Demography
Introduction
Demography is the branch of social science in which study of human population
The demographic word taken from Greek words-
Demo- peoples
Grapho- records
Demography is the study of human population size, structure and distribution
India ranks second in the world on demographics China take first position population
Based on the 2011 census India's population is 121 crores
Demography focus on observable human phenomena-
Composition of population
Size of population
Distribution of population
Demography stages
High stationary stages (high birth and high death rate)
Early expansion stage (unchanged birth rate and death rate is decline)
Late expanding stage (death rate decline and birth rate decrease)
Low Stationary stage (low birth rate and death rate)
Decline stage (birth rate lower than death rate)
The difference between the birth rate and death rate is called demographic gap.
Demographic process - five demographic process are
1. Fertility
2. Mortality
3. Migration
4. Marriage
5. Social mobility
Types of demography
1. Static demography - the structure anatomy and environment of population is
traced inside the static demography
2. Dynamic demography- dynamic demography is a study of the population of
function of the communities to know about out changing pattern of
mortality fertility and migration.
Factors influencing the population size
Birth date
Death rate
Health
Environment sanitation
Medical care facilities
Nutrition
Occupation
Economic condition
Immunization
Lifestyle
Demographic measurement tools
Age dependency rate
Age dependency ratio
Socio economic condition
Age group
Family size
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Density
Population size and population pyramid
Population distribution
Life expectancy
Literacy and education
Urbanisation
Data collection methods
1. Primary data collection- demographic data collected by the individual
by using method are-
Observation
Interview
Questionnaires
Diaries
1. Observation methods- in this way data should be collected by observation
Observation data collection method can structure or unstructured.
1. Structured observation- also known systematic observation
Specific data should be collected according to decided schedule
There is a pre planning Data Collection method
2. Unstructured observation- nothing is already design within unstructured
Data Collection method, in which data is collected based on the situation.
There is no planning before data collect
these methods required good interpersonal skill or brilliant memory observer.
2. Interview- interview used to collect data from small group of population on
a range of topics.
1. Structured interview- it is a pre-planned interview in this the question asked
in the interview are arranged in an order.
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2. Semi structured interview- describe interviews open ended and closed
ended question for data collection.
3. Unstructured interview- interviews ask the question according to situation
and use the open-ended question.
4. Questionnaires- these methods consist a series of questions for gathering
information from respondents.
Commonly questionnaires use the open ended and closed ended question
Questionnaires is the main instrument to collect the information from population.
5. Diary- in many surveys, diary method also useful, where a person records the
entries into a diary.
2. Secondary data collection
Census
National surveys
Registration of vital events
Records
Demographic studies
Concept of demography
Demography is both qualitative and quantitative study of human population.
due to studying population, it helps to understand the problem and disease
occurring in the society
Demography is helpful of of analysis of population with data.
Quantitative data include- population size, growth, structure, composition
and density.
Qualitative data include- education, crime, economic condition, social class,
nutrition pattern of the population.
Demography also determine the sex ratio, birth rate, death rate, fertility etc.
Demography explain the vital statics.
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Scope of demography
The scope of demography is very wide.
Scope of demography divided into two section-
1. Macro demography- macro demography includes the interpersonal
relationship between populations, culture, society, economy on a large
scale.
2. Micro demography- micro demography is a narrow view of population
studies.
Include the family as a unit of large society
Fertility and migration are very helpful for population study.
Social welfare department also use the population study.
Demography rate and ratio
Rate- rate is the frequency of measurement with event coma which is occur in
a particular population over specific time period.
Ratio- ratio is a compansion of two measurement or two numbers.
Proportion- two equal rates or ratios.
Number of live births per 1000 population.
Crude birth rate = number of live births per 1000 population on mid-year
population in a particular area.
Crude birth rate = number of live births in a year/midyear population during
same year×1000
Fertility rate = measure the average number of children per women
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General fertility rate = number of live births per 1000 women (age under 15- 45 in
a year)
General fertility rate = number of live births in a year/number of females×1000
General marital fertility rate = number of live births per 1000 married women (age
under 15 to 45 in a year)
Total fertility rate = number of children born per woman (per 1000 women), if she
suffered childbearing years
Death rate = number of deaths per 1000 population
Crude death rate = number of death 1000 mid-year population in a year.
Crude death rate = number of death in a year/mid-year population during same
year×1000
infant mortality rate = number of deaths per 1000 live birth in a one year
maternal mortality rate = number of deaths of pregnant woman due to
any pregnancy disorder within 42 days per 1000 live birth
Marriage rate = number of marriages in the 1 year per 1000 population
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Sex ratio = number of females per 1000 males.
Birth death ratio = number of live births in a one year/number of deaths in a
one year×1000
KEY POINTS
Scientific study of human population- Demography
According to demography study, India's rank in term of population- Second
In India according to 2011 census, population rate is - 121 crore
Which demographic stage include birth rate lower than death rate - Decline
stage
Comparison between two measurement- Ratio
Pre-planned observational Data Collection method is- Structured observation
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