Engine Electrical Engine Electrical

Various pieces of equipment are

necessary for starting the engine
and operating it in a stable
manner.

Battery
Starter (starting system)
Alternator (charging system)
Ignition coil (ignition system)
Ignition switch
Combination meter
(Discharge warning light)
Sensors

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Battery Battery
The battery is a rechargeable
device that serves as a power
supply for the electrical parts
when the engine is stopped.
When the engine is running, it
stores the used electricity.

Note:
A battery inspection consists of
checking the level and the
specific density of the
electrolyte.

Caution:
The following precautions must
be taken when handling a
battery:

Keep it away from fire during

charging, because hydrogen
gas is emitted.

Keep the electrolyte, in which
the sulfuric acid is used,
away from your body, clothes
Negative terminal Vent plug Indicator Positive terminal or the vehicle body.
Electrolyte Cell Pole plate
Battery Battery
Charging and discharging
principle
A battery charges and
discharges electrical energy
through the chemical reaction of
the electrolyte.

Discharging

Charging

Discharging amperage
Charging amperage

Note:
When a chemical reaction
(electrolysis of water) occurs in
the electrolyte during charging,
the positive pole plates generate
oxygen and the negative pole
plates generate hydrogen. Due
to the electrolysis of water, the
volume of the electrolyte
decreases, thus requiring
replenishment.
H2SO4:Sulfuric H2O:Water H2:Hydrogen O2:Oxygen
Battery Battery
Battery identification codes
Battery identification codes,
which are marked on the battery
body, indicate the battery size
and performance, which is the
electrical storage capacity.
Performance (Battery
capacity)
Battery width and height
Battery length
Position of the positive
terminal

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Battery Battery
Terminal diameter
The positive and negative
terminals of the battery have
different diameters, to avoid
connect connecting to the wrong
terminal.
Starting System Starting System
The starting system forces the
engine to crank with an electric
motor, and starts the engine.
Battery
Ignition switch
Starter

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Starting System Starting System
There are four types of starters,
as shown on the left.

Conventional type

Reduction type

Planetary type

Planetary reduction-segment
conductor motor type

Idler gear
Planetary gear
Permanent magnet
Starting System Starting System
Operation of starter

The starter starts the engine by

meshing the pinion gear into the
ring gear.

A. Starting the engine

B. After starting the engine

Ignition switch
Pull-in coil
Hold-in coil
Field coil
Armature
Pinion gear
Ring gear

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Charging System Charging System
The charging system produces
electricity to supply the electrical
components with the amount of
electricity required, and to
charge the battery while the
vehicle's engine is in operation.
As soon as the engine starts, the
drive belt causes the alternator
to operate.

Alternator
Battery
Discharge warning light
Ignition switch

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Charging System Alternator
As the engine starts, the drive
belt causes the pulley of the
alternator to rotate. As a result,
the rotor rotates, and an electric
current emits in the coil of the
stator.
Pulley
Rotor (Coil)
Stator (Coil)
Rectifier (diodes)
IC regulator
Terminal "B"

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Charging System Alternator
SC type alternator
A joined segment conductor
system (angular copper wire) is
adopted at the stator coil welded
in the SC (Segment Conductor)
instead of the usual winding
system.
Compared to the usual
alternator, the electrical
resistance is reduced, and the
alternator becomes more
compact.
Two sets of three- phase
windings are also used. As they
neutralize the magnetic sound of
each other (generated in the
stator), noise reduction is
improved.
Charging System Alternator
The alternator has three
functions:

A. Generation

B. Rectification

C. Voltage regulation

Pulley
Rotor
Rotor Coil
Stator Coil

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Charging System Discharge Warning Light
The discharge warning light
illuminates when the alternator
cannot generate for some
reason. For example, if this light
illuminates when the vehicle is in
motion, a torn belt may be the
cause.

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Ignition System Ignition System
The ignition system generates
sparks at high- voltage, and
ignites the air-fuel mixture, which
is compressed in the cylinders,
at the optimal.
Based on the signals received
from the sensors, the engine
ECU (Electronic Control Unit)
effects control to achieve optimal
ignition timing.
Ignition switch
Ignition coil with igniter
Spark plug
Battery
Engine ECU
Camshaft position sensor
Crankshaft position sensor

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Ignition System Direct Ignition System
The direct ignition system
supplies high voltage directly
from the ignition coil to the spark
plugs.

Type A
Provides an ignition coil with an
igniter for every cylinder.

Type B
Provides an ignition coil with an
igniter for every two cylinders. It
uses high-tension cords to
supply current to the cylinders.

Ignition coil (with igniter)

Spark plug
High-tension cord

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Distributor Ignition System
Conventional type
Distributes the electricity with an
ignition coil and an igniter,
through the high- tension cord
from the distributor.

IIA (Integrated Ignition

Assembly) type
Contains the ignition coil and
igniter in the distributor.
Distributor
Distributor cap
Rotor
Ignition coil
Igniter
Engine ECU (Electronic
Control Unit)
Signal rotor
Pick-up coil

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Ignition System Ignition Coil
This component boosts the
battery voltage (12V) to generate
a high voltage of over 10kV,
which is necessary for ignition.

The primary and secondary coils

are placed close to each other.
When a current is applied
intermittently to the primary coil,
a mutual inductance is created.
This mechanism is utilized to
generate high voltage at the
secondary coil.
An ignition coil can generate
high voltage, which varies in
accordance with the number and
the size of the coil windings.
Conventional type
DIS (Direct Ignition System)
type
IIA (Integrated Ignition
Primary terminal (+) Primary terminal (-) Primary coil Iron core Assembly) type
Secondary coil Secondary terminal Igniter Spark plug

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Ignition System Spark Plug
This component receives high
voltage that is made in the
ignition coil, and generates
sparks in order to ignite the air-
fuel mixture in the cylinder. The
high voltage generates an
electrical spark in the gap
between the center electrode
and the ground electrode.

Multiple-Electrode Spark
Plug
Grooved Spark Plug
Projecting-electrode Spark
Plug

Center electrode
Ground electrode
V-groove
U-groove
Difference in the volume of
protrusion

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Ignition System Spark Plug
Resistor spark plug
Sparks could generate
electromagnetic interference,
which can cause electronic
equipment to malfunction. This
type of spark plug contains a
ceramic resister that prevents
this from occurring.

Platinum-tipped spark plug

This type of spark plug uses
platinum for the thin center
electrode and the ground
electrode. It excels in durability
and ignitability.

Iridium-tipped spark plug

This type of spark plug uses
iridium alloy for the center
electrode and platinum for the
ground electrode. It offers both
durability and high performance.

Resistor
Center electrode platinum tip
Ground electrode platinum tip
Center electrode iridium tip

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Ignition System Spark Plug
Spark plug coding system

DENSO

NGK