Chapter 7
ENTROPY
Second Law of
Thermodynamics-Entropy
1
CONTENTS
7-1 Entropy
7-2 The Increase of Entropy Principle
7-3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
7-4 Isentropic Processes
7-5 Property Diagrams
7-7 The T-ds relations
7-8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
7-9 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
7-10 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
7-11 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices
7-12 Entropy Balance
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Define entropy, entropy change and entropy generation
Differentiate between reversible and irreversible process
Describe the Increase of Entropy principle
Evaluate whether a process is irreversible, reversible or
impossible
Entropy
Entropy measures the spontaneous dispersal of energy:
how much energy is spread out in a process, or
how widely spread out it becomes — at a specific
temperature. (Sometimes, it’s a simple equation, Entropy
change = “energy dispersed”/T, or qreversible/T , the quantitative
measure of the amount of thermal energy not available to do
work." So it's a negative kind of quantity, the opposite of
available energy.
A quantitative measure of the microscopic disorder for a system.
Definition: Theoretical measure of thermal energy that cannot be
transformed into mechanical work in a thermodynamic system.
ENTROPY
Clausius inequality states that for any thermodynamic cycle:.
Q
T b 0
where Q = heat transfer at the system boundary
T = absolute temperature at the boundary (K)
= integration to be performed over the entire cycle Rudolf
Clausius
This equation is valid for ALL cycles – reversible or irreversible
Q
It was found that:
T int 0
rev
A quantity whose cyclic integral is zero, depends ONLY on the
states, not the process path A PROPERTY
Defining Entropy Change
Therefore:
Q where S is called entropy (kJ/K)
dS
T int
rev
Integrating the above equation between initial and final states:
2 Q
S S 2 S1 int Entropy change of a system
1
T rev
Entropy change can be positive or negative, depending on the direction of
heat transfer
Q +ve S +ve
Q -ve S -ve
Defining Entropy Change (cont’d)
The change in entropy is given by:
N/B:
Q Integral of Q/T give value of dS IF the
dS integration is carried out along an internally
T int,rev reversible path between 2 states
Q
2
S 2 S1
1 T int,rev
Entropy is a property
Therefore entropy change S between 2
specific states is the same whether the
process is reversible or irreversible.
Units of Entropy is kJ/K, specific entropy
kJ/kg.K
A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal
Heat Transfer Processes
Isothermal process ---> internally reversible process
Q 2 Q
S int int Q int
2 1 2
1
T rev 1 To rev To 1 rev
Q
S 7.6
To
Eq. 7.6 is useful in determining the entropy changes of thermal energy
reservoirs that can absorb or supply heat indefinitely at constant
temperature
Example
For a particular power plant, the heat added and rejected both
occur at constant temperature and no other processes
experience any heat transfer. The heat is added in the amount
of 3150 kJ at 440oC and is rejected in the amount of 1950 kJ at
20oC. Is the Clausius inequality satisfied and is the cycle
reversible or irreversible?
Calculate the net work, cycle efficiency, and Carnot efficiency based on TH and TL for
this cycle.
Wnet Qin Qout (3150 1950) kJ 1200 kJ
Wnet 1200 kJ
th 0.381 or 38.1%
Qin 3150 kJ
TL (20 273) K
th, Carnot 1 1 0.589 or 58.9%
TH (440 273) K
The Clausius inequality is satisfied. Since the inequality is less than zero, the cycle has
at least one irreversible process and the cycle is irreversible.
The Increase of Entropy Principle
Consider a cycle made up of 2 processes
Q
T b 0
From the Clausius Inequality:
Q Q
or 2 1
1 T 2 T 0
b int,rev
The second integral can be expressed as
1 Q
2 S1 S 2
T int,rev
Q
2
S 2 S1 Q
7.7 OR dS 7.8
1
T b T
Note: T is the temperature (in K) at boundary where Q is transferred between system
and boundary
The Increase of Entropy Principle (cont’d)
From Eq. 7.8 Q
dS
T
If Q Process 1-2 is internally reversible
dS
T
Q
dS Process 1-2 is irreversible
T
Entropy change for an irreversible process is greater than that for internally
reversible.
Therefore, some entropy must have been generated during the irreversible
process - due to the presence of irreversibilities
This is called entropy generation, Sgen
It is a measure of the magnitudes of irreversibilities present during the process
The greater the Sgen, the greater is the extent of irreversibilities
Used to establish criteria for the performance of engineering devices
The Increase of Entropy Principle (cont’d)
Re-write Eq. 7.7, to include entropy generation
Q Q
2 2
S 2 S1 S 2 S1 S gen 7.9
1
1
T T b
Always positive
or zero
Entropy transfer
with heat
Sgen depends on process:
• Positive for Irreversible
• Zero for Reversible
Q
For isolated system (or simply adiabatic closed system) Q0 0
T
Sisol S 2 S1 0
ISOLATED SYSTEM
May consists of any no. of subsystems
A system and its surroundings can be viewed as 2 subsystems of
an isolated system
Sisol Ssyst Ssurr 0
As there are no Q or W by an isolated system
it is simply adiabatic closed system
Q
Q0 0
T
S gen Sisol S2 S1 0 Eq. 6.34
Since Sgen can never be negative, entropy of an isolated system will
increases until it reaches a maximum value (equilibrium state).
(no actual process is reversible, therefore entropy will not be constant)
The Increase of Entropy Principle (cont’d)
S gen Sisol S2 S1 0
The Increase of Entropy Principle
The entropy of an isolated system during a process always increases
or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant –
never decreases
Implication of the principle:
• Entropy of a system can decrease
• Entropy change of a system can be negative
• Entropy generation, Sgen can not be negative
0 Irreversible Process (possible)
S gen 0 Reversible Process (Ideal)
0 Impossible Process
