Structural Modelling of Existing Buildings - 98149

Written exam
September 13, 2023

Problem 1
Given the engineering constants of a homogenized Masonry-like material in the principal material reference ẽ1 , ẽ2 :
E1 = 3GPa, E2 = 2GPa, ν12 = 0.1, G12 = 0.9GPa
Given the anisotropy angle ζ = −π/4 (i.e. the angle between e1 and ẽ1 , being the reference system used in the problem
description e1 = e1 , e2 = e2 ) and given the applied compressive stress field in the e1 , e2 coordinate system
σ11 = 0, σ22 = 10, τ12 = 0
find the following:
• Transformed compliance matrix S in the reference basis
• Transformed stiffness matrix C in the reference basis
• Strains in the e1 , e2 coordinate system (reference basis)
• Strains and stresses in a generic reference system ê1 , ê2 inclined by α = +π/4 with respect to the reference basis

Problem 2
For given axial force N, find the maximum vertical force F for which the lintel is in equilibrium assuming the elastic NTR
model. For simplicity neglect the masonry weight and the sliding between adjacent bricks.

Question
What is the role/function of the K matrix, B matrix and D matrix in FE analysis for plane stress problems? Do B matrix
and D matrix components change if considering a plane stress problem instead of a plane strain problem?

NAME: MATRICOLA:

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1
Appendix A
Transformation laws of the constitutive equations from the material or principal reference system ẽ1 , ẽ2 of the lamina to
the coordinates used in the problem description (general ē1 , ē2 reference system, rotated of ψ with respect ẽ1 , ẽ2 )
    
σ11 C11 C12 0 ε11
[σ̃] = [C̃][ϵ̃] =  σ22  =  C12 C22 0   ε22  (1)
τ12 0 0 C66 γ12
    
σ11 C11 C12 C16 ε11
[σ̄] = [C̄][ϵ̄] =  σ22  =  C12 C22 C26   ε22  (2)
τ12 C16 C26 C66 γ12
   
C11 C12 C16 C11 C12 0
[C̄] = [C] =  C12 C22 C26  = [Q]σ [C̃][Q]−1 ϵ = [Q]σ [C̃][Q]⊤
σ = [Q] σ
 C 12 C22 0  [Q]⊤ (3)
C16 C26 C66 0 0 C66
where [Q]σ and [Q]ϵ are  
cos2 ψ sin2 ψ 2 cos ψ sin ψ
[Q]σ =  sin2 ψ cos2 ψ −2 cos ψ sin ψ  (4)
− cos ψ sin ψ cos ψ sin ψ cos 2ψ
 2 2

cos ψ sin ψ cos ψ sin ψ
[Q]ϵ =  sin2 ψ cos2 ψ − cos ψ sin ψ  (5)
−2 cos ψ sin ψ 2 cos ψ sin ψ cos 2ψ
Considering that [Q]σ [C̃][Q]⊤ −1 −1 ⊤
σ = [Q]σ [C̃][Q]ϵ , being [Q]ϵ = [Q]σ .

The stress and the strains are transformed according to

[σ̂] = [σ] = [Q]σ [σ] (6)

[ϵ̂] = [ϵ] = [Q]ϵ [ϵ] (7)

E1 v12 E2
C11 = 1−v21 v12 ; C12 = 1−v21 v12
(8)
E2
C22 = 1−v21 v12 ; C66 = G12 = G