Name – Himanshu Kumar
Class – XII
Adm. No. – 1034
Regn. No. –
Subject – Physics (042)
Topic – To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
Teacher’s Name – Mr. Vishal kumar Sir
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Himanshu Kumar of class XII has completed his
Physics project under the guidance of Mr. Vishal kumar Sir for the
academic year 2024-25.
The certified student has been dedicated throughout his research and
completed his work before the given deadline without missing any
important details from the project. It is also certified that this project is
the individual work of the student and can be submitted for evaluation.
DATE:
Principal’s signature
Signature of External Examiner Signature of Internal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to extend my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who supported me in
completing this school project.
I am deeply appreciative of my project mentor, Mr. Vishal kumar Sir, for
offering invaluable guidance and motivation throughout the project. He carefully
monitored my progress, clarified my uncertainties, and provided constructive
feedback that improved the quality of my project.
I am sincerely grateful to our school principal, Mr. Arka Chakravorty Sir, for
providing the necessary resources and facilities that allowed me to carry out
the project effectively. His words of encouragement motivated me to work hard
and do justice to the project.
I also want to express my thanks to my classmates who were incredibly helpful.
They assisted me in various stages of the project by providing useful insights,
engaging in brainstorming sessions, and providing support when I was feeling
down.
INDEX
S. Page
TOPIC
No. No.
Introduction
1 1-2
Internal resistance
Practical Analysis
Aim
Material required
Principle
Circuit diagram
2 3-8
Procedure
Observation
Results
Precautions
Sources of error
3 Flowchart Conclusion 8
4 Bibliography 9
INTRODUCTION
This modern world is developing very fast and the battery/EMF contributing a big
role. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential
can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting
the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we can increase the
potential difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
~1~
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
International resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
R (internal)
Gradient = r
For a cell of EMF (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing through the circuit.
Internal Resistance (r) = [E-V]/I
~2~
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
AIM:
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell
depends
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
A Potentiometer
A voltaic cell
A Battery
Electrolytes of different concentrations
three one-way keys
A jockey
A rheostat of low resistance
Connecting wires and sand paper
A galvanometer
A high resistance box
A fractional resistance box
An ammeter, a voltmeter
~3~
PRINCIPLE:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r = (E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
~4~
PROCEDURE:
Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit diagram.
Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
Check the EMF of the battery and of the cell and make sure that EMF of the
battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation:
Keep both the electrodes at 16 cm.
Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
Without inserting a plug-in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null point
is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing length (11) between the null point and the end P.
Next introduce plugs in both keys K₁ and K2. At the same time, take out a
small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.
Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
Measure the balancing length (12) from end P. Record these observations.
Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
Then remove the plugs of keys K₁ and K2. Wait for some time and repeat
steps 7 to 10.
Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.
~5~
To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes:
Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings. To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of
electrolyte
Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte
by adding distilled water for different observations.
Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
OBSERVATIONS:
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
~6~
Table for effect of temperature
RESULTS:
The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98
Volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS:
The connections should be neat, clean, and tight.
The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are
to be taken.
The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2 should, all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the
wire gently.
The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of
observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
~7~
SOURCES OF ERROR:
The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross- section and material
density throughout its length.
End resistances may not be zero.
FLOWCHART CONCLUSION:
Distance between electrodes
directly proportional
Area of electrodes
inversly proportional
Factors affecting internal resistance
of a cell
Temperature of electrolytes
inversly proportional
Concentration of electrolyte
inversly proportional
~8~
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
~9~
