REVIEW 7

Question 1: Name clause types/ patterns.

- Clause types are based on how the main elements of a sentence (Subject, Verb, Object,
Complement, Adverbial) are arranged.
- Common patterns:

Patter
Structure Example Explanation
n

SV Subject + Verb The dog barked. No object needed.

SVO Subject + Verb + Object She opened the door. Verb acts on an object.

Subject + Verb + Complement describes

SVC He is tired.
Complement the subject.

Adverbial gives extra

SVA Subject + Verb + Adverbial We are at school.
info.

SVOO Subject + Verb + IO + DO I sent her a message. Indirect + direct object.

Subject + Verb + Object + Complement describes

SVOC They named her leader.
Complement the object.

Subject + Verb + Object + She laid the book on the

SVOA Action + what + where.
Adverbial desk.

Question 2: What can function as an adverbial? Give examples.

= What can adverbials be realized by?
- An adverbial is a word, phrase, or clause that gives more information about a verb, adjective, or
the whole sentence—usually answering how, when, where, why, or to what extent something
happens.
- Examples and Explanations:

 Adverb: She sings beautifully.

→ "Beautifully" tells us how she sings (manner).
 Prepositional Phrase: He is waiting at the bus stop.
→ "At the bus stop" tells us where he is waiting (place).
  Noun Phrase: We stayed a week.
→ "A week" tells us how long we stayed (duration).
 Adverbial Clause: I left because I was tired.
→ "Because I was tired" tells us why I left (reason).

2. What can adverbials be realized by?

- Adverbials can be realized by different grammatical structures such as adverbs, phrases, and
clauses.
- Examples and Explanations:

 Adverb: He worked hard.

→ A single adverb showing manner.
 Adverb Phrase: She replied very quickly.
→ A phrase with an intensifier + adverb (degree + manner).
 Prepositional Phrase: They met after school.
→ A prepositional phrase showing time.
 Noun Phrase: We’ll leave this evening.
→ A noun phrase showing when.
 Finite Clause: She smiled when he arrived.
→ A full clause showing time.
 Non-finite Clause: He stayed late to finish the work.
→ An infinitive clause showing purpose.
Question 3: Identify sentence elements and indicate to which of the clause types the sentences
below belong:
[Link]'s father greeted the headmaster.
2. The headmaster put George into the second class.
3. That made Stanley angry.
4. His annoyance did not last.
5. He was really a lawyer.
6. But he proved himself a great soldier.
7. The manager is not in.
8. May I offer you a cup of coffee?
9. After the war, M. gave him back his saddle-bags.
10. He threw himself from his horse.

Common clause types include:

- SV (Subject + Verb)
- SVO (Subject + Verb + Object)
- SVC (Subject + Verb + Complement)
- SVOO (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object)
- SVOA (Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial)
- SVA (Subject + Verb + Adverbial)

[Link]'s father greeted the headmaster.

Subject (S): George's father
Verb (V): greeted
Object (O): the headmaster
-> Clause type: SVO

2. The headmaster put George into the second class.

Subject (S): The headmaster
Verb (V): put
Object (O): George
Adverbial (A): into the second class
-> Clause type: SVOA

3. That made Stanley angry.

Subject (S): That
Verb (V): made
Object (O): Stanley
Object Complement (C): angry
-> Clause type: SVOC

4. His annoyance did not last.

Subject (S): His annoyance
Verb (V): did not last
Clause type: SV

5. He was really a lawyer.

Subject (S): He
Verb (V): was
Complement (C): really a lawyer
Clause type: SVC

6. But he proved himself a great soldier.

Subject (S): He
Verb (V): proved
Object (O): himself
Object Complement (C): a great soldier
-> Clause type: SVOC

7. The manager is not in.

Subject (S): The manager
Verb (V): is
Adverbial (A): not in
-> Clause type: SVA

8. May I offer you a cup of coffee?

Subject (S): I
Verb (V): offer
Indirect Object (O1): you
Direct Object (O2): a cup of coffee
-> Clause type: SVOO

9. After the war, M. gave him back his saddle-bags.

Adverbial (A): After the war
Subject (S): M.
Verb (V): gave
Indirect Object (O1): him
Direct Object (O2): his saddle-bags
-> Clause type: SVOO (+ A)

10. He threw himself from his horse.

Subject (S): He
Verb (V): threw
Object (O): himself
Adverbial (A): from his horse
-> Clause type: SVOA

REVIEW 8
Question 1: What function Nominal That clause can have in sentences? Give examples.
- A nominal that-clause is a clause beginning with "that" which functions like a noun in a
sentence. It can serve several roles:

Function Example Explanation

That she passed the

"That she passed the exam" is the subject of the
Subject exam surprised
sentence  It tells what surprised everyone
everyone

He believes that the "That the team will win" is the object of the verb
Object
team will win "believes"  It tells what he believes

"That he lied" is the complement explaining

Subject
The truth is that he lied. what "the truth" is.  It follows the linking verb
Complement
"is."

Object of We talked about that she "That she was late" the object of the preposition
Preposition was late. "about" (formal use)

Question 2: What function Nominal Wh- interrogative clause can have in sentences? Give
examples.
- A nominal Wh-interrogative clause is a clause that begins with a wh-word (like what, who,
where, when, why, how) and acts like a noun in a sentence. It’s often used to report questions or
express unknown information.
- These clauses can have the following functions:

Function Example Explanation

What she said "What she said" is the subject of the sentence.  It
Subject
shocked everyone. tells us what shocked everyone.

I don’t know where he "Where he went" is the object of the verb "know."
Object
went.  It tells what the speaker doesn't know.

Subject The issue is what we

"What we should do next" is the complement
Complement should do next.

Object of We talked about why "Why she left" is the object of the preposition
Preposition she left. "about."

Question 3: What function Nominal Relative clause can have in sentences? Give examples.
- A nominal relative clause (also called a free relative clause) is a clause that starts with a word
like what, whatever, who, whoever, where, etc., and acts as a noun in a sentence. It can stand
alone as a full noun phrase.
- Nominal relative clauses can have functions in a sentence:

Function Example Explanation

Subject What she did saved the day. Clause acts as the subject

They ate whatever was on the Clause is the object of the verb
Object
table. "ate"

Subject Clause explains or defines the

The truth is what he told us.
Complement subject

Object of We’re grateful for what you’ve Clause follows the preposition
Preposition done. "for"

Question 4: What function Nominal To-infinitve clause can have in sentences? Give
examples.
- A nominal to-infinitive clause is a clause that begins with "to" + base verb (e.g., to eat, to
succeed, to leave) and functions like a noun in a sentence.
- It can perform several grammatical functions:

Function Example Explanation

Subject To win was his goal. Clause acts as the subject

They decided to leave early. Clause is the object of the verb

Object
"decided"

Subject Her plan is to study abroad. Clause explains the subject "her plan"
Complement

Object of He had no option except to Clause follows the preposition

Preposition wait. "except"

Question 5: What function Nominal –ing clause can have in sentences? Give examples.
- A nominal - ing clause (also called a gerund clause) begins with a verb in the - ing form (e.g.,
eating, running, speaking) and functions like a noun in a sentence.
- These clauses are used to express actions or events.
 Function Example Explanation

Running every morning improves

Subject Clause acts as the subject
health.

Clause is the object of the verb

Object I enjoy cooking Italian food.
"enjoy"

Subject Clause explains the subject "my

My hobby is writing poetry.
Complement hobby"

Object of Clause follows the preposition

She’s afraid of flying.
Preposition "of"

Question 6: Identify the subordinate or dependent clause and its function in each of the
sentences below:
1. I don't believe that those bookshelves are popular anywhere yet.
- Subordinate Clause: that those bookshelves are popular anywhere yet
- Function: Object of the verb believe (a nominal that-clause)

2. What that advertisement says is not true.

- Subordinate Clause: What that advertisement says
- Function: Subject of the sentence (a nominal Wh - relative clause)

3. What that advertisement says, I simply don't believe.

- Subordinate Clause: What that advertisement says
- Function: Object of the verb believe (a fronted nominal Wh - relative clause)

4. I’ll believe it when I see the results.

- Subordinate Clause: when I see the results
- Function: Adverbial clause of time

5. Can you tell us when we shall see the results?

- Subordinate Clause: when we shall see the results
- Function: Object of the verb tell (a nominal Wh - interrogative clause)

6. I was saying could you come next Saturday?

- Subordinate Clause: could you come next Saturday
- Function: Object of was saying (an indirect question / reported yes-no question)

7. I guess I've eaten chicken six or seven times.

- Subordinate Clause: I've eaten chicken six or seven times
- Function: Object of the verb guess (a nominal declarative clause)

8. You didn't leave the tap open after you shut off the water supply.
- Subordinate Clause: after you shut off the water supply
- Function: Adverbial clause of time

9. Where the plane crashed, the snow is still falling heavily.

- Subordinate Clause: Where the plane crashed
- Function: Adverbial clause of place

10. Where the plane crashed is still not known.

- Subordinate Clause: Where the plane crashed
- Function: Subject of the sentence (a nominal Wh - relative clause)

Question 7: Combine each pair of sentences into one that contains

a nominal clause. Identify the function of the nominal clause.
Example:
1. The weather is not going to improve. That is apparent.
It is apparent that the weather is not going to improve.
Cadj
OR
That the weather is not going to improve is apparent.
S
1. The weather is not going to improve. That is apparent.
=> That the weather is not going to improve is apparent.
S
2. Pollution diminishes the quality of our lives. That is hard to deny.
 That pollution diminishes the quality of our lives is hard to deny.
S
3. No one stopped to help Sam when he had car trouble. That is surprising.
 That no one stopped to help Sam when he had car trouble is surprising.
S
4. People in modern cities are distrustful of each other. That is unfortunate.
 That people in modern cities are distrustful of each other is unfortunate.
S
5. People in my village always help each other. That is still true.
 That people in my village always help each other is still true.
S
6. People need each other and need to help each other. That is undeniably true.
 That people need each other and need to help each other is undeniably true.
S
7. People have a moral duty to help others in need. That seems obvious to me.
 That people have a moral duty to help others in need seems obvious to me.
S
8. People today are afraid to help strangers. That is a pity.
 That people today are afraid to help strangers is a pity.
S
9. People in cities live in densely populated areas but don’t know their neighbors. That seems
strange to me.
 That people in cities live in densely populated areas but don’t know their neighbors seems
strange to me.
S
Question 8: Combine each of the pairs of the sentences below so as to form one sentence
containing a nominal that- clause. Say what function the that-clause is fulfilling in the
superordinate clause.

1. We have only enough water for two more days. I told you so.

=> I told you that we have only enough water for two more days.
Function: The that‐clause functions as the direct object of the verb told.

2. We have only enough water for two days. I am very sorry.

=> I am very sorry that we have only enough water for two days.
Function: The that‐clause functions as a complement to the adjective sorry (explaining what
makes me sorry).

3. We have only enough water for two days. That is our conclusion.

=> That we have only enough water for two days is our conclusion.
Function: The that‐clause functions as the subject of the sentence.

4. We have only enough for two days. I estimate that having taken very careful
measurements.

=> I estimate, having taken very careful measurements, that we have only enough for two days.
Function: The that‐clause functions as the direct object of the verb estimate.

5. We have only enough for two days. That is very alarming.

=> That we have only enough for two days is very alarming.
Function: The that‐clause functions as the subject of the sentence.

6. We conclude that there is only enough for two days. Our conclusion has been reached
after very careful checking.
=> That there is only enough for two days is our conclusion reached after very careful checking.
Function: The that‐clause functions as the subject of the sentence.

7. We cannot stay here. We must face that fact.

=> We must face the fact that we cannot stay here.

Function: The that‐clause functions as a complement (specifying the content of the noun fact).

8. We have almost exhausted our supplies. How can I convince you of that?

=> How can I convince you that we have almost exhausted our supplies?
Function: The that‐clause functions as the object of the preposition implied in the expression
convince you of… (providing the content to be convinced of).