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SQL All Topics

This document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL, covering its basics, types, syntax, and data types. It details various database objects, DDL, DML, querying techniques, built-in and aggregate functions, joins, subqueries, set operators, and advanced topics like transactions, stored procedures, and database design concepts. The document serves as a guide for understanding SQL fundamentals and advanced functionalities.

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184Sandhya
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53 views5 pages

SQL All Topics

This document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL, covering its basics, types, syntax, and data types. It details various database objects, DDL, DML, querying techniques, built-in and aggregate functions, joins, subqueries, set operators, and advanced topics like transactions, stored procedures, and database design concepts. The document serves as a guide for understanding SQL fundamentals and advanced functionalities.

Uploaded by

184Sandhya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Basics of SQL

- What is SQL?

- Types of SQL (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL)

- SQL syntax and conventions

- SQL data types

2. Database Objects

- Tables

- Views

- Indexes

- Sequences

- Synonyms

3. DDL (Data Definition Language)

- CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

- Constraints: PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK, DEFAULT

4. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

- SELECT

- INSERT

- UPDATE

- DELETE

- MERGE (optional/advanced)

5. Querying Data

- SELECT statements

- Filtering: WHERE, BETWEEN, LIKE, IN


- Sorting: ORDER BY

- Limiting: LIMIT / TOP

- Aliases: AS

6. Built-in Functions

- String functions (UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTRING, CONCAT)

- Numeric functions (ROUND, CEIL, FLOOR, MOD)

- Date functions (NOW, CURDATE, DATEDIFF, DATE_FORMAT)

- Conversion functions (CAST, CONVERT)

7. Aggregate Functions

- COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()

- GROUP BY

- HAVING

8. Joins

- INNER JOIN

- LEFT JOIN / LEFT OUTER JOIN

- RIGHT JOIN / RIGHT OUTER JOIN

- FULL JOIN

- SELF JOIN

- CROSS JOIN

- NATURAL JOIN (rare)

9. Subqueries

- Scalar subquery

- Column subquery
- Row subquery

- Correlated subquery

- EXISTS, ANY, ALL

10. Set Operators

- UNION, UNION ALL

- INTERSECT

- EXCEPT / MINUS

11. Views and Materialized Views

- Creating and updating views

- Differences between view and table

- Materialized views (used in Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc.)

12. Indexes

- Single-column and composite indexes

- Unique index

- Performance considerations

13. Transactions and TCL (Transaction Control Language)

- START TRANSACTION

- COMMIT

- ROLLBACK

- SAVEPOINT

14. DCL (Data Control Language)

- GRANT
- REVOKE

- User roles and privileges

15. Stored Procedures and Functions

- Creating procedures and functions

- Input/output parameters

- Execution

16. Triggers

- BEFORE and AFTER triggers

- Row-level and statement-level triggers

17. Cursors

- Explicit vs Implicit cursors

- Cursor lifecycle: open, fetch, close

18. Advanced Topics

- Window functions (ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), LEAD(), LAG())

- Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

- Recursive queries

- JSON and XML data handling in SQL

- Performance tuning and query optimization

- Execution plans

19. Database Design Concepts

- Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)

- Denormalization
- ER Diagrams

- Keys (Candidate, Composite, Surrogate)

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