Demography

Demography
What is demography?
• DEMOS = PEOPLE GRAPHOS = WRITE / RECORD /
DRAWING
• “ Demography is that branch of social science, which
deals with the statistical study of size, structure and
distribution of populations, along with the spatial and
temporal changes in them in response to birth,
migration, aging and death. ”
• Demographic analysis can be applied to whole societies
or to groups defined by criteria such as education,
nationality, religion and ethnicity.
 Factors that affect population growth
1. Natality- which is the number of individuals that are added to a
population over a period of time due to reproduction.
• This term is often used to describe reproductive rates over a variety
of time periods.
• Natality is often expressed through Birth rate

• Birth rate is the number of individuals born per 1,000 individuals

per year.
• An example of birth rate would be if a population of 5,000 people
resulted in the birth of 50 children in a year, which would yield a
birth rate of ten individuals per 1,000 per year.
• Birth rate is often reported as a percentage of the population.

• In 2010, the birth rate in the United States was 1.38%, which is
considerably lower than the birth rate in many developing
countries. For example, in 2010, the birth rate in Ethiopia was
4.34%.
2. Immigration -is the migration of an individual into a place.

• When an individual immigrates to a new location, they

increase the population within that area.

• Immigration is a factor that can influence the size of a specific

population of humans, but does not influence the overall
human population.
3. Mortality is the number of individual deaths in a population over
a period of time.

• In terms of the human population, mortality is often described as

the death rate, which is the number of individuals that die per
1,000 individuals per year.

• Death rates are often used to describe how many individuals die in
specific age groups.

• For example, the death rate of infants is often an important statistic

to investigate when looking at changes in the population.

• Similar to birth rates, the death rate is also often described as a

percentage of the population.

• In 2010, the death rate for infants in the United States was 0.6%,
while in Ethiopia the infant death rate was 7.1%.
4. Emigration (out migration) - is the migration of an
individual out of a place.
• When an individual immigrates to a new location,
they decrease the population within that area.
• Immigration is a factor that can influence the size of
a specific population of humans, but does not
influence the overall human population.
Crude Birth Rate
Mortality
Age/sex specific mortality
Infant Mortality
Maternal Mortality
 Exercise on Fertility & Mortality
• A survey was conducted in town “X” in September 2003. It revealed a total
population of 389,000 (196,500 males and 192,500 females). Total number
of children born alive during the previous year was 16,400. The survey has
also recorded a total of 5835 deaths (3200 males and 2635 females)
during the same year. The survey has also identified the following deaths
among the population.
• Children < 1 month = 370
• Children 1 month - 11 months =1100
• Children 1 year – 4 years = 1865
• Children 5 – 4 years = 800
• Persons 15 – 49 years = 700
• Persons 50 years and above = 1000
• Death of mothers during pregnancy and child birth =130
Calculate the following
1 Crude Birth Rate
2. Crude Death Rate
3. General Fertility Rate
4. Infant Mortality Rate
5. Neonatal Morality Rate
6. Post Neonatal Rate
7. Sex Ratio at Birth
8. Under five morality Rate
9. Sex Specific Mortality Rate for Females
10. Sex specific Mortality Rate for Males
11. Maternal Mortality Rate
12. Total Fertility Rate
13. Gross Reproductive Rate

Mention –no data- if there is lack of data for calculation

 Population growth
Natural increase/decrease
General Fertility Rate
Age Specific Fertility Rate
Total Fertility Rate
Gross Reproduction Rate
Replacement level fertility
LIFE EXPECTANCY
 Life Expectancy
• life expectancy is the mean number of years of life remaining
at a given age, assuming age-specific mortality rates remain at
their most recently measured levels.

• Life expectancy is defined statistically as the mean number of

years remaining for an individual or a group of people at a
given age.
 Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB)
• The most commonly used measure of life expectancy is at birth
(LEB)

can be defined in two ways.

• Cohort LEB is the mean length of life of an actual birth cohort (all
individuals born a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts
born many decades ago, so that all their members have died.

• Period LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort

assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality
rates observed at a given year
POPULATION DENSITY
Population density
Population Density of Countries
Effects of overpopulation
DOUBLING TIME
 Doubling time
• For an exponentially growing population

• Doubling time = 70/ growth rate

• Growth rate = Population (t2)-population (t1)/Population (t1)

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Demographic transition
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN
DEMOGRAPHY
 Methods of data collection
1. Population census
2. Sample surveys
3. a. Vital registration
3. b. Population registers
4. Other
 Population Censuses
‘Census’ Comes from the Latin
‘Censere’ which means to value or tax.

Purpose: Taxation & Military

Today census information is confidential and

used for statistical analysis only: data on
individuals is not published
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• Main features of the modern census
Periodicity
Universality
Simultaneity

• In the 19th century most European countries began to

hold modern-type censuses.
• Between 1955 & 1964 an estimated 68% of the
world’s Population were covered by censuses.

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Because a census covers everyone it is very expensive and only a few
basic questions are asked

Throughout the world better census data have been demanded by socio-
economic planners and many others

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 Census Stages
(i) Pre enumeration

(ii) Enumeration

(iii) Post enumeration

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Enumeration Methods

de facto population: the people actually in a given territory

on the census day.

de jure population: the people who "belong" in a given area

whether or not they are there on the census day.

Sri Lankan population censuses

1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1953, 1963,
1971, 1981, 2001 (2011 – held on 20/03/2012)

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 Sample surveys
A sample survey is cheaper because it involves the selection
of people who represent the whole population

However, this process of selection creates sampling errors,

which do not occur when the whole population is covered

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A sample can get more detailed and higher
quality information than a Census
Demographic surveys can be used to test
the accuracy of census and registration
data, or to collect vital statistics if
registration is inadequate

Sri Lankan Sample Surveys - explain

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 Vital Registration
Vital statistics are major source for the study of
population change because they are
collected on a continuous basis (births, deaths
and marriages)

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If the completeness of the registration is good,
together with most recent census and migration
statistics, one can calculate birth and death rates
and up to date estimates of the population

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 Population Registers
With a vital registration system each register is kept
separately so it would be difficult to get a complete
picture about individuals in the population. A universal
population register does give such a picture because a
personal record is kept for everyone in the population
showing vital events and migrations.

Population register were first kept in ancient China,

and were later adapted by the Japanese.

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 3) (c) International Migration Statistics

These statistics are derived from the records

of arrivals at international boundaries.

Persons crossing international boundaries

usually have to produce their passport, and to
complete various forms on arrival and
departure.

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 Other
- School Statistics

- Labour Statistics
- Social Services . etc

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