TWO DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS- THERMAL PROBLEMS

LECTURE 9

1
Types of 2D Problems
VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
e.g. Structural problems
SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
e.g. Torsion of non-circular shafts,
Heat transfer through fins

2
3
 Governing Equation for 2D Heat transfer
by conduction and convection

 T  T 
2 2
k  2  2   h(T  T )  0
 x y 

Weak form of the equation

T w T w
 x x dxdy   y y dxdy   hTw( x, y)dxdy
  hT w( x, y )dxdy
4
  Ni N j Ni N j 
Kij condn.  k  dxdy   dxdy
 x x y y 

1
N i (x,y) = (αi + βi x + γi y)
2 Ae

 12   12 1 2   1 2 1  3   1 3 
k  
K  condn.
e
  1 2   1 2 2   2
2 2
 2  3   2 3 
4A
 1  3   1 3  2  3   2 3  3   3 
2 2

5
 hpl 2 1
k conv   
6 1 2
 p 1

 q1  0
  hlT  
q 2   1
q  2  
 3 1
6
PROBLEM 1:

7
8
Element i j k
1 1 2 3
2 5 4 3
3 1 3 5
9
10
  12   12 1  2   1 2 1  3   1 3 
k  
[k ] 
e
  2 1   1 2 2   2
2 2
 2  3   2 3 
4A
 1  3   1 3  2  3   2 3  3   3 
2 2


Element 1 and 2 Element 3

β1 = -0.15 , 1 = 0, β1 = 0.15 , 1 = -0.4
β2 = 0.15 , 2 = -0.4 β2 = 0.3 , 2 = 0
β3 = 0 , 3 = 0.4 β3 = -0.15 , 3 = 0.4

11
  0.0225  0.0225 0 
2
[k ]cond  [k ]1cond 
1.5  0.0225 0.1825  0.16
4  
 0.4  0.15  0  0.16 0.16 
2

 0.028125  0.028125 0 
 10  0.028125 0.228125  0.2
 
 0  0.2 0.2 

 0.28125  0.28125 0 
 
  0.28125 2.28125  2
 0 2 2 
12
  0.1825  0.045  0.1825
[k ]3cond 
1.5   0.045 0 .09  0.045 
1  
4  2   0.4  0.15  0.1825  0.045 0.1825 
2

1.14  0.28125  0.86 


 0.5625 
 0.28125
 1.14 

13
 hpl 2 1
k conv   
6 1 2
 p 1

Element i j k
1 1 2 3
2 5 4 3
3 1 3 5
14
 0 0 0
hl  
2
[k ]  [k ]
1
 0 2 1
6 
conv conv

0 1 2

0 0 0 

 0 2.5 1.25 
0 1.25 2.5 

0  0 
hlT    
Q 1  93.75
2    
  
1 93.75 15
  [k ]condn  [k ]conv
e
[k ] Thermal

 0.28125  0.28125 0 
1 2 
[k ]th  [k ]th   0.28125 4.78 
 0.75
 0  0.75 4.5 

 1.14  0.28125  0.86 

3 
[k ]th   0.28125 0.5625 
 0.28125
  0.86  0.28125 1.14 
16
 T1   0 
T   
 2  93.75

 
[k ]th T3   [Q] G [Q]G  93.75  93.75
 
T  
93.75

 4  0 
T5 
 1.42125  0.28125  0.28125 0  0.86 
 0.28125 4.78  0.75 0 0 
 
[k ]G   0.28125  0.75 9.5625  0.75  0.28125
 
 0 0  0.75 4.78  0.28125
  0.86 0  0.28125  0.28125 1.42125 
17
 1.42125  0.28125  0.28125 0  0.86  T1  0
 0.28125 4.78  0.75 0 0  T  1
   2   
 0.28125  0.75 9.5625  0.75  0.28125 T3   93.752
   1
 0 0  0.75 4.78  0.28125 T4   
  0.86 0  0.28125  0.28125 1.42125  T5  0

Substitute forT4 & T5as 180º and

evaluate T1, T2 ,T3

18
 1.42125  0.28125  0.28125 0  0.86  T1 
 0.28125 4 .78  0.75 0 0  T 
   2 
 0.28125  0.75 9.5625  0.75  0.28125 T3  
  
 0 0  0.75 4.78  0. 28125 T4 
  0.86 0  0.28125  0.28125 1.42125  T5 
 0  0.86 *180 
 1 
  T1 = 124.5ºC
93.752  (0.28125  0.75) *180
 

1
 T2 = 34.0ºC
 0 
T3 = 45.4ºC

19
20
21
 u v u v
 xx  ,  yy  , and  xy  
x y y x
1
 xx  ( 1u1   2 u 2   3 u 3 )
2A
1
 yy  ( 1u1   2 u 2   3 u 3 )
2A
22
Variation of Shape functions for CST element

23
 STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR BI LINEAR
RECTANGULAR ELEMENT

 x  y   x  y 
N1  1  1   N 3    
 2a  2b   2a  2b 

 x  y   x  y 
N 2   1   N 4  1   
 2a  2b   2a  2b 

24
 2 a 2bdN1 dN1
k11    . dxdy
0 0 dx dx

25
 2
1 
2 a 2by 
k11    2 1   dxdy
0 0 4a
 2b 
b

3a

2
2 a 2b 1 1  y 
k12      1   dxdy
0 0 2a 2a  2b 
b

3a
26
 2 a 2b 1 1  y 
k13      1   dxdy
0 0 2a 2a  2b 
b

6a

2 a 2b 1  y  y 
k14    2  1   dxdy
0 0 4a
 2b  2b 
b

6a

27
 1 
2 a 2b y 
k22    2 1   dxdy
0 0 4a
 2b 
b

3a

2 a 2b 1  y 
k23    2 1   dxdy
0 0 4a
 2b 
b

6a
28
 2 a 2b 1  y 
k24     2 1   dxdy
0 0 4a  2b 
b

6a

2 a 2b 1  y 
2

k33    2  2  dxdy
0 0 4a
 4b 
b

3a
29
 2 a 2b 1  y2 
k34     2  2  dxdy
0 0 4a  4b 
b

3a

2a dN 4 dN 4
2b
K 44    dxdy
0 0 dx dx
2
2 a 2b 1 y b
  2 2
dxdy 
0 0 4a 4b 3a
30
31
  2 2 1 1   2 1 1 2 
 2 2 1 1   1 2 2 1 
b  k a 
k  
6a  1 1 2 2  6b  1 2 2 1
   
 1 1 2 2   2 1 1 2 

 2( a 2
 b 2
) a 2
 2b 2
 ( a 2
 b 2
) (b 2
 2 a 2
)
 2 2(a 2  b 2 ) (b 2  2a 2 ) (a 2  b 2 ) 
k  a  2b
2


6ab  (a 2  b 2 ) (b 2  2a 2 ) 2(a 2  b 2 ) (2b 2  a 2 ) 
 2 
 (b  2a ) (a  b ) a  2b 2(a  b ) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

32
33
  x  y xy
N 1  1  1   N3 
 3  2  6
x y y x
N 2  1   N 4  1  
3 2 2 3

34
35
VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

36
Three dimensional stresses
37
Stresses on an elemental cuboid
38
 xx + xy + xz + Bx = 0
x y z

zx + zy + zz + Bz = 0 Force

x y z Equilibrium
Equations
yx + yy + yz + By = 0
x y z

Mx = 0 ,My = 0 & Mz = 0 yields

xy = yx ; yz = zy ; zx = xz (2)

39
Strain – displacement relations:-
xx = u
x
yy = v
y
zz = w
z
xy = v + u
x y
yz = w + v
y z
zx = w + u
x z
40
 Stress – Strain Relations:-
xx = xx -  ( yy + zz)
E E
yy = yy -  (xx + zz)
E E
zz = zz -  (xx + yy)
E E
xy = xy / G

yz = yz/ G

zx = zx/ G

41
Where E = Young’s Modulus
G = Shear Modulus = E
2 (1 + )
 = Poisson’s ratio

42
 The equations (6) can be written in matrix form as

xx 1 - - 0 0 0 xx
yy - 1 - 0 0 0 yy
zz = 1 - - 1 0 0 0 zz
xy E 0 0 0 2(1+) 0 0 xy
yz 0 0 0 0 2(1+) 0 yz
zx 0 0 0 0 0 2(1+) xz

. {} = [C] {}

 {} = [C]-1 {}
= [D] {}
Here the matrix [D] is called the constitutive
matrix given by 43
 1-   0 0 0
1-2 1-2 1-2
[D] = E  1-  0 0 0
1+ 1-2 1-2 1-2
  1- 0 0 0
1-2 1-2 1-2
0 0 0 ½ 0 0
0 0 0 0 ½ 0
0 0 0 0 0 ½

44
[D]

45
46
47
48
49
50
 u1 
v 
 xx   1 0 2 0 3 0  1

  1   u 2 
 yy   Bd   0 1 0 2 0  3  
  2A  v2 
 xy    1 1  2 2 3  3 
u 3 
 
 v3 

51
{} = [D] {}= DBd
52
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS

{}= Λu = B d

Where B = = ΛN

STRESS STRAIN RELATIONS

{} = [D] {}= DBd

53
 2-D APPROXIMATIONS OF 3 – D
PROBLEMS
There exists several problems in solid
mechanics that can be formulated as
three Dimensional problems and the
finite element technique can be used to
solve them.
 However it may turn out to be costly and
time consuming to perform Finite
Element Analysis of 3 D problems.

54
 In several practical situations the
geometry and loading may be such that
the problem can be reduced from 3 D to
2 D or from 2D to 1D.

 The two dimensional idealizations in

stress analysis include

i. PLANE STRESS problems

ii. PLANE STRAIN problems
iii. AXISYMMETRIC problems
55
PLANE STRESS: - A 3D problem can be
reduced to a plane stress condition if it is
characterized by very small dimensions in
one of the normal directions.

A thin plate with a cut out subjected to in-

plane loading.

Thin plate subjected to in-plane loading

56
In these cases the stress components z, xz,
& yz are zero and it is assumed that no stress
component varies across the thickness. The
state of stress is then specified by x, y and
xy only, (functions of x & y) and is called
plane stress. The stress strain relations are
given by
x 1  0 x
y = E  1 0 y
xy 1 – 2 0 0 1– xy
2

57
PLANE STRAIN:- There exist problems
involving very long bodies i.e. a body
whose geometry and loading do not vary
significantly in the longitudinal direction.
Such problems are referred to as plane
strain problems.
Some typical examples include a long
cylinder such as a tunnel, culvert or buried
pipe, a laterally loaded retaining wall, a
long earth dam, and a loaded semi-infinite
half space such as a strip footing on a soil
mass.
58
A long dam

59
In all these problems, the dependant variable
can be assumed to be functions of only x & y
co-ordinates provided that we consider a
cross-section some distance away from the
two ends.
If we further assume that ‘w’ the displacement
component in the ‘z’ direction is zero at every
cross-section, then the non-zero strain
components will be
x = u ; y = v ; xy = u + v
x y y x
and the strain components
60
z, xz, yz will vanish. The dependant stress
variables are x, y & xy and the constitutive
relation for an elastic isotropic material is given
by
x (1-)  0 x
y = E  (1-) 0 y
xy (1 + ) (1 – 2) 0 0 (1 – 2 ) xy
2
It is important to note here that only εz = 0 but z  0.
εz = z -  x   y  
E E E
z  - x  y

61
AXISYMMETRIC PROBLEMS:- Many
engineering problems involve solids of
revolution (axisymmetric solids) subject to
axially symmetric loading.
Examples are a circular cylinder loaded by
uniform internal or external pressure or other
axially symmetric loading as shown in

and a semi – infinite half space loaded by a

circular area. eg., a circular footing on a soil
mass. 62
Because of symmetry the stress components
are independent of the angular co-ordinate ‘’
and hence all the derivatives with respect to ‘ ‘
vanish and the components , ,z, x , y
are zero. The strain displacement relation are
given by
εr = u ; ε = u ; εz = w rz = u + w
x r z z r
The constitutive relations is

63
Now the strain energy stored in an element is given
by
U = ½ v { ε }T { }dv
= ½ v { ε }T [D] { ε }dv
= ½ v [B]T {d} [D] [B] {d}dv

The work done by nodal forces is given by

W = ½ v {F} {d}dv
Equating for a conservative system we get
v ([B]T [D] [B])dv {d} = {F}

i.e. [K] {d} = {F}

where [K] = v[B]T [D] [B] dv

64
Problem 2:- Assuming plane stress conditions evaluate
the stiffness matrix for the element shown in Fig.
Assume E= 2 x 105 N/cm2 and = 0.3. u1 = 0.000, v1
= 0.0025, u2 = 0.0012, v2 = 0.000, u3 = 0.0000 & v3 =
0.0025.

65
 1 = y2 – y 3 = 0 – 1 = -1
 2 = y3 – y 1 =1+1= 2
3 = y1 – y2 = -1– 0 = -1
1 = -(x2 – x3) = 0 – 2 = -2
2 = -(x3 – x1) =0–0= 0
3 = -(x1 – x2) =2–0= 2

66
. A=½xbxh=½x2x2=2

 1 0 2 0  3 0 u1
{} = 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 v1
2A 1 1 2 2 3 3 u2
v2
u3
v3
= {B] {d}

-1 0 2 0 -1 0
[B] = 1 0 -2 0 0 0 2
2(2) -2 -1 0 2 2 -1
67
 1  0
[D] = E  1 0
1 – 2 0 0 1-
2

1 0.3 0
= 2 x 105 0.3 1 0
1 – (0.3)2 0 0 1 – 0.3
2

68
69
70