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Designing a Gradual Night Light Circuit

A student is designing a night light that gradually decreases in intensity over a period of 10 minutes using an LED and a resistor. The document discusses the selection of a suitable capacitor and the behavior of the LED in relation to current and potential difference. It also addresses the incomplete description of a capacitor's function in the circuit.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

169 views27 pages

Designing a Gradual Night Light Circuit

Uploaded by

拥有者高贵的

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

年1

2020

17 A student is designing a night light for a child. When switched on, the night light should
come on brightly and its intensity should then gradually decrease to zero.
减零
The time taken for the light intensity
强度为
光照
to decrease to zero should be as close to 10 minutes
as possible. The time must not be less than 10 minutes.
(a) The diagram shows the student’s design.

12 V
C

The student uses a light emitting diode (LED) and a resistor R. The LED stops emitting light
when the potential difference across it falls to 1.4 V. The student assumes the LED has a

Capacitors with the following capacitances are available: 0.50 F, 0.51 F, 0.54 F, 0.58 F, 0.60 F.
Determine which capacitance the student should use.

(4)

.. . . .. . .. .. . ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V v e志
.. . . .. . .. .. . ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I I ē表
.. . . .. . .. .. . ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P60493A01828*
(b) In practice, the resistance of the LED does not stay constant. The graph shows how
current varies with potential difference (p.d.) for the LED.

current

六尺

0 1.4 V 六4ˇ p.d.

Explain how the behaviour of the LED shown in the graph will affect the time taken
for the light intensity to decrease to zero.
(3)

表
.. . . .. . .. .. . ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V Vo e time constant
.. . . .. . .. .. . ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The student states:

“A capacitor is being used in this circuit. The function of the capacitor is to store
electric charge.”
Explain why this is not a complete description of the function of a capacitor.
(3)

(Total for Question 17 = 10 marks)

19
*P60493A01928* Turn over
2021年1

SECTION B
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
11 The diagram shows two capacitors, each of capacitance 32 µF. The capacitors are
connected to a battery of e.m.f. 6.0 V.

6.0 V

32 µF

(a) Calculate the total charge stored by the capacitors.

(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Total charge stored = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(b) Calculate the total energy stored by the capacitors.
(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Total energy stored = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

9
*P67795A0932* Turn over
2021年5

17 A student investigated the properties of capacitors.

The student connected a capacitor in series with a resistor. The capacitor was charged
through the resistor by applying a potential difference (p.d.) using a battery of e.m.f.
6.0 V and negligible internal resistance. The capacitor was then discharged through the
resistor. The p.d. across the capacitor was measured during the charging and discharging
processes.
(a) Add to the diagram to show a suitable circuit for charging and discharging the
capacitor while measuring the p.d. across it.
(3)

(b) The graph shows how the p.d. across the capacitor varies with time as it is being
charged by the 6.0 V battery.

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00
p.d. / V
3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Time / s

(i) Sketch, on the same axes, a graph to show how the p.d. across the resistor varies
with time.
(2)

20
*P66616A02032*
(ii) Show that the p.d V across the capacitor when it is charging is given by

V = V0 – V0 e–t / RC
where V0 is the e.m.f. of the battery
t is the time
R is the resistance of the resistor
and C is the capacitance of the capacitor.
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(iii) During the charging process, the student recorded the p.d. across the capacitor
and the resistance of the resistor.
The capacitors available had the following values:

10 μF 15 μF 47 μF 100 μF 150 μF

Deduce the value of capacitance for the capacitor that was used.
R = 330 kΩ
(4)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

21
*P66616A02132* Turn over
(iv) Calculate the charge on the fully charged capacitor.
(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

Charge = . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(v) Calculate the energy stored by the fully charged capacitor.

(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

Energy stored = . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(Total for Question 17 = 16 marks)

22
*P66616A02232*
2021年10

14 The train on a model railway is powered by contact with the rails. The train sometimes
loses contact with the rails. The diagram shows a circuit that can maintain power for an
electronic controller on the train even when the power is disconnected for a short time.
The switch represents the contact between the train and the rails.

switch

To electronic
12 V
controller

(a) Explain how this circuit can maintain power to the electronic controller if the switch
is opened for a short time.
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(b) The switch is opened.

Calculate the time taken for the potential difference across the capacitor to decrease
to 4.0 V.
Assume the resistance of the electronic controller is infinite.
capacitance of capacitor = 47 mF
resistance of resistor = 470 Ω
(2)

公式表果
有ˋ
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Time taken = . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

12
*P67157A01228* 
(c) The switch is closed at time t = 0 and then opened at t = 20 s.
Sketch a graph on the axes below to show how current I through the resistor varies
with t.
(4)

I / mA

0 t/s
20 40

......... .............. ..... ............... ............................ ................... .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . ..

(Total for Question 14 = 9 marks)

RC 4702x47xlō3F 22.095

I Io e 26ěA 9.56mA

13
 *P67157A01328* Turn over
年1
2022

14 A student built the circuit shown. The capacitor was initially uncharged.

5.0 V
33 k Ω

A1 A2

She closed the switch and plotted a graph of current on ammeter A1 against time.

Current 0.2
/ mA

0.1

0
0 10 20 30
Time / s

(a) Determine whether the initial value of current on the graph is consistent with the
values stated on the circuit diagram.
(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(b) Explain how the current on ammeter A2 would vary over the same time interval.
(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

12
*P69437A01228* 
(c) Determine the capacitance of the capacitor. I I ē志
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

ˇ
ˇ
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

ˇ
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Capacitance = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(d) Determine the charge stored on the capacitor after 30 s.

(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

305时 v 5.0V
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Charge stored on capacitor after 30 s = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(e) Determine the maximum energy stored by the capacitor.

(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Maximum energy = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(Total for Question 14 = 11 marks)

13
 *P69437A01328* Turn over
年5
2022

15 A resistor-capacitor circuit provides an input for an integrated circuit as shown.

The integrated circuit can be assumed to have infinite resistance.

5V integrated
circuit

output

(a) (i) Sketch a graph to show how the potential difference VC across the capacitor
varies with time t as the switch is closed. The time constant T for this circuit is
marked on the time axis.
(2)

0 t
T

(ii) Explain how the potential difference VR across the resistor varies with time after
the switch is closed.
(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

14
*P70971A01428* 
(iii) Show that VC is given by the equation
t
VC = 5 – 5e– RC

where R is the resistance of the resistor

and C is the capacitance of the capacitor.
(2)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(b) The input to the integrated circuit should be 3.3 V at a time 3.5 seconds after the
switch is closed.
The following capacitors are available:

4.7 μF 10 μF 15 μF 47 μF 150 μF

Deduce which capacitor should be used.

R = 68 kΩ
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

15
 *P70971A01528* Turn over
年10
2022

12 A defibrillator is a device that can restart a person’s heart. The defibrillator applies an
electric current to a person’s heart for a short time.
The defibrillator uses a capacitor circuit. A person’s body has an electrical resistance R.
A simplified circuit diagram is shown.

65 kΩ S1 S2

5000 V
34 μF R
d.c. supply

(a) When the capacitor is completely discharged, the two-way switch is moved to
position S1 at time t = 0 s.
Complete the graph to show how the current varies with time until the capacitor is
fully charged.
(4)

Current / A

o 0770 o 028A

I Iot 起

0 Time / s

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

8
*P71867A0832* 
(b) The capacitor in the defibrillator discharges when the switch is moved to
position S2 .
The defibrillator is required to deliver a discharge current of at least 30 A for a time
of 2.0 ms.
A typical person’s body has an electrical resistance of 150 Ω.
Deduce whether the design of the defibrillator meets this requirement.
(4)

........ .............. ...... ............................ ........................... ...... .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ... . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

(Total for Question 12 = 8 marks)

9
 *P71867A0932* Turn over
年1
2023

16 A student was investigating capacitors and set up the circuit shown.

X Y
switch

R C V

The student planned to use the circuit to measure the potential difference V across the
capacitor C as it was charged and discharged through the resistor R.
(a) Give two reasons why the circuit did not operate as intended.
(2)

......... .............. ..... ............... ............................ ................... .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . ..

19
 *P71890RA01932* Turn over
(b) The student moved the switch from position X to position Y at time t = 0 s.
The student recorded values of V as t increased and plotted the graph shown.

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0
V/V
3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

t/s

The capacitance of capacitor C was 2.2 μF.

(i) Determine the resistance in the circuit when the switch was at position Y.
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Resistance = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

20
*P71890RA02032* 
(ii) Determine the average current in the circuit between t = 0 s and t = 30 s.
(4)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Average current = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .
(iii) Calculate the energy dissipated by the current in the circuit between t = 0 s and
t = 30 s.
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

Energy dissipated = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(Total for Question 16 = 12 marks)

21
 *P71890RA02132* Turn over
年5
2023

18 A student planned to use a capacitor in a timing circuit.

The capacitor was connected in series with a resistor to determine the capacitance of
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

the capacitor.
The capacitor was charged while measuring the current I in the circuit.

I ē表表Time / s
The following graph was plotted.
I In t lu Io

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

–8.00

–8.50

–9.00

–9.50
ln (I / A)
–10.00
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

–10.50

–11.00

–11.50

–12.00

(a) The value marked on the capacitor is 22 μF.

Show that this value is correct.
resistance of resistor = 240 kΩ
(4)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

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...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

v
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

23
 *P76879A02332* Turn over
(b) The capacitor was used in a circuit to time a collision between two identical
metal spheres.
The spheres were suspended from wires. The wires were connected to the circuit,
as shown.

wire wire

metal sphere
metal sphere

A B

When the wires hang vertically the spheres are in contact and the discharging circuit
is complete.
Switch X was closed to charge the capacitor. The switch was then opened and
sphere A was released.
Sphere A collided with sphere B.
While the spheres were in contact, the capacitor partially discharged.
Sphere B moved to the right. The maximum height h of sphere B above its starting
position was measured.
(i) Calculate the maximum speed of sphere B after the collision.
h = 1.1 cm
mass of sphere B = 28 g Hcm
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Maximum speed = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

24
*P76879A02432* 
(ii) Calculate the time for which the spheres were in contact.
resistance in circuit = 49 Ω
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potential difference across capacitor before collision = 6.18 V

potential difference across capacitor after collision = 5.43 V
capacitance of capacitor = 22 μF
(2)
V1 Voē责i InV1 InVo
轰
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

V2 voe
起 InV2 InVo 荒
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

In v luvz 表
_ [Link]
tr告
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

t
...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

Time spheres in contact = .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .

(iii) The student stated that the average force acting on sphere B cannot be more than
the weight of sphere A.
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Deduce whether this statement is correct.

mass of each sphere = 28 g
(4)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

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...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .

(Total for Question 18 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 80 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS

25
 *P76879A02532*
年10
2023

18 A student used the circuit shown to determine the capacitance of a capacitor.

X Y

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V 150 kΩ

The student connected the switch to X to charge the capacitor. She then connected the
switch to Y so that the capacitor discharged through the 150 kΩ resistor.
The student started a stopwatch when she connected the switch to Y and recorded the
voltmeter reading V every 20 s as the capacitor discharged.

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The graph shows how V varied with time t.

10
V/V
5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
t/s

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16
*P75624A01636* 
(a) The capacitor is labelled as 470 µF, with a tolerance of ±10%.
Evaluate whether the capacitance of the capacitor is within the stated tolerance.
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(4)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

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...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(b) An ultracapacitor is a high-capacity capacitor.

One ultracapacitor has a capacitance of 47 F. The maximum charge this capacitor
can store is 56 C.
It is suggested that this capacitor could store 1000 times as much energy as a 470 µF
capacitor charged to a potential difference of 12 V.
Assess the validity of this suggestion.
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

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...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

(Total for Question 18 = 7 marks)

17
 *P75624A01736* Turn over
年1
2024

SECTION B
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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11 A student selects the capacitor shown to use in a circuit.

The tolerance of the capacitor is ± 20%.

电容 c
Calculate the maximum energy such a capacitor can store.

......... .............. ..... ............... ............................ ................... .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . ..

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......... .............. ..... ............... ............................ ................... .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . ..

Maximum energy = . ... .. ... ... ... .... .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)
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9
 *P73459RA0936* Turn over
年1
2024

18 A student used the circuit shown to investigate the charging of a capacitor.

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6.0 V V

168 kΩ

The student closed the switch to charge the capacitor and started a stopwatch. She
recorded the voltmeter reading V every 10 s as the capacitor charged.
The graph shows how V varied with time t.

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V/V
6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

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2.0

1.0

0.0 t/s
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

18
*P73459RA01836* 
(a) (i) Determine a value for the capacitance C of the capacitor.
(4)
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...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

C = .. ... .. ... ... ... .... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Sketch on the axes below how current I in the circuit would vary with t.
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You should include the value of the maximum current.

(3)

I
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0 t

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

19
 *P73459RA01936* Turn over
(b) The student connected a second 168 kΩ resistor in parallel with the first resistor.
Explain how the time taken to charge the capacitor would change.

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You do not need to do any further calculations.
(3)

...... .............. ........ .......................... ........................... ......... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .

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(Total for Question 18 = 10 marks)

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20
*P73459RA02036* 

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