we cannot see any such particles without disturbing it. This has been
stated by Heisenberg in the form of uncertainty principle. The mathematical form of the principle is;
Δx. Δp≥ h/4π (constant). Since the product of Δx and Δp(mΔv) is constant, if one is very small, other is
bound to be large. The principle as such has no significance in daily life since it applies to those particles
which we cannot see.
A) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle rules out the exact simultaneous measurement of
a. Probability and intensity. b. charge density and radius.
c. Energy and velocity d. position and momentum.
B) If the uncertainty in the position of electron is zero, the uncertainty in its momentum would be;
a. Zero b. less than h/4pi b. Greater than h/4pi d. Infinite.

C) Given the mass of electron is 9.1 x 10-31 kg and velocity of electron is 2.2 x 106 m/s, if the uncertainty
in its velocity is 0.1%, the uncertainty in position would be;
a. 26 nm b. 32 nm c. 48 nm d. 50 nm

D) If uncertainty in position and momentum are equal, then the uncertainty in velocity is

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Orbitals are region or space where there is maximum probability of finding electrons.
Qualitatively, these orbitals can be distinguished by their size, shape and orientation. An orbital of small
size means there is more chance of finding the electron near the nucleus. Shape and orientation mean the
direction in which probability of finding electron is maximum. Atomic orbitals can be distinguished by
quantum numbers. Each orbital is designated by three quantum numbers n, l and ml (magnetic quantum
number) which define energy, shape and orientation but these are not sufficient to explain spectra of
multi-electrons atoms. Spin quantum number (ms) determines the spin of electron. Spin angular
momentum of electron has two orientations relative to chosen axis which are distinguished by spin
quantum numbers ms which can take values +1/2 and –1/2.
a) How many orbitals are associated with n = 3?
b) Describe the orbitals represented by (i) n = 2, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0.
c) How many electrons are possible in an orbital? Why?
d) What is shape of ’s’ and 'p' orbitals?

3. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The presence of positive charge on the nucleus is due to the protons in the nucleus. As established earlier,
the charge on the proton is equal but opposite to that of electron. Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom = number of electrons in a neutral atom. protons and neutrons present in the
nucleus are collectively known as nucleons. The total number of nucleons is termed as mass number (A)
of the atom. mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (n). Isobars are the atoms
with same mass number but different atomic number for example, 6 14C and 7 14N. On the other hand,
atoms with identical atomic number but different atomic mass number are known as Isotopes. For
example, considering of hydrogen atom again, 99.985%of hydrogen atoms contain only one proton. This
isotope is called protium (1 1H). Rest of the percentage of hydrogen atom contains two other isotopes,
the one containing 1 proton and 1neutron is called deuterium (2 1D, 0.015%) and the other one
possessing 1 proton and 2neutrons is called tritium (1 3 T). The studies of interactions of radiations with
matter have provided immense information regarding the structure of atoms and molecules. Neils Bohr
utilized these results to improve upon the model proposed by Rutherford. Two developments played a
major role in the formulation of Bohr’s model of atom.

1. The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is __________.

(a) Cr3+, Fe3+ (b) Fe3+, Mn2+ (c) Fe3+, Co3+ (d) Sc3+, Cr3+

[Link] have same mass number, different atomic number. These are isobars. In which of the following
pairs, the ions are isoelectronic?
(a) Na+, Mg2+ (b) Al3+, O– (c) Na+, O2– (d) N3–, Cl–

[Link] atoms are said to be isobars if.

(a) they have same atomic number but different mass number.
(b) they have same number of electrons but different number of neutrons.
(c)they have same number of neutrons but different number of electrons.
(d)sum of the number of protons and neutrons is same but the number of protons is different.

4. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Bohr's model explained electrons can revolve only in certain permitted orbits who’s angular
could successfully explain stability of atoms and spectrum of unielectron species. Hydrogen
spectrum consists of Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series. Bohr's theory could
not explain spectrum of multi-electron species, Stark effect, Zeeman effect, dual nature of
matter, de Broglie equation and Heisenberg uncertainty principle which lead to orbital
concept. Electrons were filled in orbitals according to Aufbau’s principle, Hund’s Rule and
Pauli's exclusion principle. Each electron is identified by four quantum numbers n, l, ml and
ms out which n, l, ml was derived from Schrodinger’s wave equation. Half-filled and
completely filled orbitals are more stable due to exchange energy and symmetrical distribution of
electrons.
a) Arrange 4d, 3d, 4p and 3p in increasing order of energy.
b) What is name of spectrum of radiation emitted by substance that has absorbed radiation?
c) What rules out the probability of existence of definite path of electrons?
d) Why are Half filled and completely filled orbitals are more stable?
 ANSWERS
1. a) d b) d c) a d) a
2. a) Number of orbitals = n2 = 32=9 orbitals, 3s, 3px, 3py, 3pz, 3dx2-y2, 3dz2, 3dxy, 3dyz and 3dzx.
b) (i) 2p (ii) 4s
c) Orbital can have maximum two electrons which must be of opposite spin.
d) 's' orbitals are spherical and 'p' orbitals have dumb-bell shaped.
3. 1. (b) Fe3+, Mn2+
2. (a) and (c).
3. (d) sum of number of protons and neutrons is same but the number of protons is different.
4. a) Ans. 3p < 3d < 4p < 4d
b) Ans. Emission spectrum.
c) Ans. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
d) Half-filled and completely filled orbitals are more stable due to exchange energy and
symmetrical distribution of electrons.

SECTION-E - (5 marks)
1. Using Aufbau principle, write the ground state electronic configuration of following atoms.
(i)Boron (Z = 5) (ii) Neon (Z = 10), (iii) Aluminium (Z = 13)
(iv) Chlorine (Z = 17), (v) Calcium (Z = 20)
2. State and explain the following:
(i) Aufbau principle
(ii) Pauli exclusion principle.
(iii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
3. What are quantum numbers? What permitted values can these have? Explain their significance.
4. (i) Write the electronic configuration of the following ions: (a) H (b) Na+ (c) 02- (d) F–.
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of the elements whose outermost electronic configurations are
represented by: (a) 3s1 (b) Ip3 and (c) 3d6?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(a) [He]2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
ANSWERS
1. (i)Boron (Z = 5); 1s2 2s2 1p1
(ii)Neon (Z = 10); 1s2 2s2 2p6
(iii)Aluminium (Z = 13); 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(iv)Chlorine (Z = 17); 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(v)Calcium (Z = 20); 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

2. (i) Aufbau Principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in the order of their
increasing energies. In other words, electrons first occupy the lowest-energy orbital available to them
and enter into higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy orbitals are filled.
The order in which the energies of the orbitals increase and hence the order in which the orbitals are
filled is as follows:
Is, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,7p………………..
(ii) Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum of two electrons and these must have
opposite signs.
For example: Two electrons in an orbital can be represented by
 The two electrons have opposite spin, if one is revolving clockwise, the other is revolving
anticlockwise or vice versa.
(iii) Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity: Electron pairing in p, d and/orbitals cannot occur until
each orbital of a given subshell contains one electron each or is single occupied.

3. Quantum numbers are a set of numbers that represent the position and energy of an electron in an atom.
The state of an electron in an atom or ion is defined by four quantum numbers, which yield solutions to
the Schrödinger wave equation for the hydrogen atom. There are four quantum numbers:

(i) ‘n’ is the principal quantum number. The quantity of the electron’s shell is the principal quantum
number, which is an integer. The quantity is one or more (never 0 or negative).

(ii) ‘l is orbital angular momentum quantum number (or azimuthal quantum number. The orbital’s form
is defined by the angular quantum number (l). Spherical (l = 0), polar (l = 1), or cloverleaf (l = 2) are
the best descriptions for orbitals. As the angular quantum number grows greater, they can take on
increasingly complicated shapes.

(iii) Magnetic quantum number (ml or m): characterises the subshell orbital. Having integer values range
from -l to l, the magnetic quantum number is the orbital’s orientation. As an outcome, for the p orbital,
where l=1, m might be -1, 0, or 1.

(iv) ‘ms’ stands for the electron spin quantum number. The spin quantum number is a half-integer
quantity that is either -1/2 (referred to as “spin down”) or 1/2 (referred to as “spin-up”) (called “spin
up”).

4. (i) (a) 1s2 (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (c) 1s22s22p6 (d) 1s22s22p6.
(ii) (a) Na (Z = 11) has outermost electronic configuration = 3s1
(b) N (Z = 7) has outermost electronic configuration = 2p3
(c) Fe (Z = 26) has outermost electronic configuration = 3d6
(iii) (a) Li (b) P (c) Sc
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

SECTION A ( MCQ- 1 MARKS)

Multiple -choice questions carrying 1 mark each.
1. The symbol of an element with atomic number 120 as per IUPAC will be
(A) unb (B) unt (C) ubn (D) uun
2. The increasing order of effective nuclear charge in Na, Al, Mg and Si atoms
(a) Na < Mg < Si <Al (b) Na < Mg <Al < Si
(c) Mg < Na <Al< Si (d) Na = Mg =Al = Si

3. Whenever a list of radii is given, we find that the size of the noble gases is larger than the size of
their adjacent halogens. The reason is
(a) Noble gases have a complete octet
(b) They have a higher inter electronic repulsion
(c) In halogens it is covalent radii and in noble gases it is Vander walls radii
(d)Noble gases cannot be liquefied

4. The order of screening effect of electrons of s, p, d and f orbitals of a given shell of an atom on
its outer shell electrons is
(a) s>p>d>f (b) f > d > p > s
(c) p < d < s > f (d) f > p > s >

[Link] correct order of radii is

(a) N< Be< B (b) F–<O2– <N3-
(c) N< Li<K (d) Fe3+ <Fe< Fe2+

6. The correct order of first ionization potential among following elements, Be, B, C, N and O is
(a) B < Be < C < O < N (b) B < Be < C < N < O
(c) Be < B < C < N < O (d) Be < B < C < O < N

7. The group number, number of valence electrons, and valency of an element with the atomic
number 15, respectively, are:
(a) 16, 5 and 2 (b) 15, 5 and 3 (c) 16, 6 and 3 (d) 15, 6 and 2
8. Consider the isoelectronic series: K+ , S2- , Cl and Ca2+, radii of the ions decrease as
(a) Ca2+ < K+ > Cl– S2- (b) Cl– > S2- > K+ > Ca2+
(c) S2- > Cl– > K+ > Ca2+ (d) K+ > Ca2+ > S2- > Cl.
9. Which of the following has the smallest radius?
a. Sn+4 b. Li+ c. Ca+2 d. Al+3
10. Z = 114 has been discovered recently. It will belong to which of the following familygroup
and electronic configuration?
(a) Carbon family [Rn] 5f 14 6d10 7s27p2
(b) Oxygen family [Rn] 5f 4 6d10 7s27p4
(c) Nitrogen family [Rn] 5f 14 6d10 7s2 7p5
(d) Halogen family [Rn] 5f 14 6d10 7s27p5