Components of Data Communication System
A
MICRO PROJECT
ON
“Widely Used Unguided Media in Industries”
Under The Guidance
Mrs. [Link]
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
K.P. PATIL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
(POLY)
MUDAL- 416209
Academic Year
2023-24
K. P. PATIL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUDAL.
MICRO PROJECT ON
KPITPage 1
Components of Data Communication System
“ Widely Used Unguided Media in Industries”
CLASS: FOURTH SEMESTER
COURSE: COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STUDENT NAME [Link]
[Link]. ROLL. NO
1 SHREYASH SATAPA PATIL 2216610093 40
2 TANVI PANDURANG PATIL 2216610094 41
3 VEDANT DIPAK PATIL 2216610095 42
Signature of Signature of Signature of
Teacher Guide Head of Department Principal
What Is Data Communication?
Data communication is functionally similar to what we think of as “regular” communication,
which is simply a sender transmitting a message to a destination. Data communication specifically refers
to the process of using computing and communication technologies to transfer data (the message) from a
sender to a receiver — or even back and forth between participating parties. The concept encompasses
technologies like telecommunications, computer networking and radio/satellite communication.
Modern data networks all provide the same basic functions of transferring data from sender to
receiver, but each network can use different network hardware and software to achieve these ends.
Communication between devices adheres to industrial communications protocols, which is the set of rules
that define how data is exchanged. Today’s data communications protocols are defined and are managed
by interconnected bodies, including private businesses, standards-making organizations, regulatory
agencies and common carriers.
KPITPage 2
Components of Data Communication System
Data Communication is defined as exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission media such as a cable, wire or it can be air or vacuum also. For occurrence of data
communication, communicating devices must be a part of communication system made up of a
combination of hardware or software devices and programs.
Data communication is the process of transferring data from one place to another or
between two locations. It allows electronic and digital data to move between two networks, no
matter where the two are located geographically, what the data contains, or what format they are
in.
A common example of data communication is connecting your laptop to a Wi-Fi network.
This action requires a wireless medium to send and receive data from remote servers.
The type of data transmission demonstrates the direction in which the data moves between
the sender and receiver.
Benefits of Data Communication
Before we can get into the benefits of data communication, it’s important to separate the concept
of connectivity from communications. Connectivity is the capability of connecting one party to another.
The benefits that arise from those connections depend on who’s connecting to whom — or to what.
We can think of it along three types of connections:
A. Person to Person — such as when you call someone on a cell phone or have a chat session.
B. Person to Machine — whenever you access information from a computer or automated system.
C. Machine to Machine — when devices transfer information directly between each other.
KPITPage 3
Components of Data Communication System
Rather than being confined to these simple interactions, you can think of connectivity as a continuum. For
example, when you text with someone else, the following steps occur:
A person connects to a machine to send a message.
The machine connects to another machine to deliver the message.
The second machine translates and displays the message to another person.
That person responds, and the process repeats, enabling a person-to-person connection.
Data Communication System Components :
All above mentioned elements are described below:
KPITPage 4
Components of Data Communication System
1 .Message :
This is most useful asset of a data communication system. The message simply refers to data or
piece of information which is to be communicated. A message could be in any form, it may be in
form of a text file, an audio file, a video file, etc.
[Link] :
To transfer message from source to destination, someone must be there who will play role of a
source. Sender plays part of a source in data communication system. It is simple a device that
sends data message. The device could be in form of a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video
camera, or a workstation, etc.
[Link] :
It is destination where finally message sent by source has arrived. It is a device that receives
message. Same as sender, receiver can also be in form of a computer, telephone mobile,
workstation, etc.
[Link] Medium :
In entire process of data communication, there must be something which could act as a bridge
between sender and receiver, Transmission medium plays that part. It is physical path by which
data or message travels from sender to receiver. Transmission medium could be guided (with
wires) or unguided (without wires), for example, twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable, radio
waves, microwaves, etc.
[Link] of rules (Protocol) :
KPITPage 5
Components of Data Communication System
To govern data communications, various sets of rules had been already designed by the designers
of the communication systems, which represent a kind of agreement between communicating
devices. These are defined as protocol. In simple terms, the protocol is a set of rules that govern
data communication. If two different devices are connected but there is no protocol among them,
there would not be any kind of communication between those two devices. Thus the protocol is
necessary for data communication to take place.
A typical example of a data communication system is sending an e-mail. The user which
send email act as sender, message is data which user wants to send, receiver is one whom
user wants to send message, there are many protocols involved in this entire process, one
of them is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), both sender and receiver must have an
internet connection which uses a wireless medium to send and receive email
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is responsible for dividing messages into packets on the
source computer and reassembling the received packet at the destination or recipient computer. It
also makes sure that the packets have the information about the source of the message data, the
destination of the message data, the sequence in which the message data should be re-assembled,
and checks if the message has been sent correctly to the specific destination.
IP(Internet Protocol): Do You ever wonder how computer determines which packet belongs to
which device. What happens if the message you sent to your friend is received by your father?
Scary Right. Well! IP is responsible for handling the address of the destination computer so that
each packet is sent to its proper destination.
KPITPage 6
Components of Data Communication System
Type of data communication
As we know that data communication is communication in which we can send or receive data
from one device to another. The data communication is divided into three types:
Simplex Communication: It is one-way communication or we can say that unidirectional
communication in which one device only receives and another device only sends data and
devices uses their entire capacity in transmission. For example, IoT, entering data using a
keyboard, listing music using a speaker, etc.
Half Duplex communication: It is a two-way communication, or we can say that it is a
bidirectional communication in which both the devices can send and receive data but not
at the same time. When one device is sending data then another device is only receiving
and vice-versa. For example, walkie-talkie.
Full-duplex communication: It is a two-way communication or we can say that it is a
bidirectional communication in which both the devices can send and receive data at the
same time. For example, mobile phones, landlines, etc
Now, when we talk about data communications and networking, what we’re usually talking
about are specific platforms. A data communications platform is essentially any technology that
— whether it’s a cellphone, a laptop or the internet itself — enables connectivity. Today, data
communication has become as ubiquitous as electricity itself, which has brought some incredible
advances:
1. Instant communications. All of our modern digital communications, from email and
instant messaging to video calls and TikTok, are all built on data communication
networks. You can instantly connect with anyone in the world — or broadcast a message
to thousands of people.
2. Greater business efficiency. Data communications has revolutionized how
businesses interact with data. More effective ways of collecting and processing data leads
to greater insights, which allow businesses to streamline productions, reduce expenses.
3. Innovations in automation. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables even more
connection between different devices, allowing for new types of automation. For
example, when we think of self-driving cars, providing them the ability to directly
connect with other cars on the road over a 5G network makes the concept much more
workable than trying to rely entirely on cameras and other sensors to determine
positioning.
KPITPage 7
Components of Data Communication System
4. Smart monitoring systems. Sensors in wearable devices allow for advanced human
health monitoring, which can transmit real-time data on someone’s condition or send
alerts in an emergency. Wider applications include the development of smart cities that
can offer improved traffic conditions, waste management, energy consumption and more.
Communication functionality
We’ve talked about the nature of communications being between sender and receiver. As data
platforms advanced, there came increased functionality in how sender and receiver were able to
communicate.
1. Simplex communications, which were the first and simplest means of
communication where the transmission of data goes only in one direction. Simplex is still
used in one-way data communications mediums such as radio stations and TV broadcasts.
2. Half-duplex communication, where information can go both ways but not at the
same time. An example would be a CB radio, where a receiver has to wait for the system
to be clear before responding.
3. Full-duplex data communications models accommodate simultaneous two-way
communication of data. The landline telephone is the most widely known means of full-
duplex communication.
Network models
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference model was developed by the Open System
Interconnection Subcommittee in 1984. The OSI model consists of seven layers: the physical
layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and
application layer. Though it isn’t widely used today, it still has value as a foundational
understanding of networking.
The Internet model, though actually older than OSI, is the network model that has arisen
to be the dominant model for all current hardware and software. Also referred to as the Transfer
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model, it combines the top three OSI layers into a
single layer, making it a five layer model consisting of a physical layer, data link layer, network
layer, transport layer and application layer. The Internet model allows different independent
networks to connect one another and then together, create what we know as the global Internet.
KPITPage 8
Components of Data Communication System
Future of Data Communication
1. The capabilities we currently have with data communication are revolutionary, which is
why we define the modern era as “the information age.” The advances we’ve experienced
can make it harder to predict where and how data communications and networking might
continue to develop. That said, here are some considerations of what looks to be on the
immediate horizon.
2. New applications of data communication networks. The evolving performance of
wired and wireless communication networks — such as 5G and the IoT — are enabling
new applications such as self-driving vehicles, mixed and augmented reality and
advances in remote communication that allow for feats like remote surgery. Beyond these
more “high-end” applications, the growth of ever faster networks continues to make
cloud computing more of a baseline technology for corporate computing networks. The
continued adoption of the cloud should improve computer utilization efficiency for every
industry.
3. More investment in developments that support green technologies. Digital platforms
allow for greater efficiency and less reliance on certain resources, but they have to be
constructed in a thoughtful and sustainable manner. For example, the development of
smart electricity grids is necessary to aid in the electrification of transportation — such as
the next generation of electric vehicles. This push for green and more efficient computing
power will likely require the creation of adaptive logical “private networks,” more 2-way
data communications networks and the utilization of AI to enable more efficient resource
allocation.
4. Rising threat of international restrictions and bans on certain technologies. The trend
over the last ten years in data communication has been to foster more international
cooperation and a drive to set global standards. However, even as global networks
integrate around common standards, certain geopolitical tensions indicate that we may be
approaching a turning point where different regions limit or even ban access to certain
communication technologies. Recent examples include how the US and EU banned the
Chinese company Huawei from providing equipment to their networks and ongoing talks
of a potential TikTok ban in the US.
KPITPage 9
Components of Data Communication System
5. Continued merging of communication networks with cloud computing. For
businesses looking to complete a true digital transformation, the integration of
telecommunication networks and the cloud will be the next step forward.
Advances and requirements will include:
i. The development of ultra wide band, low-latency networks capable of 10 Gigabits for
real time applications such as drone fleet control, displays of mixed / augmented reality
and interactions within the metaverse.
ii. The development of a million Internet addresses per square kilometer to enable IoT and
other applications even in remote locations.
iii. The creation of nanonetworks where nanomachines are able to communicate with each
other, allowing for hyper-localized communication monitoring and data collection.
iv. AI algorithms that will assign value to data in order to keep things organized, an essential
step as “big data” continues to grow exponentially.
v. The continued evolution of end-to-end network security measures to protect against data
breaches and hacks.
We hear a lot about the smaller, every day developments that come with the implementation of
new data communication platforms like 5G — such as faster cell phones and better service. In
truth, those elements are quickly rolled out by telecommunication companies because they can
be monetized easier. The real changes that come with rollouts like 5G are far more
transformative.
KPITPage 10
