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The Increase of Entropy Principle

The document discusses the increase of entropy principle. It states that: 1) For any irreversible process, the entropy change of a closed system is greater than the entropy transfer by heat. The difference is the entropy generated. 2) For an isolated system, the entropy always increases or remains constant during a process. It never decreases. 3) The more irreversible a process, it generates more entropy. Reversible processes generate no entropy.

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Abdullah Iyad
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498 views7 pages

The Increase of Entropy Principle

The document discusses the increase of entropy principle. It states that: 1) For any irreversible process, the entropy change of a closed system is greater than the entropy transfer by heat. The difference is the entropy generated. 2) For an isolated system, the entropy always increases or remains constant during a process. It never decreases. 3) The more irreversible a process, it generates more entropy. Reversible processes generate no entropy.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Iyad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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*THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

*Consider a cycle that is made up of two processes: process 1-2,


which is arbitrary (reversible or irreversible), and process 2-1,
which is internally reversible, as shown in Figure. From the
Clausius inequality

.
*The second integral in the previous relation is recognized as the
entropy change S1-S2. Therefore,

 Where the equality holds for an internally reversible process and


the inequality for an irreversible process.
 The quantity S = S2 - S1 represents the entropy change of the
system. For a reversible process, it becomes equal to , which
represents the entropy transfer with heat.
 The inequality sign in the preceding relations is a constant
reminder that the entropy change of a closed system during an
irreversible process is always greater than the entropy transfer.
That is, some entropy is generated or created during an
irreversible process, and this generation is due entirely to the
:
presence of irreversibilities. The entropy generated during a
process is called entropy generation and is denoted by Sgen.
Noting that the difference between the entropy change of a closed
system and the entropy transfer is equal to entropy generation,

Note that the entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity


or zero. Its value depends on the process, and thus it is not a
property of the system. Also, in the absence of any entropy transfer,
the entropy change of a system is equal to the entropy generation.
. For an isolated system (or simply an adiabatic closed system), the
heat transfer is zero,

This equation can be expressed as the entropy of an isolated system


during a process always increases or, in the limiting case of a
reversible process, remains constant. In other words, it never
decreases. This is known as the increase of entropy principle.
 The more irreversible a process, the larger the entropy generated
during that process. No entropy is generated during reversible
processes (Sgen = 0).
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE
SUBSTANCES
*Entropy is a property, and thus the value of entropy of a system is
fixed once the state of the system is fixed. The value of entropy
at a specified state is determined just like any other property. In
the compressed liquid and superheated vapor regions, it can be
obtained directly from the tables at the specified state. In the
saturated mixture region, it is determined from:
Where x is the quality and sf and sfg values are listed in the saturation
tables. In the absence of compressed liquid data, the entropy of the
compressed liquid can be approximated by the entropy of the
saturated liquid at the given temperature:

The entropy change of a specified mass m (a closed system) during a


process is simply:
*A Special Case: Internally Reversible
Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
*Recall that isothermal heat transfer processes are internally
reversible. Therefore, the entropy change of a system during an
internally reversible isothermal heat transfer process can be
determined by performing the integration:

*Where T0 is the constant temperature of the system and Q is the


heat transfer for the internally reversible process. This Equation is
particularly useful for determining the entropy changes of thermal
energy reservoirs that can absorb or supply heat indefinitely at a
constant temperature.

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